English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660

• Where are they going?

Focus Question:• Why did Chesapeake planters shift from

using white indentured servants as laborers to black slaves?

Big Picture:• VA/MD—similar economies, population, &

growth• Tobacco!• Indian lands & black labor

Virginia (1639)• Government• Royal Colony by James I• Most legislatures held

lifetime appointments and passed laws

• Judges & sheriffs appointed by governor collected taxes

• Religion• Supporters of Church of

England or Anglican• Fined for not attending

church!

Maryland (1632)• Government• Proprietary Colony• Ruled by Lord

Baltimore

• Religion• Haven for Catholics• “Headrights system”• Manor system to

separate Catholics and Protestants

• “Act for Religious Toleration” 1649

Death, Gender, & Kinship• Need for male indentured servants• Death rates high to disease• Widows remarried, but lack of females led to low

population

Tobacco Shapes a Region, 1630-1675• 1618-boom, 1629-bust• Headrights system made planters wealthy & abuse

indentured servants• Little land/resources for freed servant = destitution

1717c c PopulationPopulationin the Chesapeakein the Chesapeake

1717c c PopulationPopulationin the Chesapeakein the Chesapeake

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

1607 1630 1650 1670 1690

White

Black

WHY this large increase in black WHY this large increase in black popul.??popul.??

Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676•Wealthy planters had access to land and furs• Colonists rebelled by massacring friendly Natives.• Bacon intimidates Gov. Berkeley, inciting riots.• Treaty of Middle Plantation 1677-peace with return of POW & land

Nathaniel Nathaniel BaconBacon

GovernoGovernorr

William William BerkeleyBerkeley

From Servitude to Slavery• 1705—Racial slavery legal• Elites used race to give

whites a higher status• Slavery replaced the need

for indentured servants

•Wages rose in England discouraging immigration•Most slaves by 1690 were imported directly from W. Africa

Richard Frethorne’sRichard Frethorne’s1623 Letter1623 Letter

Richard Frethorne’sRichard Frethorne’s1623 Letter1623 Letter

In-Class ActivityIn-Class Activity::1.1. Describe the life of the indentured Describe the life of the indentured

servant as presented in this letter.servant as presented in this letter.

2.2. What are some of the problems he What are some of the problems he and the other servants experienced?and the other servants experienced?

3.3. What are their biggest fears?What are their biggest fears?

4.4. What does a historian learn about What does a historian learn about life in the 17c Chesapeake colony?life in the 17c Chesapeake colony?

Focus Question• Why did colonial New Englanders abandon John

Winthrop’s vision of a “city upon a hill”?

Big Picture:• NE based on religion• “Great Migration” of Separatist Puritans to NE

• King Charles II outlawed the Calvinist teachings in England (1620s)

• Two groups formed:• Puritans: Moved b/c church reformed too slowly.• Separatists: Completely separated from the Church of England.

• All went to Massachusetts

• John Winthrop created “Modell of Christian Charity”• First governor of Mass.

• Cooperation & no slaves

• Male dominated (only voters)

Sources of Puritan Migration

Sources of Puritan Migration

• Religious Leadership• “Saints” or church leaders had to prove conversion experiences before church members• Church free of state control• 1636—Harvard founded to teach ministers

New England Primer[1689]

• Roger Williams-popular Salem, MASS preacher• Puritans should break from CoE• Exiled & created Rhode Island• Colony for religious toleration

• Anne Hutchinson• Puritan church/saints corrupt•Women needed a stronger role in church• A “holy” life ≠ salvation• Exiled

• Land was given to church members• Women had no legal rights• Long life expectancy• Immunities & male to female ratio

• Relied heavily on shipping (rum, lumber, furs)• Government fixed prices (just price)• Church membership declined• Less were having “conversion experiences”• Created “halfway covenant”

Patriarchal Family

• 90% of NA population destroyed (disease & deforestation)

• “Praying towns” created

• 1635—Pequot Wars CT• Villages burned and NA pushed out

• King Phillips War 1765•Metacom or King Phillip organized local tribes against Whites• Failed b/c New Englanders received help from Christian NA from NY

Population Comparisons:New England v. the

Chesapeake

Population Comparisons:New England v. the

Chesapeake

• 1691-1693• Young girls accussing

older female members of being witches

• Real fear: Puritanism fading out as colony matures & progresses.

• By 1693 hundreds die• Marks the end of

Puritanism and leads towards materialism.

• Focus Question: What factors facilitated the extension of slavery from the English Caribbean to the Carolinas?

Big Picture• Rice in the Carolinas and Sugar in the Caribbean

= slaves!• PA, NY, & NJ = Middle Colonies that were very

diverse!

• SP, FR, DU, BR races to colonize• England monopolized tobacco• Dutch & French monopolized sugar• 3 x more slave labor• “new slavery”

• Navigation Acts-England & Dutch trade sugar & slaves

• English start to immigrate to the Carolinas where the land is cheaper.

• “Restoration Colony” 1663

• Founded by Locke & Cooper “proprietors”• Created Fundamental Constitution-nobility in charge of land• Religious Toleration & elected assembly•White farmers left from West Indies

• Proprietors were ignored• Slaves were brought to the Carolinas b/c…•More immunities & skill• NA were being captured as slaves and traded to other NA for guns!

Settling the “Lower Settling the “Lower South”South”

Settling the “Lower Settling the “Lower South”South”

Section 4• Focus Question: In what ways did the middle

colonies differ from the other English colonial regions?

Big Picture:• Middle colonies are more diverse and have a

balance between religion and commerce.

New Netherland & New Sweden• 1638 Swedish colony• Guns for furs with NA

• Beaver Wars• Competed with Dutch

• Dutch attacked New Sweden in 1655 making it a part of NN.

• Multi-cultural & multi-religion• 1664 colony attacked by

English and renamed “New York” (given to King’s brother Duke of York)

Duke of York’s Original Duke of York’s Original CharterCharter

Duke of York’s Original Duke of York’s Original CharterCharter

New York & New Jersey• 1665 Duke of York

named New York a royal colony

• Immigrants included:• British, French, & New

Englanders

• Lands divided among Dutch & English

• “New York Patroons”

• Formerly New Netherland

• Granted to William Penn and VA Gov. Berkely

• Penn’s vision: Quaker haven

• Attracted New Englanders

• W & E NJ • Protestants vs Quakers

• 1702 one colony

New YorkNew York

Manors &Manors &

Land Land GrantsGrants

PatroonshipsPatroonships

Dutch Residue in New Dutch Residue in New YorkYork

Dutch Residue in New Dutch Residue in New YorkYorkEarly 20Early 20cc Dutch Revival Dutch Revival

Building in NYC.Building in NYC.

New York New York CityCityseal.seal.

Names Harlem, Brooklyn

Customs Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles, bowling, sleighing, skating, kolf [golf].

Pennsylvania “Penns Woods”• Penn advertised land to

encourage Quaker settlement

• Signed a formal treaty & purchased from NA

• Religious Toleration• No slavery!• Representative assembly

• Dominated by Quakers

• Organized cities in “grid system”• Philadelphia

Pennsylvania• Quakers

• Established by George Fox• “Society of Friends”• Attracted poor men &

women

• Belief in “Inner Light”• Emphasis on equality, not

status• Pacifists• No church taxes• Kept on hats

• George Keith• New Quaker leader took

followers back to England

Ethnic GroupsEthnic GroupsEthnic GroupsEthnic Groups

Section 5

Focus Question: How did the French & Spanish colonies in mainland North American differ from English colonies?

Big Picture•France dominates Canada•Spain dominates NM, FL, & TX

• “New France” (Quebec)• Privately funded by lords• Populated by • indentured servants (free

after 3 years)• Traders-granted “kings

girls”• Missionaries

• Goal: to make ties with NA to trade & convert to Catholicism

• Jean Baptiste Colbert• “Mercantilism”

• 1690 Iroquois peace• Competition with furs led to war turning it into a royal colony

• “Coureurs de bois”

• 1625-Created alliances with NA for• Land, labor, & wealth• Missionaries converted• Encomiendas• Cut off traded between NA

• Pueblo Revolt, 1680• NA converted and followed Spanish rule• Series of natural disasters led NA to believe they offended

their Gods• Spanish responded to revolt by smashing “kivas”• Spain would not return until 1716 to establish permanent

colonies

• 1635• Homes to Spanish

missionaries• Local NA resist

conversion & slavery• Suffered attacks from NA

in Carolinas who support English

• Competition:• English slave trade to North• French control over

Louisiana