Enlightenment Enlightenment and Revolutionand Revolution

Chapter 18Chapter 18

The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution

The Geocentric TheoryThe Geocentric Theory Established by PtolemyEstablished by Ptolemy

Was thought to be true for 1,400 yearsWas thought to be true for 1,400 years

The Heliocentric TheoryThe Heliocentric Theory Established by CopernicusEstablished by Copernicus

Planets revolve around the sunPlanets revolve around the sun His theory is proven correctHis theory is proven correct

Galileo makes advances in astronomyGalileo makes advances in astronomy Supports the heliocentric theorySupports the heliocentric theory

Ptolemy and his Universe

Copernicus and his Theory

Galileo

Major Scientific Major Scientific DiscoveriesDiscoveries

Johannes KeplerJohannes Kepler Planets move around the sun in ellipsesPlanets move around the sun in ellipses

Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton Theory of motion and Law of GravityTheory of motion and Law of Gravity

William HarveyWilliam Harvey The heart pumps bloodThe heart pumps blood

Edward JennerEdward Jenner Produces the world’s first vaccine – smallpoxProduces the world’s first vaccine – smallpox

Robert Boyle Robert Boyle Air is made of gases (Boyle’s Law)Air is made of gases (Boyle’s Law)

Johannes Kepler and his theory

Newton

Jenner

Boyle

Harvey

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method

Series of steps for forming and testing Series of steps for forming and testing scientific theoriesscientific theories

Thinkers Bacon and Descartes help to Thinkers Bacon and Descartes help to create the Scientific Methodcreate the Scientific Method

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment

What is the Enlightenment?What is the Enlightenment? Period of the mid 1600s-1700sPeriod of the mid 1600s-1700s Europeans believed “reason” could be Europeans believed “reason” could be

used to make governments and society used to make governments and society betterbetter ““Reason” refers to education as opposed to Reason” refers to education as opposed to

tradition or faithtradition or faith

Enlightenment Thinkers – Enlightenment Thinkers – Hobbes and LockeHobbes and Locke

Thomas Hobbes (Leviathan)Thomas Hobbes (Leviathan) Distrusts people, favored a strong governmentDistrusts people, favored a strong government ““Social Contract” – order by giving power to a Social Contract” – order by giving power to a

monarchmonarch John Locke (Two Treatises on John Locke (Two Treatises on

Government)Government) Government gets power from the peopleGovernment gets power from the people People have the right to overthrow an unjust People have the right to overthrow an unjust

governmentgovernment Government must protect people’s “natural Government must protect people’s “natural

rights”rights”

John Locke

Thomas Hobbes

Important ThinkersImportant Thinkers

VoltaireVoltaire Champion of freedom of speech and Champion of freedom of speech and

religious tolerationreligious toleration Denis Diderot – EncyclopediaDenis Diderot – Encyclopedia

Set of books on Enlightenment ideasSet of books on Enlightenment ideas Spread Enlightenment ideas throughout EuropeSpread Enlightenment ideas throughout Europe

MontesquieuMontesquieu Favored the separation of powers in Favored the separation of powers in

governmentgovernment Prevents one person from having too much Prevents one person from having too much

powerpower

Important Thinkers Important Thinkers (cont)(cont)

Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft Wrote Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of A Vindication of the Rights of

WomenWomen (1792) (1792) Called for women to have equal rights as Called for women to have equal rights as

menmen

Jean-Jacques RousseauJean-Jacques Rousseau Wrote Wrote The Social ContractThe Social Contract (1762) (1762)

Everyone in a society agrees to be governed Everyone in a society agrees to be governed by what society as a whole wantsby what society as a whole wants

Rousseau

Wollstonecraft

Montesquieu

Diderot

Voltaire

Enlightenment and Enlightenment and MonarchyMonarchy

Enlightened DespotsEnlightened Despots Monarchs who embrace Enlightenment Monarchs who embrace Enlightenment

ideas and values to strengthen their ideas and values to strengthen their rulerule Monarchs tried to reform their countriesMonarchs tried to reform their countries

EducationEducation Religious freedom, freedom of the pressReligious freedom, freedom of the press Reform the justice system and abolish tortureReform the justice system and abolish torture

The Enlightened DespotsThe Enlightened Despots Frederick the Great of PrussiaFrederick the Great of Prussia Joseph II of AustriaJoseph II of Austria Catherine the Great of RussiaCatherine the Great of Russia Peter the Great of RussiaPeter the Great of Russia

Frederick the GreatJoseph II

Catherine the Great

Peter the Great

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