Entomology Azrul & Haziq
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NO CONTENT PAGES1 INTRODUCTION 2-32 BENEFICIAL ASPECT OF
ORYCTES RINOCEROS
!-"
3 AR#FUL ASPECT OF
ORYCTES RINOCEROS
$-%
! O& IT CAN INCREASE IN
POPULATION'
" O& TO CONTROL
ORYCTES RINOCEROS
(-1)
$ CONCLUSION 11% REFERENCE 12
INTRODUCTION
One of the most serious pests in oil palm is the rhinoceros beetle. Primarily a pest of
coconut, the beetle attacks palms of all ages but its effect are most serious when palms are
damaged during immature period. There are numerous species of main genus, Oryctes, with
Oryctes rhinoceros being the species most frequently encountered in South-east Asia and ndia
and Oryctes monoceros occurring in !est Africa, together with less important species, Oryctes
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boas and Augosoma centaurus. The comparable pests in the South Pacific region are Scapanes
australis grossepunctatus and S. decorates and to a lesser degree , Papuana woodlarkiana. n
South America, the group is represented by Strategus aloeus. Species of lesser importance also
occur, for e"ample the #ery large Xylotrupes gideon, which attack young inflorescences. A
number of other beetles are frequently found in association with rhinoceros beetle attack or their
lar#ae occur in same sites. These is not normally oil palm pests and their lar#ae should be
distinguished from those of the ma$or pest species if an assessment of infestation is to be made.
There are a number of these, including the atlas beetle, Chalcosma atlas and numerous stag
beetles. The economic effects of damage caused by rhinoceros beetles can be considerable. n
nurseries, ad#anced planting material may be se#erely affected. Attacks on older palms may
caused damage which is so se#ere that de#elopment is slowed, but it is during immature period
that most retarded. n one comparison in %alaysia, first year yield from plantings which were
#irtually unaffected by beetles was &'( greater than yield from an infested planting. )ield losses
were *'( in the first year of production and +'(in the second, representing loss of ( of
potential crop o#er the first two years. ost of protection from attack is easily recouped from the
additional crop as well as allowing palms to be brought into production earlier. n under
plantings, damage to the young palms can reach o#er /'(. t has been estimated that 0ero burn
method of replanting will result in Oryctes becoming more important in both young and mature
palm.
Oryctes rhinoceros life cycle.
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A male Oryctes rhinoceros adult A lar#a of Oryctes rhinoceros
A pupae of Oryctes rhinoceros A female Oryctes rhinoceros adult
Oryctes rhinoceros life cycle.
BENEFICIAL ASPECT OF O+,ctebeetle
1. A 1ecomposition Agent.
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2hino beetle lar#ae eat decaying wood and dead lea#es. The adult is known to eat rotting fruit.
3ike earthworms they are part of a battalion of decomposition agents that play a ma$or role in
nature4s recycling program. f you find some in your compost then be thankful, they will help
decompose it faster. f these agents did not e"ist to help break down decaying matter for bacteria
then the soil would soon become to"ic and sterile from the rotting material.
2. A Tree 5eller .
These insects naturally curb the domination of trees in the #egetal world and enhance the
di#ersity of species. Although a man may saw down a sick tree in an hour making small work of a whole generation of rhinoceros beetles, he will not make fertile matter out of it. These wood
eaters naturally eat into ailing trees, so weakening the tree further and making it fall to make way
for new plants with the liberated light. n this way, not only do rhinoceros beetles turn sick
matter into fertile matter, they are contributing in the di#ersity of species. f this type of animal
were not allowed to breed, stumps and sick trees would remain standing until they rotted from
time alone, which would take a #ery long time indeed.
. A 5ood Source.
2hinoceros lar#ae are rich in protein and an important food source which wintering birds,
mammals and reptiles will find without too much difficulty if they nose around compost heaps
and fallen trees.
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*. A 6ulldo0er.
The head and pronotum the hump behind the head of both male and female is shaped
dynamically so that it can burrow its body into the earth for refuge using its powerful forelegs
which ha#e spade-like upper segments for digging. The central horn of the male enables it to
power like a plough through debris. 6ut how does nature benefit from this7 !ho knows, maybe
if other insects could tell they would say that these bulldo0ers are handy for clearing and creating
passageways.
. The gentle giant
t is a colossus in insect terms and is ranked as one of the mightiest animals on earth
compared to its body weight. t is said to be able to carry /' times its own weight without e#en
buckling at the knee segments.
AR#FUL ASPECT OF O+,cte
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The adults fly during the night, less so during or immediately after rain. 1istances flown
are comparati#ely small, with #ory oast trials showing that the beetle come to ground within
+''m of their starting point. 2ain does not seem to hamper flight. This is one reason for damage
being more se#ere along boundaries closest to sources of infestation, particularly old coconut
planting. t4s also seems likely that the silhouette of a palm assists in enabling a beetle to locate
it, with this ha#ing been supported by indirect e#idence on a number of occasions. 5or e"ample,
it was found in one replanting that young palm were unaffected while a few scattered members
of the formers oil palms, left standing to assist early pollination, were #ery hea#ily attacked.
1amage to palms is caused by the feeding acti#ities of adult beetles. n general,
rhinoceros beetle do not use the palms as breeding sites. The adult bores through a young frond
base towards the apical stem tissues, or it may be pass downwards through a spear leaf, which
frequently collapses. !here attacked spear lea#es ha#e not been killed, their misshapen outline
following e"pansion is readily recogni0able as rhinoceros beetle damage. The original
penetration site through a frond base remains permanently marked by a large hole. 1amage the
apical meristem frequently occurs, either through feeding acti#ity directly affecting the bud
tissues or through the entry tunnels allowing access of other pests, as !hyncophorus or a #ariety
of bud rotting microorganism.
!here this occurs, reco#ery is marked by production of a series of distorted lea#es, or
8little lea#es4, which may be confused with similar symptoms resulting from boron deficiency or
following spear rot. The main point of differentiation is that there is an immediate change from
normal lea#es to se#ere abnormalities where beetle are the cause, whereas other conditions with
associated little lea#es show a gradual transition from normal to abnormal. 2eco#ery symptoms
are similar in all situations, with production of lea#es becoming progressi#ely normal in
appearance. 9uite frequently, se#ere beetle attack is followed by the new shoot growing out
through the damaged section so that it is laterally displaced.
Oryctes rhinoceros damage
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Symmetrical damage, caused by rhinoceros An entry hole bored into a frond by a
beetle feeding, re#ealed in a newly opened form. rhinoceros beetle.
The sudden change from normal to stunted Se#ere leaf distortion following rhinoceros
lea#es, differentiating rhinoceros beetle beetle attack, in which the apical meristem
attack from boron deficiency. was badly damaged.
O& IT CAN INCREASE IN POPULATION
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+: 2aising 3ar#ae ;
6uying a big bag of organic soil, without pumice in it. Pumice makes it harder to distinguish the
o#a, and may also damage them during the sifting process when you are looking for o#a <eggs:.
Put about / inches of soil in a +' gallon aquarium, and $ust set the females in there. %ales may
kill females, so they should only be allowed to stay with the females until you are sure they ha#e
been mated. A single male will take care of business, so additional males are unnecessary
<though often preferred as both pets and dried specimens:. 5emales will burrow to the bottom,
lay o#a in compacted soil, then come back to the top to feed on apple or banana which should be
placed on a plastic lid so that the $uices don=t contaminate the soil. >arious ? beetle $ellies? are a
non-molding, non-rotting alternati#e to fresh fruits and are a#ailable through our online store.
: Temperature ;
2oom temperature should fine, although beetles will li#e longer if they are gi#en an
o#erwintering period or are kept at cooler temperatures. This doesn=t necessarily mean they lay
more o#a though, since their metabolisms would be hindered. @se a watering can to wet the soil
down pretty good, once a week or so. t might dump a cup or pint of water e#enly throughout the
substrate. n warmer or dryer conditions you might need to increase this amount. The lid on tank
should be rather limited in terms of air holes or #entilation. O#a should hatch in one to si"
months. 3ar#ae feed #oraciously on hardwood wood and leaf substrate mi"es, but should also be
gi#en dry petfood for protein. They may eat the latter e"clusi#ely, as they mature. t take about
years to mature.
O& TO CONTROL O+,cte beetle
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2hinoceros beetles can be controlled by eliminating the places where they breed and by
manually destroying adults and immatures ;
hop and burn decaying logs or break them up and destroy any rhinoceros beetles de#eloping
inside.
ut stumps as close to the soil surface as possible.
1ead, standing coconuts should be felled, chopped, dried, and burned.
2hinoceros beetles do not usually lay eggs in potential breeding sites that are obscured by
growing #egetation. >ines or ground co#ers can be planted or allowed to grow o#er logs or
stumps that cannot be destroyed.
Piles of dead lea#es or grass can be composted, used for mulch, burned, or spread on the
ground in a thin layer.
ompost piles should be maintained properly. !hen turning compost piles or applying compost
to plants, destroy any rhinoceros beetles found. t takes longer for rhinoceros beetle lar#ae to
de#elop than it takes to make compost, so properly maintained compost should not ser#e as a
source of rhinoceros beetles.
A hooked wire can be used to e"tract and destroy rhinoceros beetle adults feeding in palm
crowns. n many countries, the fungus %etarhi0ium anisopliae or the Oryctes #irus are used to
control the rhinoceros beetle. %ore recently a chemical attractant, ethyl-*-methyloctanoate, has
been used in traps to attract and kill the beetles. 6oth %etarhi0ium anisopliae and the Oryctes
#irus are present and helping to reduce rhinoceros beetle populations in American SamoaB
howe#er, these pathogens and the attractant ha#e not yet recei#ed appro#al from the @nited
States Cn#ironmental Protection Agency for use as pesticides to control the rhinoceros beetle.
Oryctes rhinoceros control
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An en#ironmentally friendly bio-control Pheromone Traps which attract beetle and
insecticide that uses the host-specific fungus beetle will die due to lack of food.
"etarhi#ium anisopliae to control Oryctes
rhinoceros infestations.
A hand collection of lar#ae is another way @se 3egume o#er rop <3:.
to control Oryctes rhinoceros.
CONCLUSION
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n the conclusion, primarily a pest of coconut, the beetle attacks palms of all ages but its
effect are most serious when palms are damaged during immature period. The adult emerges
from the pupal cell when it has hardened and its brown black colour fully de#eloped. t reaches*cm long. The head of the male has a small horn while the tip of the female abdomen has a tuft
of bristles. Se"ual maturity is reached by the end of three week. n general, the life cycle of
rhinoceros beetle takes about fi#e months to complete.
Cggs are laid in suitably most rotting #egetation, such as dumps of compost, cow dung,
sawdust piles, pruned frond piles, palm trunks and heaps of empty oil palm fruit bunches with
#ariable rates of sur#i#al. Dumbers of eggs laid depend on en#ironmental condition and beetle
nutritional status. Trapping has been another control approach. %any beetles are attracted to light
traps and these ha#e been tried as a control method. !hile rhinoceros beetle will fly close to a
light source, only a few will enter the light traps, so they are of no practical #alue in control of
Oryctes. 6eneficial of rhino is decomposition agent, a tree feller, and as food sources.
conclude that the rhino beetles ha#e their beneficial to the en#ironment ant they also ha#e
their disad#antages to the oil palm and other crops. They also can cause the low producti#ity of
the har#esting the fresh fruit bunch.
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REFERENCES
• 6OOES
Cntomology AF2*, Dor A0ian binti skandar,
• DTC2DCT
-http;GGwww.strangemetamorphosis.comGuseful-insectsGeoropean-rhinoceros-beetleG
-en.wikipedia.orgGwikiG1ynastinae
-www.angelfire.comGnsG2hinoceros6eetlesG- .../b+0tann0ca/coEBcec4e5to60c")1!)2+0noce+o-beetle
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