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ENGLISH MODULE

PAST TENSE

“The past is always tense, the future perfect.”

― Zadie Smith

Grade XII – Semester 1

Academic Year 2017 – 2018

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Standar Kompetensi:

Menulis :

Mengungkapkan makna dalam teks tulis fungsional pendek dan esei sederhana dalam

konteks kehidupan sehari-hari.

Kompetensi Dasar:

Mengungkapkan makna dalam bentuk teks fungsional pendek remi dan tak resmi

dengan menggunakan ragam bahasa tulis secara akurat, lancar dan berterima dalam

konteks kehidupan sehari-hari, khususnya dalam kalimat yang menggunakan pola Past

Perfect dan Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Tujuan Pembelajaran:

Setelah melaksanakan pembelajaran, siswa dapat:

- Membedakan Past Perfect Tense dan Past Perfect Continuous Tense dengan cermat

dan cerdas.

- Menggunakan Past Perfect Tense dan Past Perfect Continuous Tense dengan benar

dan cerdas.

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Conceptual Map

Glossary

Past Tense is the form of a verb that expresses what happened in the past. Past Continuous Tense gives the idea that an action is in progress during a particular time. The

tenses say that an action begins, is in progress during, and continues after another time or action. Past Perfect Tense is the form of a verb that expresses an action completed before a particular point in the past, formed in English with ‘had + V3’. Past Perfect Continuous Tense is the form of a verb that expresses an action that had been going on right up until the time we are referring to and was still continuing or had stopped shortly before the time we are referring to. i, formed in English with ‘had been + Ving’.

PAST TENSES

SIMPLE PAST

PAST CONTINUOUS

PAST PERFECT

(SIMPLE)

PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS

PRESENT TENSES

FUTURE TENSES

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SIMPLE PAST

Function: Began and ended in the past-a completed action-and no relation with present. Duration is

not important. - The steamer sailed yesterday. - I received his letter a week ago. - She left school last year.

The Simple Past is also used for past habits/past schedule. - He studied many hours a day. - She always carried an umbrella. - I studied English every Tuesday and Thursday.

To introduce quotations - The president said, ‘We must work hard to develop this country.’

Pattern: S + V2 + (O)

- He injured his arm in an accident.

S + did not + V1 + (O) - He did not injure his arm in an accident.

Did + S + V1 + (O) - Did He injure his arm in the accident?

Adverb of Time: - yesterday - last ………… - this morning - ……… ago - just now - frequency:

often, sometimes, always; - a definite point in time:

last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago. - an indefinite point in time:

the other day, ages ago, a long time ago etc.

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PAST CONTINUOUS

Function: Was in progress at certain time in the past

- She was listening to the radio all evening. - I was speaking on the telephone at eight o’clock.

Was in progress when another action happened

- She was cooking when she heard a knock at the door. - We were not sleeping when they arrived.

To show two actions taking place at the same time

- Eve was mixing the drinks while we were eating our sandwiches. - My sister was lying in bed while I was talking to her.

To indicate a continuous action within a certain period

- He was working between eight and five o’clock. - What were you doing all last week?

To express a change of mind

- I was going to spend the day at the beach but I’ve decided to go on an excursion instead.

Pattern: S + was/were + Ving + (O)

- He was talking in his sleep.

S + was/were not + Ving + (O) - He was not talking in his sleep.

Was/Were + S + Ving + (O)? - Was he talking in his sleep?

Adverb of Time: - when - while - as - at … o’clock yesterday

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PAST PERFECT

Function: Result at the second action in the past / used to make it clear that one event happened

before another in the past. - When he arrived, the party had been in progress for an hour. - The doctor gave some medicine after he had examined me. - I had gone to bed when the phone rang.

Pattern: S + had + V3 + (O)

- She had dressed before they arrived.

S + had not + V3 + (O) - She had not dressed before they arrived.

Had + S + V3 + (O)? - Had she dressed before they arrived?

Adverb of Time: - before - by (the time) - after - Past Perfect before/by Simple Past - Simple Past after Past Perfect

Note: Joe discovered that Leslie had lied to her. Past ____________|_______________|______________|__ Leslie lied Joe discovered Now Notice the difference: - When he stopped laughing everyone left. (They left after he stopped laughing) - When he stopped laughing everyone had left. (They left before he stopped laughing)

In these examples, Event A is the first or earliest event, Event B is the second or latest event:

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a. John had gone out when I arrived in the office.

Event A Event B

b. I had saved my document before the computer crashed.

Event A Event B

c. When they arrived we had already started cooking.

Event B Event A

d. He was very tired because he hadn't slept well.

Event B Event A

Past Perfect Passive The Past Perfect Passive is used, as with other passive tenses, when we do not

know who did the action, or else it is not important who did it.

e.g. When I got to the ticket office, all the tickets had been sold.

The street cleaners spent hours cleaning up the litter that had been thrown on

the ground.

had been + V3

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PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Function: Began in the past, continued to the second action also in the past.

At that time he had been writing a novel for two months. When I came to the school last year, Mr. Heru had been teaching there for ten years.

Pattern: S1 + had + been +Ving + (O)

- Tony had been writing for an hour when the phone rang.

S1 + had not + been + Ving + (O) - Tony had not been writing for an hour when the phone rang.

Had + S1 + been + Ving + (O)? - Had Tony been writing for an hour when the phone rang?

Adverb of Time: for … before + Simple Past

Notice the difference: - Bill had been saving since Christmas to buy a new bike. (Continuity)

Bill had saved enough money to buy the bike he wanted. (Completion) - I’d been working hard, so I felt that I deserved a holiday. (Emphasizes the activity)

I had worked hard, and the report was now finished. (Emphasizes the result) - When we met Simon and Pat, they had been riding. (We met after they had finished)

When we met Simon and Pat, they were riding. (We met when they were riding) - When I got home, water had been leaking through the roof. (It was no longer leaking when I

got there) When I got home, water was leaking through the roof. (It was leaking when I got there)

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A. Choose the correct answers, a or b.

1. I didn’t know you __________ a new laptop.

a) had bought

b) had been buying

2. I was late because I _________ for my glasses.

a) had looked for

b) had been looking

3. Max was very rude to Josh considering he ___________ for a few days.

a) had only known him

b) had only been knowing

4. We ___________ the house all day when Tom called round.

a) had cleaned

b) had been cleaning

5. I heard that Mike __________ his leg.

a) had broken

b) had been breaking

B. Rewrite the sentences using the Past Perfect passive. The party was over.

1. The guests had eaten all the food.

____________________________.

2. The guests had finished all the soft drinks.

____________________________.

3. The guests had listened to Coldplay five times!

____________________________.

4. The guests had broken two chairs.

____________________________.

5. The guests had taken lots of photographs.

____________________________.

EXERCISES

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C. Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets: Past Perfect

Simple or Past Perfect Continuous.

1. It_____________ (rain) for hours when the sun finally came out.

2. I left home before I realized I _____________ (forget) my mobile phone.

3. Julia _________ (already find) somewhere to live when Rob offered her a room.

4. Did you know that Harry _______________ (change) his plans?

5. Why did no one tell me that my computer _______________ (crash)?

6. Alice __________ (have) such a bad day that she decided to have an early night.

7. Yesterday morning I got up and looked out of the window. The sun was shining but

the ground was very wet. It _____________ (rain).

8. She was very annoyed. She __________ (wait) for hours before the bus arrived.

9. When we got there, we saw that the town _________ (destroy) by the tornado.

10. I was shocked when I saw that my motorcycle ____________ (steal).

11. Although the ship ____________ (hit) by the bad storm, it managed to arrive on

time.

12. After I _____________ (wait) for one hour, I finally saw the dentist.

13. I was late for school. When I arrived, the teacher __________ (come) into the class.

14. After he ______________ (finish) his work, he directly went home.

15. I was sure that the boy _____________ (run). When I met him, he was panting.

D. Put the verbs in brackets in the Past Simple, Past Continuous or Past Perfect.

1. When I arrived, everybody was sitting round the table with their mouths full. They

_______________ (eat).

2. When I arrived, everybody was sitting round the table and talking. Their mouths

were empty but their stomachs were full. They ________________ (eat).

3. When I arrived, Kate ____________ (wait) for me. She was annoyed with me

because I was late and she _____________ (wait) for a long time.

4. When I got home, Tom was sitting in front of the TV. He has just turned it off. He

______________ (watch) a film.

5. Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor. He _________ (look) for his contact

lenses.

6. I was sad when I sold my car. I _____________ (have) it for a very long time.

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7. While a man _________ (wash) his hair, he __________ (notice) that it _________

(fall) out in handfuls. It ___________ (turn out) that he __________ (take) a bottle

of bleach instead of shampoo.

8. A prison warden __________ (sit) in his watchtower when suddenly he ________

(see) a beautiful girl at the gate. What he ___________ (not know) was that some

prisoners ____________ (plan) an escape for that night and they ____________

(hire) the girl to help them. He ___________ (go) up to her and when they

____________ (talk) about her car, which she claimed ______________ (break

down), 32 prisoners ____________ (climb) over the prison wall and ___________

(escape).

9. A comedian ___________ (prepare) for his act when he ___________ (realize) that

he __________ (leave) his most important prop – a white pigeon – at home. He

___________ (replace) it with a cat, which ____________ (run) away in the middle

of the act because it ___________ (see) a mouse backstage.

10. A formula 1 driver ____________ (drive) off at high speed and _________ (not

notice) that his repair team ___________ (wave) at him frantically. It was only after

one of the wheels ______________ (fall) off that he ____________ (find out) that

they _____________(not manage) to tighten the screws properly.

E. Correct the sentences

1. I was pleased to see my old college friends at the conference last week as we didn’t

see each other since we finished our course.

2. By the time we reached the theatre, the play ended and the audience was leaving.

3. At the end of their meal, they found they couldn’t pay the bill because they didn’t

bring any money with them.

4. We were pleased that James had his laptop with him but we were less pleased

when we discovered that he did not charge his battery.

5. When I came out of the cinema, I had found that a thief had taken my car radio.

6. At first the authorities thought that the athlete had been taking drugs, but soon

they realized they mixed up the results of the tests.

7. When my cousin came into the room, I didn’t recognize her because I didn’t see her

since she was a little girl.

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Bibliography:

Harris, Michael, David Mower and Anna Sikorzynska. New Opportunities: Upper Intermediate. 2006. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.

Hashemi, Louise and Raymond Murphy. 2004. English Grammar in Use Supplementary exercises. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Murphy, Raymond. 2004. English Grammar in Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.