Entrance, Exit and Exclusion Labour Market Flows of Foreign Born Adults in Swedish “Divided...
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Entrance, Exit and Exclusion Labour Market Flows of Foreign Born Adults in Swedish “Divided Cities” Charlotta Hedberg Department of Human Geography Stockholm University, Sweden Paper presented at the 4th International Conference on Population Geographies 10-13 July 2007, Hong Kong
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Transcript of Entrance, Exit and Exclusion Labour Market Flows of Foreign Born Adults in Swedish “Divided...
Entrance, Exit and ExclusionLabour Market Flows of Foreign Born Adults
in Swedish “Divided Cities”
Charlotta Hedberg
Department of Human Geography Stockholm University, Sweden
Paper presented at the 4th International Conference on Population Geographies 10-13 July 2007, Hong Kong
”Divided cities” and labour markets
• Segregation and ”neighbourhood effects”– Less affluent areas hamper socio-economic
careers
• Foreign born in the labour market
Vulnerable labour markets
Labour markets as fluid, but highly segmented spaces– Constituted by multiple flows– Embedded in the individual life
course• Study, parental leave,
unemployment• International migration
– Structures• Discrimination, social capital,
segmentation
LM
Entrance Exit
Exclusion
Aimto investigate social mobility patterns of the foreign born
population in urban areas in Sweden
Hypotheses• The foreign born population has
– a higher degree of exclusion than native born– a higher labour turnover (entrance and exit)
• The population of ”distressed” neighbourhoods have a less favourable labour mobility
Data
• PLACE – the longitudinal database– All individuals– Annual data– Geocoded– Income tax return
• Design of the study– Foreign & Swedish born– Adult cohort (25-40 year-olds)– Period of economic recovery (1993-2002)– ”Distressed” areas & surrounding city regions– Stockholm and Malmö
• 8 main categories
Classification of livelihood positions
1. Employment
2. Vulnerable positions– Unemployment– Social allowance– Other vulnerable
positions
3. Other life course events– Student– Parental leave– Age-pension– Death– Emigration– Other events
Employment 1993-2002
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
90,0
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
%
Fb_distr_S
Sw_distr_S
Fb_distr_M
Sw_distr_M
Fb_reg_S
Sw_reg_S
Fb_reg_M
Sw_reg_M
Vulnerable positions 1993-2002
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
%
Fb_distr_S
Sw_distr_S
Fb_distr_M
Sw_distr_M
Fb_reg_S
Sw_reg_S
Fb_reg_M
Sw_reg_M
Livelihood positiosn 1993-2002
0
5
10
15
20
25
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
%
Fb_distr_S
Sw_distr_S
Fb_distr_M
Sw_distr_M
Fb_reg_S
Sw_reg_S
Fb_reg_M
Sw_reg_M
Transitions matrixExample
1994
1993
Employ-ment
Vulnerable positions
Life course events
Total
Foreign born, ”distr. areas”, Sthlm
Employment86,7 9,8 3,4 100
Vulnerable positions 17,4 73,4 9,2 100
Life course events 15,7 19,8 64,5 100
Total 52,4 33,8 13,8 100
T + 1
Employ-ment (%)
Vulnera-ble posi-tions ( %)
Life course
events (%) Total
Total %
Employment 86,7 9,8 3,4 8284 100,0 Vulnerable positions 17,4 73,4 9,2 5816 100,0 Life course events 15,7 19,8 64,5 2229 100,0
For
eign
bo
rn
52,4 33,8 13,8 16329 100,0 Employment 94,7 3,5 1,9 10302 100,0 Vulnerable positions 20,5 73,1 6,4 1767 100,0 Life course events 22,9 10,8 66,3 848 100,0
Sto
ckho
lm
Sw
edis
h bo
rn
79,8 13,5 6,7 12916 100,0 Employment 83,2 13,9 2,9 2184 100,0 Vulnerable positions 11,8 79,3 8,9 3334 100,0 Life course events 8,6 23,6 67,8 949 100,0
For
eign
bo
rn
35,4 49,0 15,5 6467 100,0 Employment 92,2 5,4 2,4 5571 100,0 Vulnerable positions 18,8 73,5 7,7 1819 100,0 Life course events 20,6 14,4 65,1 793 100,0
”Dis
tres
sed”
res
iden
tial
are
a
Mal
mö
Sw
edis
h bo
rn
68,9 21,4 9,7 8183 100,0 Employment 89,2 7,0 3,7 20251 100,0 Vulnerable positions 20,2 70,2 9,6 8802 100,0 Life course events 14,1 10,5 75,4 6088 100,0
For
eign
bo
rn
58,9 23,5 17,6 35141 100,0 Employment 95,4 2,1 2,5 271436 100,0 Vulnerable positions 26,0 66,2 7,8 21465 100,0 Life course events 30,3 6,1 63,6 22705 100,0
Sto
ckho
lm
Sw
edis
h bo
rn
86,0 6,7 7,3 315605 100,0 Employment 87,8 8,6 3,6 5025 100,0 Vulnerable positions 17,4 71,6 10,9 3099 100,0 Life course events 12,4 14,7 72,9 1832 100,0
For
eign
bo
rn
52,0 29,4 18,6 9956 100,0 Employment 94,9 2,7 2,4 77439 100,0 Vulnerable positions 27,5 63,3 9,2 8236 100,0 Life course events 28,7 8,9 62,4 7644 100,0
T
Oth
er r
esid
enti
al a
reas
Mal
mö
Sw
edis
h bo
rn
83,5 8,5 7,9 93319 100,0
Unequal ”pace” towards the labour market
Unequal ”pace” towards vulnerability
Stability between positions
• Increasing employment stability
• Decreasing stability on vulnerable positions among foreign born
Out-migration 1993-2002
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Fb_dist
r_S
Sw_dist
r_S
Fb_dist
r_M
Sw_dist
r_M
Fb_re
g_S
Sw_reg
_S
Fb_re
g_M
Sw_reg
_M
%
Small neigihbourhood effects in Stockholm
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Fb_distr_S Sw_distr_S Fb_distr_M Sw_distr_M
%, d
iffer
ence
vul
n_em
pl
Conclusions – foreign born in the labour market
• Entrance– General improvement– Growing stability– Slower ”pace”
• Regional vulnerability: ”distressed” areas in Malmö
• Exit– High turnover– Higher pace of exit
• Exclusion– 25 %
Conclusions cont.
• Convergence– between foreign and native born groups
• Polarisation – within the group of foreign born
• No ”neighbourhood effects” – No socio-economic selectivity in out-migration
from Stockholm
• Segregation in the labour market– Fluid but segmented space
