Enhance Livelihoods in Pastoral Areas

South Sudan

Compromise between the need of cash and the need of keeping the animal as it represent a productive/reproductive capital to recover after the crisis, contribute to stock building, expresses social status The basic economic logic is that poorer pastoral households need to build herds before more

commercially-orientated market engagement becomes feasible. This behavior does not reflect a fixation with acquiring livestock for reasons of social status only,

but, is a rationale economic strategy given the vulnerability context, and the high economic returns from livestock relative to other economic opportunities in these areas

1.

Pastoral systems are economically viable but fragile as they manage a fragile environment

Based on risk management

Spatial management which needs to maintain mobility as best way to utilize resources

Accumulation of capital only in livestock assets (increase the risk and diminish it at the same time)

Strategic sale to get cash in return to purchase food, services, items, social obligations

Need to maintain a minimum herd size to face future risk and face social obligations

Management

Pastoral systems are under threat therefore livelihood and food security are under threat too

Any of the factors undermining pastoral livelihood consequently put at risk the capacity pastoralist have to produce or purchase food .

Diminishing natural resources, grazing patterns and corridors progressive land sequestration

Erosive impact of livestock diseases

Insufficient market access and declining terms of trade, commodities price steadily increasing

Water scarcity, Insecurity, conflicts, cattle rustling

Little investment to enhance pastoral production system and alternative livelihood

11.7 million cattle, 12.4 million goats and 12.1 million sheep, this amounts to the sixth largest livestock herd in Africa with an asset value roughly estimated at SDG 7 billion.

More than 85% of all households in Southern Sudan are livestock producers/keepers

Estimated number of 950,000 livestock keepers engaged in pastoralism and agro-pastoralism who are considered as the main livestock keepers

In comparison with the relatively low human population this places Southern Sudan as the country with the highest livestock per capita ratio in Africa with a calculated average number of livestock to be 25 per household

South Sudan, livestock snapshot

Increase herd size to:

1.capitalize (environmental

stress increases risk)

2.sell (terms of trade are

progressively deteriorating)

7%-14%

Sub-Sahara South Sudan

10%- 3%

< 4%

20-40%- 10-15 %

Commercial off-take Mortality Herd size

Southern Sudan could be losing more than 1 million cattle (both young and mature) and 3 million shoats annually through death, over and above the tolerable levels

1.5

- 3

.5%

?%

Annual growth

South Sudan on the edge

< 4%

20-40%- 10-15 %

2 -

3 %

?

X %

Y %

Smaller livestock keepers are less resilient

Animal health services

Marketing interventions

? %

Cash transfer

“”as the recurrence of droughts heightens and pastoralists gradually embrace the cash economy, pastoralists are increasingly availing their animals to markets” Ekuam, CEWARN-IGAD, ISS

Productive infrastructures

PP Pastoral policies (IGAD -CPF)

• Embedded in the Community

• Trained for detection• Supported by Cost

recovery system• Donor/Agency support• Global-Regional

Commitment

• Sustainability never addressed

• No involvement of the private sector

• Huge drop-off

2000 trained

OLS – FAO \ GREP

400-800 active

• Deployment scheme with higher level professional network established

• Spatial distribution rather than quantitative criteria

• Engagement of the private sector, veterinary drugs, pharmacies

• Extended knowledge toward production, market, IEWS and LEWS

Rinderpest eradicated

After

At least 8 diseases to control

Supervised by multi-disciplinary teams and be part of a multi-disciplinary team at cattle camp trough Cattle camp initiatives of:

•One health discipline (OH platform) and nutrition•Education•Indigenous early warning system (FEWSNET) •Livestock early warning system (GL-CRSP*)•Conflict early warning and monitor system (CEWARN-IGAD**)•Support to cattle rustling prevention initiatives (IGAD-EAPCCO-ISS –Mifugo Project***) through LITS.•Community awareness and monitoring (KAP)•Agents in DRR and DRM

Community based animal health workers CBAHWs, South Sudan

Programme Focus

Bridging the gap between emergency relief and development assistance,

Establish viable pastoralist and alternative livelihoods*,

Enhancement of livelihoods options to reduce vulnerability and destitution in pastoral regions,

Improving livestock production and marketing, Improving natural resource management, Strengthening civil governance and conflict mitigation, Promoting local, national, regional and international

policies beneficial to pastoral areas

• In considerations regarding alternative sources of income a distinction should be made between:

alternative livelihoods strategies (e.g., exit), complementary livelihood strategies (e.g.,

charcoal production, handicrafts)  and enhanced (livestock-centered) livelihood

strategies (i.e. market integration, dairy products).