English Technical Writing

7/27/2019 English Technical Writing

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Ways to Improving Writing Skill

Study writing principles and techniques.

Watch for their appearance in the writing ofothers.

Try them out in your own writingover andover and over again.

Imitate sentences and passages of good

writing.


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Breast cancerstrikes more than 212,000 American women eachyear and kills more than 40,000, making it the most commoncancer and second leading cause of cancer death in women,after lung cancer.

MRI tends to produce false positives at about twice the rate ofmammography, forcing more women to undergo repeated testsand sometimes biopsies and subjecting them to anxiety, distressand discomfort. But the panel concluded that the benefits

outweigh the downside for those at high risk.

The champion smiled, recalling the roar of the crowd.

His motherwaited, tapping her foot on the hardwood floor.

Dicey looked out over the tall marsh grasses, blowing in thewind.

The children stared down at the honeybees, careening fromflower to flower.


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Congress gave final approval to a broad overhaul of federal studentloan programs Friday, sharply cutting subsidies to lenders andincreasing grants to needy students.

The United States Air Force has decided to push development of anew type of fuel to power its bombers and fighters, mixingconventional jet fuel with fuels from nonpetroleum sources that couldeventually limit military dependence on imported oil.

The World Health Organization on Wednesday urged nations withrampant AIDS epidemics to begin offering free or subsidizedcircumcisions in hopes ofpreventing millions of new infections anddeaths.

The American Cancer Societys guidelines stress that the MRI exams

should be done in addition to annual mammograms and regularphysical exams in the hope of driving down the death toll from thecommon widel feared mali nanc .


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Novartis said it will stop phase II development of NKS104, atreatment for elevated total cholesterol, after data showed the

drug wasn't competitive enough to invest further resources.


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Outline forEnglish Technical Writing Course

Traits of good technical writing

Five steps to successful writing Structure and content for scientific

papers/research reports, andproposals

Elements of composition: words,phrases, clauses, sentences,

paragraphs, and punctuation Diction Phrases Clauses Sentences: structures and patterns Punctuation

Variation of sentences: expansion,transformation, reduction, sentencecombining, inversion, and ellipsis

Keys to clear, concise, and

grammatically correct sentences Transition words and phrases:

conjunctive adverbs and conjunctions Paragraphs: topic sentence, elaboration

unity, and coherence Essays: thesis statement, unity, and

coherence Common expressions in technicalwriting

Critical analyses of published journalarticles

Demonstration of editing with drafts ofstudents papers


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Unit 1

Traits of Good TechnicalWriting


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Good Technical Writing Is :

Technically accurate Clear

Concise

Correct in spelling,punctuation, andgrammar

Compliant with theconventions of

institutions orprofessional societies

Well organized Useful

Targeted

Complete

Consistent

Ethical


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Unit 2

Five Steps to Successful

Writing


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Five Steps to Successful Writing

Planning Establish your purpose or objective.

Identify your readers.

Define your scope. Select the appropriate medium.

Research

Find information and take notes. Gather all your own data.


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Five Steps to Successful Writing(Continued)

Organization

Group related information with headings andsubheadings.

Arrange information in a logical order (e.g., general tospecific, specific to general, chronological, spatial,sequential, cause and effect, and comparison).

Write an outline.

Composing Articulate your thesis and support it with evidence.

Achieve unity and coherence in structure.


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Five Steps to Successful Writing(Continued)

Revision Check for completeness and accuracy. Check for unity and coherence. Activate the writing.

Clarify the writing. Check for sentence variety (i.e., structure andlength).

Check for appropriate word choice. Eliminate problems with grammar.

Check for spelling and punctuation. Check for the adherence to format guidelines.


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Unit 3

Structure and Content forScientific Papers/Research

Reports, and Proposals


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Elements of Technical Paper or Reports

Title What is the paper about?

Need to reflect an overview ofthe paperscontent and emphasis.

Be brief, honest, and communicative. Avoid phrase such as on the, a study of,

research on, regarding, and use of.

Avoid nonquantitative, meaningless word such as

rapid and new.


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CAPITALIZED PARTS OF

SPEECH

Nouns Pronouns

Verbs Adjectives Adverbs

NOT CAPITALIZEDPARTS OF SPEECH

Articles Prepositions

Coordinating conjunctions To in infinitives Subordinating conjunctions

Capitalizing Words in Titles

Always capitalize the first and last words and main words oftitles and subtitles. Also capitalize in accordance with parts ofspeech.


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Elements of Technical Paper or Reports(continued)

AbstractWhat is the basic content?

Summarize its objectives, the work performed,

and the major conclusions reached in aninformative, concise, one-paragraph statement.


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Introduction What is the problem and whyshould anyone care?

An Opening Attention-Grabber Point out the problem or issue.

Offer your reasons for studying it.

Background Information Give a concise and appropriate review of the preexisting

literature of the problem.

Describe how your work differs or is related to work

previously published.

A Preview of the Whole State your purpose or thesis and give a blueprint of the

contents to be presented.


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Materials and MethodsHow was the evidenceobtained?

Identify the materials used and give information onthe degree of and criteria for purity.

Describe apparatus only if it is not standard or notcommercially available.

Describe the procedures used unless they are

established and standard. Note any safety precautions.


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Results What was found or seen? Summarize the data collected and their statistical

treatment.

Include only relevant data, but give sufficient detailto justify your conclusions.

Use equations, figures, and tables only wherenecessary for clarity and brevity.


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Discussion and Conclusion What dothese findings mean?

Relate your results to current knowledge inthe field and to your original purpose in

undertaking the project. State the logical implications of your results.

Suggest further study or implications ifwarranted.

Be objective while pointing out the features andlimitations of your work.


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Be tactful about disagreements when discussingother peoples results and hypotheses that are

relevant to yours. If possible, offer approachesto resolve the conflicts.


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AcknowledgementsWho help, support orsponsor this work?

Thank those persons, other than coauthors, whoadded substantially to the work, provided advice

or technical assistance, or aided materially byproviding equipment or supplies.

State grant numbers and sponsors, as well asauspices under which the work was done,

including permission to publish.


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References Who did what?

Check original references for accuracy andappropriate content.

Follow the journals guideline or companys policyon the style of references.


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Proposal

Summary of ProposalBriefly state the purpose of the proposal.

Need Define the problem or need.

State why addressing it is important.

Proposed Solution Present a detailed solution.

Explain its benefits. Restate the problem or need and the benefits

of the solution.


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Unit 4

Elements of Composition: Words,Phrases, Clauses, Sentences,Paragraphs, and Punctuation


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Parts of speech

It describes the class of words to which a particularword belongs, according to its function in asentence. The eight parts of speech in the English

language are:

Nouns(common and proper; concrete and abstract;singular and collective;count and noncount)

Pronouns(personal, demonstrative, relative,interrogative, indefinite, and reflexive)

1. Words


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Ad ject ives & A rt ic les(a, an and the)

Verbs , Aux il iaries(be, have, do and modals)

and Verbals(gerund, infinitive, and participle)

Adverbs

Preposi t ions

Conjunct ions(coordinating, correlative, subordinating, andconjunctive adverb)

Inter ject ions


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The function of a word in a sentence always

determines its part of speech in that sentence.

Examples: The government sent the city aid.

Governments aid citizens.

It is company policy.

He wenthome.


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2. Phrases

A phraseis a group of related words that is usedas a single part of speech and that does notcontain both a verb and its subject.

Classification

Gerund Phrases, Part ic ipial Phrases, Inf in it ive

Phrases, Preposit ional Phrases, Apposit ive ph rases,

and Absolute phrases

3 Punctuation


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3. Punctuation

Period , Comma, Sem ico lon , Colon , Dash , Quest ion

Mark, Quotat ion Marks , Apostro phe, Parentheses,Brackets, Slash , Hyphen, El l ips is poin ts, and

Exclamation Mark

4. Clauses

A clause is word group that contains a verb and its

subject and that is used as a sentence or as partof a sentence. There are two basic kinds of clauses:

Independent (main) Clauses and Dependent

(subo rdinate) Clauses.

5 Sentences


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5. Sentences

A sentence is word group that contains a subject

and a verband that expresses a complete thought.

Subject + Predicate

STRUCTURE: Simple, Compound , Complex, andCompound-complex

PURPOSE: Dec larative, Interrog ative,

Exclamatory, and Imperat ive


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Pursuasive Essay

Clearly state the issue and your position on it in theintroduction

Use language appropriate to the audience youretrying to convince.

Support your position with facts, statistics, andreasons.

Answer possible objections to your position.

Provide clear reasoning

Conclude with a summary of your position or a call toaction,


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Supplements to Unit 4

NOUNS


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NOUNS

A noun names a person, a place, a thing, or an idea.

Common Nouns Proper nounsEvent Academy Awards, French

Revolution

Holiday Fourth of July, Mardi GrasCity Houston, New York CityLanguage Spanish, Chinese

Concrete Nouns Abstract NounsTree, car, pencil peace, courage, honor, citizenship


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Singular Nouns Collective Nouns

Person, dog, flower crowd, jury, family, flock,committee

Count Nouns Noncount Nouns

One chair furnitureMany chairs a lot of furnitureSuggestions adviceOperas, songs Music


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Remember that some nouns may be used as countoras noncountnouns depending on their meanings.Materials and abstract concepts are noncountnouns,but they may be used as countnouns to expressspecific meanings.

1. I have a paper due Monday.

2. Lets use paper to make the present.

3. Dr. Chan will receive a special honor at the

graduation.


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PRONOUNS

Apronoun is a word used in place of one or morenouns or pronouns.The word or word group that a pronoun stands for iscalled the antecedent of the pronoun.

Examples: Jay enjoys hiking and camping; in factthey are his favorite pastimes.

The students complained to the principalabout the dress code. They wished he hadconsulted with them about it.


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Personal Pronouns

Apersonal pronoun refers to the one(s) speaking

(first person), the one(s) spoken to (second person),

or the one(s) spoken about (third person).

Singular plural


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Singular plural

First Person I, me, my, mine we, us, our, ours

Second Person you, your, yours you, your, yoursThird Person he, him, his, she,

her, hers, it, itsthey, them, their,

theirs

Examples: IfI give youmy address, will you writeto me?

We told them that theycould go withus.


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Reflexive Pronouns

A reflexive pronoun refers to the subject of a verb andfunctions as a complement for emphasis, as an objectto rename the subject, or as an object of a preposition.

Singular Plural

First Person myself ourselves

Second Person yourself yourselves

Third Person himself, herself,itself

themselves

Examples: I myselffaxed the report to him.


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I wrote this script myself.

Mary excused herselffrom the table.

He hit himselfwith the hammer.

Robert bought himselfa pair of shoes.

They baked the pie forthemselves.

Anna lives by herself.

Demonstrative Pronouns


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A demonstrative pronoun points out somebody or

something already mentioned or identified or somethingunderstood by both the speaker and hearer.

this that these those

Examples: Is this the one you want?

Thatmay be the only reasonablesolution.

These orthose are the pictures fromour vacation.


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The new program comes as social-networking sitesgrabble with how to build on their success among young

users and convert this into profit.

Interrogative Pronouns


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An in terrogat ive pronounintroduces a question.

who whom whose which what

Examples: Everyone knows many examples of energy and its

use, but what does the term energyreally mean?

To whom should I direct your call?

Whose is this red sweater?

The department manager decided whoshould be hired.

Relative Pronouns


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A relative pronoun introduces an adjective clause.

that which who whom whose

Examples: I thanked the woman who helped me.

The collegethat I chose is in Ohio.

The birds, which usually have flownsouth by this time of the year, were still

congregating in our backyard.


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Common Indefinite Pronouns


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all both few nobody several

another each many none someany either more no one somebody

anybody everybody most nothing someone

anyone everyone much one somethinganything everything neither other such

Examples: All of the members have voted.

Doeseveryone favor a weekly meeting?

The fallen tree provided homes forseveral


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pof the creatures of the woods.

One should always be polite.

The cervical cancer vaccine is aphenomenal breakthrough, one that has

the potential of eliminating this diseasealmost completely.

ADJECTIVES & ARTICLES


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An adjective is a word used to modify or describe anoun or pronoun.

Examples: Thetired andhungry hikers straggledinto camp.

The hikers, tired and hungry, straggledinto camp.

What time will you be back?

I much preferthis painting to that one.

This confusion is costly.

A and an are called indefinite articles because they refer


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A and anare called indefinite articles because they referto any member of a general group.Ais used beforewords beginning with a consonant sound; an is used

before words beginning with a vowel sound.

Examples: A manual has been written on that subject.

He seems an unlikely candidate for the job.

The interviewer arrived anhour early.


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The is called the definite article because it refers to aspecific person, place, thing, or idea.

Examples: The package was delivered yesterday.

Please open the door.

VERBS


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A verb is a word that expresses an action, a condition,

or a state of being.There are two main types of verbs: act ion verbsandl ink ing verbs.

An action verb expresses action. The action may bephysical or mental.

Examples: The band marches onto the field. (physical)

The audienceexpects a great performance.(mental)


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An action verb does not have an object is calledintrans it ive verb.

Examples: The rain fell.

My cousinarrived yesterday.

He travels around the country withthe other musicians.

A linking verb connects the subject to a word or word


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group that identifies or describes the subject. Such aword or word group is called a subject complement.

Common linking verbs:

Forms of Be Verb

am, are, is, was, were

Verbs That Express Conditionfeel, look, smell, sound, taste appear, seem, remain,

stay, become (and get, turn, growwhen they meanbecome)

Examples: John is a student.

J h i i t lli t


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John is intelligent.

This foodtastes delicious.

The children feel happy.

The weatherbecame cold.

Note:The forms ofbeare not always used as linkingverbs. That is, they are sometimes used asstate-of-being verbs. In such cases, words that tellwhere orwhen are generally used to complete themeaning of the verb forms.


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Examples: He is upstairs.

You should have been here yesterday.

Note: While action verbs may be transitive or intransitive,linking verbs and state-of-being verbs are alwaysintransitive.

A i b d h l i b ( l ll d


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A main verb and one or more helping verbs (also calledauxiliary verbs) make up a verb phrase. A verb phrase

may be used to express a particular tense of a verb (thatis, the time referred to) or to indicate that an action isdirected as the subject.

Examples: Sally is a nice person and you canspeakfreely with her.

The stadium is filled to the capacity.

Common Helping Verbs


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Forms of Be am been was

are being were

be is

Forms of

Havehad has have

Forms of Do do does did

Modals can might should

could must willmay shall would

Verbals


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A verbalis a verb form that is used as a noun, an adjec-

tive, or an adverb. The three kinds of verbals are thepar-ticiple, the gerund, and the infinitive.

A participle is a verb form that can be used as an adjec-

tive. Three kinds of participles are thepresent participle,thepast participle and thepresentperfect participle. Pre-sent participles end ining. Most participles end indored. Others are irregularly formed. Present perfect forms

are formed by adding havingorhavingbeen to the pastparticiples of verbs and indicate complete actions.

Examples: The freezingrain made the road slick.

This medicine represents a significant


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This medicine represents a significantimprovement compared with existing

therapies.

Bowing, the performers acknowledgedthe applause.

Did I hear someoneknocking the door?

First prize was anengraved trophy.

The lab tested samples of watertakenfrom wells in the area.


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Rested and relaxed, we returned to work.

Having completed his chores, Andy decidedto join his friends playing football in the park.

Having been declared the winner, she called

a press conference to thank her supporters.

Note: A present participle should describe a personor thing causing or stimulating an experience; a past


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Examples: The lecturer wasboring.The audience was bored.

A developing countryA developed countryTrained nursesExperienced cardiologistsExaggerated fears

One unshared pair of electronsA teacher-dominated classroom culture

g g g p ; pparticiple should describe a person or thingundergoing an experience. Also a present participle is usedto indicate an on-going or active action whereas a pastparticiple a completed or passive one.

A gerund is a verb form ending iningthat is used asa noun


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a noun.

Examples: Smoking is indisputably a danger toones health.

Please stop whispering.

In answering, give specific examples.

During 2006, incomes from wages and

salaries rose 4.2% afteradjusting forinflation, the strongest year since 2000.

His favorite hobby these days is playing video games.

D li i l d h t t lt t th ti i


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Delivering long- and short-term results at the same time iswhat good managers do for a living.

Among other things, figuring out where this one camefrom will help us prevent future problems.

World powers hoped that approving the resolution quicklyand unanimously would signal that Iran will face strictersanctions each time it ignores a Security Council deadline tosuspend uranium enrichment, a process that can be used to

produce nuclear energy or nuclear weapons.

Note: Use a possessive noun or pronoun before agerund


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gerund.

The issue is his whining.

Wang's pitching won the game.

His wife resented his going out and havingbusiness lunches.

What did the teacher say about your

missing the test yesterday?

An in f in i t iveis a verb form that can be used as adj ti d b M t i fi iti


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noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Most infinitivesbegin withto. In addition to the present form, infi-

nitives have a present perfect form. This form addsto haveorto have beento the past participle of averb and indicates a completed action.

Examples: To erroris human.

No one wants to stay.


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The survivors had little to celebrate.

Is everybody ready to go?

The rain seems to have stopped.

Kelly was happy to have been chosen.

Sometimes, infinitives omit the word to.


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Examples: All you have to do is [to] write yourbook this year.

Who dares [to] challenge a champion?

Help me [to] wash the car.

Lets [to] wait here.

The clowns made us [to] laugh.

We saw him [to] leave.

Note:With verbs of perception such as see, hear, feel, smell,


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notice, observe and watch, we can use a present participleor an infinitive without to as its objective complement in asentence.

Examples: I saw him running (orrun) down the stairs.

He could feel his bed shaking (orshake)

during the earthquake last night.

ADVERBS

An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, another adverb


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, j ,or a clause.

Examples: Teresa spoke eloquently.

Have you heard this melody before?

The brochure design used extremelybright colors.

When Dell first started making PCs, itentered an industry with lots of built-infat, namely reseller commissions andretailer markups.

The redesigned brake pad lasted muchlonger.


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Surprisingly, the machine failed.

Frankly, I could do without it.

Sadly, he died before I managed to reach him

again.

Fortunately, I had enough money left to pay myfare home.

Hopefully, it will be over by Christmas.

PREPOSITIONS

Apreposition shows the relation of a noun or pronoun,


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called the object of the preposition, to another word.

Examples: I found this information on the internet.

The manager sat behindthe deskin

her office.

As oftoday, she hasnt made her finalchoice.

You can log on to this web site toaccess the following information.

Bond prices rose, taking the yield on the 10-year notedown to 4.41 percent, the lowest interest rate on that


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closely-watched bond since December.

CONJUNCTIONS


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A conjunction is a word that joins or connects words,

phrases, or sentences.

Coordinating Conjunctions

and but for nor orso yet

Examples: The old man is extremely kindandgenerous.


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He will leave at eight and arrive at nine.

It was raining hard, and there was astrong wind.

It was raining hard. And there was astrong wind.

There have been a series of studies over thepast 20 years which show that people in their70s, 80s and 90s are functioning at a


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substantially higher level than they were only 20

years ago, and there is a much lowerpercentage of disability in older people thanthere was 20 years ago. And of course, lifeexpectancy has gone up dramatically, as you're

well aware, for the last 80 years.

Mr. Bush needs to make clear to the Iraqileader that continued American support will

depend on his active cooperation. And that,ultimately, the Iraqis have even more to losethan the Americans from an unending civil war.

This disease is incurable but treatable.

We missed the opening scene but we enjoyed


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We missed the opening scene,but we enjoyedthe rest of the play.

The U.S. expansion has shown it can tolerate $50 oil withhardly a hesitation. But how will it handle $60 oil whenthe Federal Reserve has more than tripled short-term

interest rates over the past year, signs of corporate jittershave resurfaced, and the dollar has rallied, makingexports once again more expensive on globalmarkets?

A major change in the national diet is under way: Heart-damaging trans fat is rapidly disappearing from groceryaisles and restaurant food, too. But are its replacements


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, preally healthier?

He was tired, so he went to bed.

The child hid behind his mothers skirt, forhe

was afraid of the dog.

She did not study, yet she passed the exam.

Americans live longer than ever, yet more of usare told we are sick.

Correlative Conjunctions

bothand eitheror whetheror

l b l i h ld


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not onlybut also neithernor would

ratherthan

Examples: Neithermy sisternormy parents are here.

Both the students and the teacher areplanning to come.

Im going to go swimming tomorrowwhetherit is cold or not.

A growing body of research suggeststhat diversity in the workplace not onlyhelps companies stay in tune with their


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p p ycustomers, but also adds to the diversity

of ideas and attitudes.

In writing, we can errornot only byusing the wrong words but also by

misusing the right words.

I would rathertry something great andfail than try nothing great and succeed.

A subordinating conjunction begins a subordinatingclause and connects it to an independent clause


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clause and connects it to an independent clause.

Commonly Used Subordinating conjunctions

after because since until

although before so that when

as how than wheneveras if if that where

as much as in order that though wherever

as though provided unless while

Examples: Please turn down the stereo so that Ican concentrate on my homework.

B f it t


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Before you write your paper, you must

submit an outline.

Robert enjoyed the movie as much asSarah did.

Because I have two cousins living inSan Francisco, I always have a place tostaywhen I visit the West Coast.

Where there is a will, there is a way.

A j ti d b h th f f j ti


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A conjunctive adverb has the force of conjunction

because it joins two independent clauses. The mostcommon conjunctive adverbs are however, moreover,therefore, further, then, consequently, besides,accordingly, also,andthus.

Example: The engine performed well in the laboratory;however, it failed under road conditions.

INTERJECTIONS


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INTERJECTIONS

An interjection expresses emotion and has no gram-matical relation to the rest of the sentence.

Examples: Hey! I think I know the answer.

Wow! Profits more than doubled lastquarter!

Well, we need to rethink the proposal.

U it 5


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Unit 5

Diction

(Proper Words in Proper Places)

5a Know the meanings of wordsabsent

adjective


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j

Definition:1. not present: not attending a place or event, especiallywhen expected to

He was absent from school yesterday.

2. inattentive: not paying attention

His face took on an absent expression.

preposition

Definition: without: in the absence of

Absent a cure, or more effective drugs, Alzheimers disease is

a march to oblivion.

Human DNA isn't that different from what you find in othermammals. So how does it combine to form people in some


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cases and dogs or chimps in others? It's one of the big

mysteries of biology.

5b Choose precise wordsHis remark left the audience in a confused state.

His remark bewildered the audience.


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He went quickly down the street.He scurried down the street.

China's top electronics makers on Wednesday unveileddozens of video players made with a homegrown DVD format

in a campaign to promote a Chinese alternative to foreigntechnology.

Note:

Unveiltransitive verb expose something secret: to revealsomething that has been hidden or kept secret

Implymeans to suggest or state indirectly; infermeans to todraw a conclusion.


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John implied that he knew all about computers, but theinterviewerinferred that John was inexperienced.

Global sea-level rise is probably not going to happen as fastas Gore implies in his movie.

5c Watch out the connotations of certain words

One of the advantages of this newly developed chemicalprocess is the use of cheap raw material


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process is the use of cheap raw material.

One of the advantages of this newly developed chemicalprocess is the use ofinexpensive raw material.

Talk is cheap unless you can deliver.

The words in each of the following groups have the

same denotation, but different connotations.

smile, beam, smirk thin, slender, scrawny

laugh, chuckle, guffaw look, peek, gawk

5d Use vivid words

The politicians spent hours talking about what was the proper choiceof action.


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The politicians debated for hours what was the proper choice ofaction.

5e Express idiomatic expressions correctly

Only experts can distinguish a master piece from a fake.

Many credit Thomas Edison with having invented the light bulb.

The author does a good job oftying motivational theory to obtainableresults.

The debate centers on the still-in-development process ofextracting material from days-old human embryos that canmorph into any tissue in the body.


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morph into any tissue in the body.


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Unit 6

Phrases

Phrases


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A phrase is a group of related words, generally having

neither subject nor predicate and used as though it

were a single word. It cannot make a statement and

is therefore not a clause.

Knowledge of the phrase and how it is used will

suggest to you ways of diversifying and enlivening


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suggest to you ways of diversifying and enlivening

your sentences. Variety in using sentences will

remedy the monotonous "subject first" habit. The use

of the participial phrase, for instance, will add life and

movement to your style because the participle is an

action word, having the strength of its verbal nature in

addition to its function as a modifier.

We classify phrases as gerund, participial, infinitive,

prepositional, appositive, and absolute. The following


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g

sentences will show how the same idea may be

expressed differently by the use of different kinds of

phrases:

1. Sue swam daily. She hoped to improve herbackstroke.

2. By swimming daily, Sue hoped to improve herbackstroke.


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6a Gerund phrase

A gerund phrase consists of a gerund and anycomplement or modifiers it may have. The function of the


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p y

gerund phrase is always that of a noun:

1. Being late for breakfastis Joes worst fault.

2. Substituting vo = Cinto v= at+ Cgives us v= at+ vo.

3. She finally succeeded in opening the camera.

4. Bill hated driving his golf balls into the lake.

5. His hobby, making furniture, is enjoyable and useful.

6b Participial phrase

A participial phrase consists of a participle and anycomplement or modifiers it may have. It functions as


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an adjective or an adverb:

1. Believed to have originated in Africa, AIDS has become anepidemic, infecting tens of millions of people worldwide.

2. Given a list of potential school improvements andasked which one they would most like theirchildrens school to make, 24 percent of parentsselected smaller class size.

3. Having gotten a large bonus, the smiling, contented salesre resentative worked harder than ever.

4. The Department of Education recently awarded 18federal grants totaling more than $38 million toprovide financial incentives to educators.


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5. In efforts directed toward the synthesis of this newcancer drug, we put eight researchers work on thisproject.

6. Note that electronegativity generally increasesgoing from left to right across a periodand decreasesgoing down a group for the representative elements.

7. The first step is to calculate theH for the reactionusing the Hess law.

8. The woman improved her health running five miles aday.

8 The oxidation potential for the dimer was lower


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8. The oxidation potential for the dimer was lower

than that of the 2,6-dimethylphenol (DMP)monomer, suggesting that the oxidation potentialof the terminal phenolic group becomes lower asthe polymerization progresses.

6c Infinitive Phrase

An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive and anycomplement or modifiers it may have. Infinitives function


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as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns:

1. In 1995, Steve Fossett became the first person tofly solo across the Pacific Ocean in a balloon.

2. To be in Mr. Fosters class was to learn themeaning of discipline.

3. China's goal is to foster a higher-wage economy

built on science and innovation.

4. Millie left early to avoid the heavy traffic.


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5. To express the very large and very small quantitieswe often run into in physics, we use scientific notation,which employs powers of 10.

6. We decided to go for a long walk.

7. Her fianc seems to be very pleasant.

6d Prepositional phrase


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A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition

followed by a noun or pronoun used as its object,

together with any modifiers the noun or pronoun

may have. The prepositional phrase functions usually

as an adjective or an adverb:

1. The plan of the house is very simple.

2. The river runs through rich farmland.


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2. The river runs through rich farmland.

3. Throughout the house there was an aroma ofcorned beef and cabbage.

4. The conformations about the Re- Re bond, inaddition, are different for all three complexes.

4. We shouldnt jump to a quick conclusion yet with

our test results still ambiguous.

6e Appositive phrase


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An appositive is a word or phrase that explains,identifies, or renames the word it follows.

An appositive phrase may be a noun phrase (that is, a noun

and its modifiers), a gerund phrase, an infinitive phrase, or

a prepositional phrase:

1. Ascorbic acid, a valuable preservative, is ubiquitousin processed and other foods.


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2. Jean knew a way out of her difficulty: telling the truth.

3. His greatest ambition, to make a million dollars,was doomed from the start.

4. The rustler's hideout, in the old cave by the river,was discovered by the posse.

5. The core feature of planthood is autotrophy,that is, the happy ability to make ones own food.

6. The United States remains the leading source ofthe carbon dioxide, the main emission linked toglobal warming.


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7. In 1995, Microsoft added a free Web browser to itsoperating system in an attempt to fend off newrivals, an effortultimately blocked by the courts.

An appositive may be essential ornonessential; it isessential if it positively identifies that which it renames,frequently by use of a proper noun. Examples of bothessential and nonessential appositives occur in the


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pp

Sentences below:

1. In late 1990s, a Nobel laureate Professor Y. T. Leeplayed an active and significant role in Taiwans

political and educational arenas.

2. In late 1990s, Professor Y. T. Lee, a Nobel laureate,played an active and significant role in Taiwans

political and educational arenas.

Note: A modifying phrase must modify a

word or phrase appearing in the


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sentence and be next to what itmodifies.

6f Absolute phrase

An Absolute phrase consists of a subject usually a


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An Absolute phrase consists of a subject, usually a

noun or a pronoun, and a participle, together with any

objects or modifiers of the participle. It allows you to

add specific, concrete detail to a general statement with

greater economy than most alternative constructions.

Extremely flexible besides, it can be placed at the

beginning or end of a sentence, or often in the middle.

When the participle of an absolute phase is a form ofthe verb be, the verb is frequently omitted entirely, sothat the absolute consists simply of a noun followed byadjectives.


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j

1. Each child carrying his little bag of crackling, wetrod the long road home in the cold winter afternoon.

2. If f(x) = xn

, then f(x) = nxn-1

for all n, n being a realnumber.

3. The theater being nearby, I decided to walk.

4. Their dinner finished, the two industrialists wereready to talk business.

5. The rain having stopped, we went to the beach.

6. He lay flat on the bed,his chin on his folded arms

7. Our opponent has chosen to ignore scientific principles, histheories a wish list of insupportable propositions.


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8. Our atmosphere is currently about 20 percent oxygen, all of it thebounty of the planets green-skinned autotrophs.

9. His research complete, he began to write his report.

10. I shall do as I please, all things considered.

11. The driver of the wrecked car, one leg trapped beneath thedashboard, body pinned firmly against the steering wheel, waitedpatiently for the rescue squad.

12. About the bones, ants were ebbing away, their pincers full ofmeat.

13. Six boys came over the hill half an hour early that afternoon,

running hard, their heads down, their forearms working, theirbreath whistling.

14. The little boy stood crying besides the road, his bicycle


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broken, his knees bruised, and his confidence badly shaken.

15. The pianist played beautifully, her technique flawless, herinterpretation sure and sensitive.

Note: The following sentences are elliptical because of the omission

of the subject weunderstood in the context. They are not dangling

1. The conclusions were premature, considering the lack ofavailable data.


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2. Judging from the spectral changes, exhaustive photolysis ofcompound 4 had occurred.

3.Assuming that each gas behaves ideally,the partial pressure of

each gas can be calculated from the ideal gas law:

P1=n1RT/V, P2=n2RT/V, P3=n3RT/V,

4. Taking this value as an upper limit, the two shortestdistances are sometimes too long for incipient hydrogenbonds.

5. Building an new fab for more capacity would seem not onlysuperfluous, but also incredibly risky, given the high costinvolved, the fears of an industrywide chip glut, and theincreasingly fierce competition in the microprocessor market.


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6. Stocks may be at record highs, but the value of the profitsfrom the rally are worth less given the sharp drop in the dollaragainst foreign currencies.

7.Given that half of the 65-year-olds alive today will likely livebeyond age 83, outliving one's assets is an all-too-likelypossibility for some retirees.

Whats the problem with this sentence?


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Using a pipette, 25 mL of 0.05 N aqueous HClsolution was slowly added to the stirred mixture.


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Supplements to Unit 6

Scheduled to give a keynote speech early the next morning, she didnt want to sit in

the emergency room all night.

Long used as a substitute for saturated fats in baked goods, fried foods, saladdressings, margarine and other foods, trans fats also have a longer shelf life thanother alternatives.


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The war being over at last, the task of arranging the peace terms began.

New York has never been a cheap place to stay, but today's high prices areremarkable, considering where the city has been.

A strike lasting close to a month or more would cause GM to burn up $8.1 billion in thefirst month and $7.2 billion in the second month, assuming the company can't producevehicles in Mexico or Canada, according to Lehman Brothers analyst Brian Johnson.

Plants essentially eat the sun, transforming solar energy into sugars and starchthrough the stepwise enzymatic stitchery of photosynthesis.

The federal government has financed research and development of energytechnology and alternative fuels for decades, often focusing on basic science, and


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has a mixed record of incubating winners, including some widely used technologies.Stocks like Microsoft and Dell look like buys, given their earnings growth and theirpast P/Es.

Given the risks involved in such personal revelations, including job discriminationand health insurance woes, no one knows how many people will take that route.

The big deterioration this month was unexpected, given that other readings onconsumer confidence have been showing strength.


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Unit 7

Clauses

7a Noun clauses

NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH A QUESTIONWORD

QUESTION NOUN CLAUSE


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Q

Where does she live?

What did he say?

When do they arrive?

(a) I dont know where she lives.

(b) I couldnt hearwhat he said.

(c) Do you know when they arr ive?

Who lives there?

What happened?Who is at the door?

(d) I dont know who l ives there.

(e) Please tell me what happened.(f) I wonderwho is at the door.

Who is she?

Who are those men?

Whose house is that?

(g) I dont knowwho she is.

(h) I dont know who those men are.

(i) I wonderwhose house that is.What did she say?

What should they do?(j) What she saidsurprised me.

(k) What they should dois obvious.

For anyone who has cancer, there is one moment that youcan never forget. It's when the doctor tells you, "It's cancer."Now, the exact words may vary, but the impact is the same.Your heart begins to pound; your brain screams out in


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Your heart begins to pound; your brain screams out indisbelief. Your hearing stops, too, but usually only after youhear the words that so often come next: "There's no cure."

NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITHWHETHEROR IF

YES/NO QUESTION NOUN CLAUSE


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Will she come?

Does he need help?(a) I dont know whether she wil l come.

I dont knowi f she wil l come.

(b) I wonderwhetherhe needs help.

I wonderi fhe needs help.

(c) I wonderwhether or notshe will come.

(d) I wonderwhethershe will comeor not.

(e) I wonderifshewill comeor not.

(f) Whether she comes or notisunimportant to

me.


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Other experts challenge the idea that a warmer worldmeans m ore and s tronger storms.

Today, because of the growing consensus that thenat ion m ust wean i tse lf from imported oi l and sharply


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curb cl imate-al ter ing carbon emission s, new energyoptions are in vogue.

Retail sales in the U.S. rose less than forecast in August,

adding to concerns a sof tening labo r market and adeeper hous ing s lump w i l l cu rtai l demand.

Note:The that may be omitted when the that clauseis the object of a verb or functions as an appositive.

Prepositions do not take that-noun clauses

as their objects Delete the preposition when be + adjectives + preposition phrases are used

with that-noun clauses. The adjectives (e.g., afraid, certain, delighted, glad,interested, pleased, positive, satisfied, and surprised) here express personalfeelings or states of the mind.


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I am convinced that my sister would attend this party. I am afraid that he wont make it. We are all surprised that this catalyst is so active in the reaction. President Bush said he was confident the nation would stand

with him despite "gut-wrenching" televised images of fallenAmericans.

Educators were still not aware that there are better ways to teachscience.

Oil traders are nervous that any escalation in violence in theMiddle East may disrupt oil supplies from the region, which holdstwo-thirds of global reserves.

We are concerned that a lot of our retirees will end up losing their

health benefits. Scientists are actually pretty grateful by and large that Gore hassucceeded in bringing the issue of global warming to the public'sattention.

Prepositions do not take that-noun clauses as theirobjects(Continued)

When the that-clause refers to a statement of fact, the words the


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factare inserted between the preposition and the clause.

The fire was due to the fact that someone had dropped a lighted cigarette.

Note:

except that: with the exception of the fact that, or if it were not for the fact that

The pyridine molecule is like benzene except that a nitrogen atomreplaces one of the carbon atoms in the ring.

The twins looked identical, except that one had dyed his hair.

I would come, except that I have another engagement.

in that: introduces an explanation of a statement

She's unusual for a commuterin that she's never late for work.


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Surfuric acid is unique among the common acids in that it is a strongacid in its first dissociation step and a weak acid in its second step.

whoeverwho(m)ever

whatever

whichever

whenever

wherever

(a) Whoeverwants to come is welcome.Anyone who wants to come is welcome.

(b) He makes friends easily with who(m)everhe meets.

He makes friends easily with anyone who(m) he meets.

(c) He always says whatevercomes into his mind.

He always says anything thatcomes into his mind.


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however

y y y g

(d) There are four good programs on TV at eight oclock.

We can watch whicheverprogram(whichever one)you

prefer.

We can watch any of thefour programs thatyou

prefer.

(e) You may leave wheneveryou wish.

You may leave at any time thatyou wish.

(f) She can go wherevershe wants to go.

She can go anyplace thatshe wants to go.

(g) The students may dress howeverthey please.

The students may dress in any way thatthey please.

USING THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSES

(a)The teacherdemandsthat webeon time.


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(b) Iinsistedthat hepayme the money.

(c) Irecommendedthat shenot goto the concert.

(d) It is importantthat theybe toldthe truth.

(e) I suggestedthat sheseea doctor.

(f) I suggestedthat sheshould seea doctor.

COMMON VERBS AND EXPRESSIONSFOLLOWED BY THE SUBJUNCTIVE INA NOUN CLAUSE


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Advise

(that)propose(that) it is

essential(that)i t is cr i tical(that)

ask(that) Recommend

(that)

it is

imperative(that)

it is

necessary(that)Demand

(that)request(that) it is

important(that)i t is vital(that)

insist(that) suggest(that)

7b Adjective clauses

RELATIVE PRONOUNS USED AS THE SUBJECT

(a) I thanked the woman who helped me.( )


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(usual)

(b) I thanked the woman that helped me.(less usual)

(c) The book which is on thetable is mine.(less usual)

(d) The book that is on the

table is mine.(usual)

A function is a rulethatassigns to each element in thedomain one and only one element in the range.


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RELATIVE PRONOUNS USED AS THEOBJECT OF A VERB

(a) The man who(m) I sawwas Mr. Jones. (usual)


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(b) The man that I sawwas Mr. Jones. (less usual)

(c) The man I sawwas Mr. Jones. (usual)

(d) The movie which we saw last nightwasnt very

good. (less usual)(e) The movie that we saw last nightwasnt very

good. (usual)

(f) The movie we saw last nightwasnt verygood. (usual)

RELATIVE PRONOUNS USED AS THE OBJECTOF A PREPOSITION

(a) She is the woman about whom I told you.

(b) Sh i th who(m) I told you about


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(b) She is the woman who(m) I told youabout.

(c) She is the woman that I told youabout.

(d) She is the woman I told youabout.

(e) The music to which we listened last nightwas good

(f) The music which we listened to last nightwas good

(g) The music that we listened to last nightwas good


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USING WHENIN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

(a) Ill never forget

th d

when I met you.


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the day(b) Ill never forget

the dayon

which

I met you.

(c) Ill never forgetthe day

that I met you.

(d) Ill never forget

the day

I met you.

The housewife-traders were so secretive thatmany market analysts did not realize howwidespread the trend had become until th issummer, whenthe police arrested a Tokyoh if d f f ili t $1 1 illi


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housewife accused of failing to pay $1.1 millionin taxes on her foreign exchange earnings.

She called My Home Doctora second t imewhenher daughter had a respiratory infection.

Note: THAT can be a conjunction used to introduce

a clause expressing cause or result.

I felt hurt that you should think such a thing.

This result was shocking and totally smashed all


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the good reasons (that) we initially went into palm oil.

The reason (that) we care about cancer is that it is a killer.

One reason that students are filing more applications is the increasing

use of the Common Application, a form that can be completed and filedvia the Internet.

The eroding economics of practicing basic medicine was a reason (that)

fewer medical students were going into primary care, which pays much

less than specialties.

It made such a noise that we had to cover our ears.

USING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES TO MODIFYPRONOUNS

(a)There is someone(whom) I want you to meet.


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(b) Everyth inghe saidwas pure nonsense.

(c) Anybodywho wants to come is welcome.

(d) Paula was the only oneI knewat the party.

(e) Scholarships are available forthosewho need

financial assistance.

USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY IN

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

(a) In my class there are 20 students, most ofwhomare from Asia.

(b) He gave several reasons only a few of which


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(b) He gave several reasons, only a few ofwhichwere valid.

(c) The teachers discussed Jim, one ofwhoseproblems was poor study habits.

(d) Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., the maker of the mostprescribed diabetes pill, is developing three newdrugs to target the world's fastest-growing disease,each ofwhichcarries sales potential of $1 billion

a year.

USING NOUN + OF WHICHWe have an antique table, the top of whichhas jadeinlay.


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Note:

Generally an adjective clause must be placed rightbeside the word it describes. However, when theadjective clause is too long, a compromise will be

made as long as the role of the modifier for thedj ti l i l ( th f ll i l )


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made as long as the role of the modifier for theadjective clause is clear (see the following example).

A new kind o f medical pract iceis flourishing nationwidethat offers to go to where the patients are whether a

home, an office or a hotel to treat ailments as diverse asa sprained ankle or a bad case of bronchitis.

USING WHICHTO MODIFY A WHOLESENTENCE

(a) Tom was late.

(b) That surprised me


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(b) Thatsurprised me.

(c) Tom was late, whichsurprised me.

(d) The elevator is out of order.

(e) Thisis too bad.

(f) The elevator is out of order, whichis too bad.

Their consensus was that chip sales will be flat toslightly up this year, which doesn't bode well forchipmakers or companies that make chip-manufacturing gear.

Treasury prices rallied at the expense of stocks


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Treasury prices rallied at the expense of stocksFriday - after news that the economy shed 4,000 jobslast month, which jolted economists who wereexpecting a gain of at least 110,000 positions.

The Democrats want to actually pass some thingsthat people actually care about, which would neverhappen if this dragged on.

Intel also reiterated plans to build graphics capabilitiesinto Nehalem processors, a sign that it is mounting achallenge to AMD chips scheduled to come out in early2009.

Orders to U S factories surged in March by the largest


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Orders to U.S. factories surged in March by the largestamount in a year, an encouraging sign that the recentslowdown in manufacturing may be ending.

Dialysis is a dreary experience, one in which peoplewith failed kidneys sit for hours hooked to machines thatcleanse their blood, assisted by technicians who oftenhave to work a second job to make ends meet.

The embryonic stem cells have the ability to transform into

a "dazzling array of specialized cells," the Web site says the property that scientists and others say offers thepotential for the development of treatment for diseases asvaried as juvenile diabetes, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.


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The Intel factory, slated to go online in 2010, will produce12-inch wafers with circuitry 90 nanometers thick, which isa generation behind the current top of the line, chips with65-nanometer circuits. Later this year U.S. plants will beginproducing 45-nanometer chips, a factor which probablyhelped Intel win approval for the project from the U.S.government.

The Fed's last rate increase occurred in June 2006 and

since that time the central bank has left rates unchanged,a stance that is expected to remain intact when Fedofficials meet next week.

Scientists have identified a gene that makes roundwormslive longer when they eat less a finding they hope could


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live longer when they eat less, a finding they hope couldlead to drugs that promote human longevity, but withoutthe pain of strict dieting.

Iran appears to be enriching uranium on a far larger scalethan before, a finding that may affect effort by diplomatsto stem Tehrans program.

Most have agreed that data is best understood by experts,a view that might not prove popular with patients.

New York City produces almost 1 percent of the nation's

greenhouse gas emissions -- an amount that puts it on parwith Ireland or Portugal -- according to a city study.

House and Senate negotiators reached an agreementWednesday to boost aid to college students, a deal thatcalls for slashing roughly $20 billion in government


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calls for slashing roughly $20 billion in governmentsubsidies to banks that issue student loans.

The bill calls for research on alternative techniques to

derive stem cells without the use of human embryos, anapproach that is certainly worth pursuing but is deemedless promising by most experts.

A RELATIVE PRONOUN NEXT TO ANINTERRUPTER CLAUSE AND ONE ADJECTIVECLAUSE

Thomas M. Siebel, founder of Siebel Systems, pledged$100 million this year to support basic research that he


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Thomas M. Siebel, founder of Siebel Systems, pledged$100 million this year to support basic research thathehopeswill reduce dependency on carbon-based fuels.

A major draw of Duke is that we have an athletic prowess

which separates us from Harvard, Princeton, Yale, whichIknoware schools the administration tends to compareDuke to.

The Environmental Protection Agency, whichKnatzsaysshould be doing more to help clean up America'sports, did not respond to our interview requests.

New technology is allowing energy producers tocapture speedier wind that environmental activists


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capture speedier wind thatenvironmental activistssayhas the potential to provide 20 percent of thestate's electricity within 10 years.

People are living longer, and the extra years of life,whichI thinkhave been one of the crowningachievements of the last century, have to be financedsomehow.

In his testimony on Friday, Mr. Nifong faulted himself forhis inflammatory public statements last winter, whichhesaidwere intended to pressure witnesses to comeforward when the police investigation stalled.

"In retrospect we got it wrong partly because the truth


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p g g p ywas so implausible," he writes. The truth Tenet refers to,we now know, is that no unconventional weapons wouldbe found in Iraq.

Hydrogen peroxide, the chemical thatthe Germanpolice saytwo terrorism suspects planned to use tomake bombs, is a simple molecule two oxygen atoms

and two hydrogen atoms with myriad uses.

Dr. Lipkin, whose focus is human disease, became involvedbecause the quest for a cause for the beehive collapsesemployed new genetic sifting techniques thathe saidmightalso prove useful in investigating outbreaks of human

diseases.


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Still, Mr. Broad dedicates his biggest gifts to areas thathethinkslack government support, like the $25 million hegave to the University of Southern California last year to

found an institute for integrative biology and stem cellresearch, or the tens of millions he dedicated to completethe new Disney concert hall in Los Angeles.

Yet Jaffe feels strongly that her patients needsomeone to hunt down lower-cost options, negotiatewith insurers, and find other ways to help them to get

the medical care she thinks they need.


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y

John didn't disclose whohe thoughtshould lead the ticketI am pleased that after reviewing all the evidence theExecutive Directors of the World Bank Group haveaccepted my assurance that I acted ethically and in good

faith in what I believedwere the best interests of the


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institution, including protecting the rights of a valued staffmember.

This new catalyst has changed the reaction pathway.That's whatI thinktakes place now.

More Examples Involving Noun/Adjective Clauses

What we're facing now is a crisis that is by far the mostserious we've ever faced.

He takes issue with what he describes as unfair accusations


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that his companys profits are built on a product that causes

harm to patients.

The Food and Drug Administration is changing the rules onwho can serve on its advisory committees. Some memberswho have advised the agency on drugs and medical deviceshave had financial dealings deemed to represent conflicts of

interest.

How we cope with crises in our lives is as individual as

we are.

Many of the hardest-hit regions are where the poorlive in Africa and in many other parts of the tropics.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change a


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The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, aUnited Nations scientific group, will report in May onwhat kinds of things can be done to lessen the impacts

of climate change.

Federal regulators should relax restrictions on whichpatients are included in clinical trials of a widely usedtreatment for a common heart malfunction, a panel ofexperts told the Food and Drug Administration onThursday.

In those dark hours of the night, when we're left alone with

our greatest fears, when the power of the disease seemsstrongest, it's important to remember that others arealways with us, even if we don't even know them.

These are the kinds of things that we expect to see more ofas a result of global warming


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as a result of global warming.

A thermometer is an instrument that measures the

temperature by expansion and contraction of mercury oralcohol in a capillary tube and bulb.

A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a reaction without

being consumed itself.

The standard enthalpy of formation ( ) of acompound is defined as the change in enthalpy thataccompanies the formation of one mole of a compound at25from its elements with all substances in their

standard states at that temperature.

fH


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The rewards teachers receive for outstandingperformance range from a few hundred dollars to

$10,000 or more in a few districts.

For the union, guarantees for future investment arepivotal to ensuring the sacrifices it makes today will payoff tomorrow.


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USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW CAUSE

AND EFFECTbecause (a)Becausehe was sleepy, he went to bed.

(b) He wet to bed becausehe was sleepy.

now that (c) Now thatthe semester is over, Im going


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to rest a few days and then take a trip.

(d) Jack lost his job. Now thathes

unemployed, he cant pay his bills.

since (e) SinceMonday is a holiday, we dont haveto go to work.

(f) Sinceyoure a good cook and Im not, you

should cook the dinner.

SHOWING DIRECT CONTRAST: WHILEANDWHEREAS

(a)Mary is rich, whi leJohn is poor.

(b) John is poor, whi leMary is rich.


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( ) p , y

(c) Mary is rich, whereasJohn is poor.

(d) WhereasMary is rich, John is poor.

COMPARE

(e)WhileI was studying, the phone rang.

EXPRESSING CONDITIONS IN ADVERBCLAUSES: IF-CLAUSES

(a) If i t rains the streets get wet


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(a)If it rains, the streets get wet.

(b)If i t rains tomorrow, I will take my umbrella.

ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION: USINGWHETHER OR NOTAND EVEN IF

WHETHER OR NOT

(a) Im going to go to swimming tomorrow whether or


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(a) I m going to go to swimming tomorrow whether ornot i t is cold.(OR: whether i t is cold o r not .)

EVEN IF(b) I have decided to go to swimming tomorrow. Evenif the weather is cold, Im going to go swimming.

ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION: USING INCASEAND IN THE EVENT THAT

(a) Ill be at my uncles house in caseyou (should)need to reach me.


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(b) In th e even t thatyou (should) need to reach me,Ill be at my uncles house.

ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION: USINGUNLESS or EXCEPT WHEN

(a) Ill go swimming tomorrow unless its cold.

(b) Ill i i t if it i t ld


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(b) Ill go swimming tomorrow if it isnt cold.

(c) He dislikes the game except when he w ins.

ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION: USINGONLY IF

(a) The picnic will be canceled only i f i t rains.

If its windy, well go on the picnic.


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y, g p

If its cold, well go on the picnic.

If its damp and foggy, well go on the picnic.

If its unbearably hot, well go on the picnic.

(b)Only i fit rainswi l lthe picnic be canceled.

More examples for Adverb Clauses:

Engineers are working on methods for capturing the carbondioxide emitted when coal is burned.

In the semiconductor industry, prices are always falling as

chip companies scramble to cram more semiconductors intoless space, allowing them to deliver more computing power


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less space, allowing them to deliver more computing powerper buck.

I'm sure most people, whetherthey're 40 or 60 or 75, wouldsay the same thing: They are not ready to die.

Because multiplying any quantity by unity leaves the quantityunchanged, we can introduce conversion factors wherever

we find them useful.

If we have a contract that enables us to be competitivewe will invest; if not we will disinvest in the U.S. and useour money where we think we can get a better return.

Wheretheres life, theres hope.


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Unit 8


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Sentences: Structures and

PatternsSubject + Predicate

8a Simple Sentenceone independentclause.

Five Basic Sentence Patterns

S Vi


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S + Vi

1. The phone rang.

2. This method wont work.

3. Many people swim daily.

4. These two sisters dont get along.

5. One loses by conceit and gains by modesty.

6. Useful solvents result when propylene oxide reactswith alcohols to form glycol ethers.


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7. You can go broke by not spending money on

insurance where you should.

8. The price of oil fell to its lowest level in two monthson Wednesday as evidence builds that the high costof gasoline and other fuels is sapping demand.

9. Many lawmakers say theirhope is growing that

Congress will pass an immigration bill next year.

10. Evidence could surface of a previously unknownvictim a homeless person, perhaps, or an illegal

immigrant.


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11. Evidence also emerged that some detainees hadbeen involved in shipments of weapons to illegal

armed groups in Iraq.

12. If the hypothesis holds up that the drop in hormoneuse is the main cause, as seems likely, it should

persuade even more women to curb their use exceptwhen absolutely necessary.


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15. Productivity improves as companies, unable to passalong costs as higher prices, are forced to operatemore efficiently.

16. The business of manufacturing intermediates andactive pharmaceutical ingredients (API) for


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commercial drugs is still suffering due to overcapacityand the dearth of new products at the end of the

pharmaceutical industrys pipeline.

16. Oil prices rose Monday after the foiledweekend attempts to bomb Iraq's key Basracrude export terminal revived fears of more

attacks on the country's oil infrastructure.


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S + Vi + C

1. This is a formula for success: underpromise andoverdeliver.

2 We are not at an impasse now


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2. We are not at an impasse now.

3. Our bus was late.

4. The price seemed reasonable.

5. The food tasted good.

6. The appropriate place to really render honors, and toacknowledge the sacrifice that somebody has madeis at the gravesite.

7. For cancer survivors, the prospect of death is nol b l b t i id bl


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longer a cerebral awareness but is an unavoidablepart of daily life.

8. The whole point is that you withdraw the stimuluswhen you no longer need it.

9. There are concerns insurers may be seeking toexclude from the pool applicants at risk for adisorder, even if its a relatively small risk.

10. Google's software, which is expected to be


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10. Google s software, which is expected to beintroduced soon, according to several people withknowledge of the company's plans, is the clearest

indication to date that the company, based inMountain View, Calif., hopes to extend its searchbusiness to compete directly with Microsoft's controlof desktop computing.

11. Corporations are well positioned to benefit fromstrong economic growth.

12. It is apparent that smoking can cause cancer.

13. It is one of my goals to visit South America.


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14. It will be necessary for him to sign these papers.

15. It is a fact that English is the principal language ofthe business community throughout much of theworld.

16. It has been well known that Mr. Powell was the

most skeptical among Mr. Bush's senior advisers

about the wisdom of invading Iraq.


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17. It was ironic to some investors that stocks were

sagging at a time when oil prices were falling moresharply than they have been in some time.

18. As the new session of Congress begins this week,

it appears as murky as ever whether some

confluence of forces will draw together and push

Congress to do what it did more than a decade ago


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Congress to do what it did more than a decade ago

and pass national energy legislation.

19. For some people, fear of getting the disease is

nearly as debilitating as the ailment itself. But a

growing health-care movement known as

predictive medicine, aided by recent advances in

h ti i t ti t ti t


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human genetics, is starting to ease some patients

minds or at least provide tailored strategies for

better managing their risk and their care, experts

say.

S + Vt + O

1. The student reads a book.

2. A storm has delayed the plane.


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3. A translucent object reflects some light and trans-mits some light.

4. The Fed cuts short-term rates to boost economicgrowth and raises them to try to ward off inflation.

5. This case provides evidence that long-term freezing

can successfully preserve sperm quality and fertility.

6. The increase in energy cost over the past few years

has hurt chemical companies that depend on natural gas


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for feedstock and fuel.

7. Monetary and fiscal stimuli have created excess

liquidity that must be leached during an economic

rebound.

8. Still, many companies are planning further jobcuts in order to boost profit, as excess production

capacity makes it difficult to raise prices in many

industries.


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9. This new piece of legislation established new

protections for the unborn by making it a separate

crime to harm a fetus during an assault on the

mother-to-be.

10. MTBE makers are facing a growing number of lawsuitsin dozens of states and cities where their product haswound up in drinking water, most likely from leakinggasoline storage tanks. The bill would give them liability

protection from these suits in return for an MTBE phaseoutby 2014.


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11. Greenspan has no idea right now when he will have to

raise the overnight federal funds rate from its four-decadelow of 1 percent.

12. The bills fate appears to continue to rest with these

five senators.


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16. Following a diet and exercise regime similar to

that for diabetics and people with heart disease

may delay the onset of Alzheimer's.


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17. Group of Seven nations should indicate steps

they can take to achieve sustainable global

economic growth and to reduce geopolitical risks,

including the situation in Iraq.

S + Vt + Oi + Od and S + Vt + Od +

( to or fo r) + Oi

1. My father often gives me a gift.

2. The boy wrote his parents a letter.


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3. My aunt will send us the money.

4. This change provided me a unique opportunity toexperience life as a sixth-grader in an American JuniorHigh school.

5. My brotherbought two books forme.

6. Please offeryour seat to anyone in need.

7. I would recommend it forkids who have a lot of

initiative and who are truly interested and not just

looking for something to do


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looking for something to do.

8. The central bank lowered interest rates to almostzero in March 2001.

9. Being the oldest, Jane set an example forherbrother and sister.

10. Crystallization usually affords highly purified

solids from relatively impure solutions in a single

processing step.

11. The Fed isn't going to weanthe economy from life-support until there's enough personal income being


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generated to sustain economic growth without

excessive monetary stimulus.

12. A new power plant chimney that convertsgreenhouse gases into helpful substances could have a

huge impact on global warming.

13. Bush has dismissed congressional proposals as "thesame old tax-and-spend policy that the Democrats havetried before."

14. As public servants, we owe it to American taxpayers to

complete our work responsibly.


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15. The report cites as examples the sharply reduced use

of chemical pesticides to grow gene-altered, pest-resistant

cotton, and the rising incomes of small cotton farmers in

countries, such as China and South Africa, which have

embraced the technology.

16. In the coming weeks, the city will be required to

disclose to us many more details about itspreconvention surveillance of groups and activists, andmany will be shocked by the breadth of the PoliceDepartments political surveillance operation.

17. The nurse would record an agreed-upon time in theappointment book and pass on to the patient


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instructions like not eating or drinking from midnightbefore the day of the requested procedure.

18. The swift move would promote to the supremeCourts top job a newcomer who currently is being

considered as one of eight associate justices.

S + Vt + O + C

1. This interest-rate thing has me all confused.

2. We got that message loud and clear.


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3. Eric called his friend a liar.

4. The power of creativity and intelligence canmake the world a better place.

5. Research on human embryonic stem cells

holds the potential to cure Alzheimer's,

Parkinson's disease, spinal injuries, diabetes

and other conditions.


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6. The man and his wife, who chose to remain

anonymous, wanted their case publicized toencourage young cancer patients to have hope

for the future.

7. You should do research on what risks the

manager takes, and how he or she expects to

make money.

8. He let his opportunities slip.


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9. On Tuesday, stocks took a dive when Fed

Chairman Alan Greenspan let slip that deflation

was no longer a concern.


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13. Intels new chips will make possible higher-

speed computing, more reliable storage and

more advanced audiovisual standards and willrepresent fundamental change in the internal


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structure of the standard PC.

14. The report, by the Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations, explicitly

rejects as too extreme the position embraced by

many environmental and advocacy groups that

have called for bans on genetic engineering of


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g g g

plants and animals. Many of these groups are

opposed in principle to a technology in which

genes are deliberately transferred from one

species to another to confer new traits.

15. The Bush administrations regulatory czar,

John Graham publicly dismissed asunproventhe id

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