English for Medicine 1

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ENGLISH FOR MEDICINE (Part One)

Department of Foreign Languages,College of Arts, Taif University


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English for Medicine:1

ENGLISH FOR MEDICINE (Part One)

An Intermediate ESP Course for Studentsof Medicine

Choudhary Zahid Javid


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Unit# 1: SKIN ------------------------------------------------------Reading Focus: --------------------------------------------------Vocabulary Focus: -----------------------------------------------Working Focus: --------------------------------------------------Listening Focus: -------------------------------------------------

Unit# 2: EAR -------------------------------------------------------Reading Focus: --------------------------------------------------Vocabulary Focus: -----------------------------------------------Working Focus: --------------------------------------------------Listening Focus: -------------------------------------------------

Unit# 3: LUNGS --------------------------------------------------Reading Focus: --------------------------------------------------Vocabulary Focus: -----------------------------------------------Working Focus: --------------------------------------------------Listening Focus: -------------------------------------------------

Unit# 4: LIVER ---------------------------------------------------Reading Focus: --------------------------------------------------Vocabulary Focus: -----------------------------------------------Working Focus: --------------------------------------------------Listening Focus: -------------------------------------------------

Unit# 5: KIDNEY -------------------------------------------------Reading Focus: --------------------------------------------------Vocabulary Focus: -----------------------------------------------Working Focus: --------------------------------------------------

Listening Focus: -------------------------------------------------

Unit#6: STOMACH -----------------------------------------------Reading Focus: --------------------------------------------------Vocabulary Focus: -----------------------------------------------Working Focus: --------------------------------------------------Listening Focus: -------------------------------------------------

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PREFACEThis textbook is a logical outcome of a comprehensive research project carried out at

College of Medicine and Medical Sciences (CMMS) by its during 2008 to determine the

linguistic needs and preferred learning styles of its students. The textbook is designed to cater for their specific needs by considering their culturally driven preferred learning styles. The purpose of the book is not to teach medicine but to inculcate theacademic ability in the students to go to read, listen to and/or watch a text, audio or video on medical topics and understand, extract and utilize the information within themin an effective and efficient manner.

To achieve this goal, the book ensures an integrated practice in various languageskills along with emphasizing the other important language areas of vocabulary and medical terminology. Reading passages of moderate length have been carefullyselected focusing on six different parts of the human body. A variety of exercises isemployed in all the units to familiarize the students with different learning situationsand promote students interest and mot ivation

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to acknowledge my sincere indebtedness to Dr. Talal Abdullah Al-Malki, the former Dean of the College of Medicine and Medical Sciences at Taif University whoworked to promote a research oriented atmosphere at the College that facilitated and encouraged me to accomplish this academic task. I gratefully acknowledge theunstinting and unconditional support of Dr. Turkey Saleem Al-Thubaiti, Chairman,

Department of Foreign Languages, for any project that contributes to academicexcellence and professional development. I admit that without his encouragement thiswould not have been possible for me. I wish to express my great appreciation to Dr.

Muhammad Al-Khairi, Dean, College of Arts for Academic Development, for hisconstant reassurance and support.

I am highly grateful to my respected colleague Dr. Hasan Banna El-Gabbala,

Professor of Applied and Theoretical Linguistics, and Dr. Moyn Ali, Director Medical Education for professional guidance that was instrumental for the completion of thisbook. Special thanks and appreciation are also due to Mr. Timothy Parker, English

Language Instructor at Department of Foreign Languages, who proofread the initialdraft of this textbook and, Mr. Wasim Khan, Head, of the Computer Section at theCMMS, and Mr. Zulkarnain Khadbai, English Language Instructor at Department of Foreign Languages who both extended their valuable computing expertise.

Last but far from the least, my sincere thanks go to all my colleagues at Department

of Foreign Languages for their valuable support and persistent encouragement.


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UNIT 1: The Skin

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The term skin is commonly used to describe the body covering of any animal buttechnically refers only to the body covering of vertebrates (animals that have abackbone). The skin has the same basic structure in all vertebrates including fish,reptiles, birds, humans, and other mammals . This article focuses primarily on human skin.

The skin is essential to a persons survival. It forms a barrier that helps preventharmful microorganisms and chemicals from entering the body, and it alsoprevents the loss of life-sustaining body fluids. It protects the vital structuresinside the body from injury and from the potentially damaging ultraviolet rays of the sun. The skin also helps regulate body temperature, excretes some wasteproducts, and is an important sensory organ. It contains various types of specialized nerve cells responsible for the sense of touch.

The skin is the bodys largest organ that of an average adult male weighs 4.5 to 5kg (10 to 11 lb) and measures about 2 sq m (22 sq ft) in area. It covers the surfaceof the body at a thickness of just 1.4 to 4.0 mm (0.06 to 0.16 in). The skin is 16thickest on areas of the body that regularly rub against objects, such as the palmsof the hands and the soles of the feet. Both delicate and resilient, the skinconstantly renews itself and has a remarkable ability to repair itself after injury.

The skin is made up of two layers , the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis,the upper or outer layer of the skin, is a tough, waterproof, protective layer. Thedermis, or inner layer, is thicker than the epidermis and gives the skin its strengthand elasticity. The two layers of the skin are anchored to one another by a thin but

complex layer of tissue known as the basement membrane. This tissue iscomposed of a series of elaborately interconnecting molecules that act as ropesand grappling hooks to hold the skin together. Below the dermis is the


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subcutaneous layer, a layer of tissue composed of protein fibers and adipose tissue(fat). Although not part of the skin itself, the subcutaneous layer contains glandsand other skin structures, as well as sensory receptors involved in the sense of touch.

1. READING FOCUS

I. Before reading, answer the following questions:

1. What is the largest organ of the human body?___________________________________________________________

2. What is the weight of human skin?___________________________________________________________

3. What are the various functions of the human skin?___________________________________________________________

II. Read the passage and note what these words/expressions refer to:

1. Line # 6 it: __________________________

2. Line # 7 it: __________________________

3. Line # 16 that: __________________________

4. Line # 18 itself: __________________________

5. Line # 19 two layers: __________________________

6. Line # 23 this tissue: __________________________

7. Line # 24 that: __________________________

III. Read the passage and circle the appropriate answer.

1. All vertebrates have ________________ basic structure of the skin.a. a different b. uniform c. a diverse d. no

2. The skin in human beings __________________ harmful microorganismsfrom entering the body.

a. scares b. allows c. permits d. bars

3. The basic function of the skin is to ________________ our body.a. protect b. beautify c. shape d. spoil


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4. Ultraviolet rays are _____________________ human body.a. beneficial for b. healthy for c. injurious to d. painful for

5. The skin in human beings ________________ body temperature.a. raises b. lowers c. maintains d. does not effect

6. The skin has the quality to renew itself ______________________.a. annually b. monthly c. weekly d. continuously

7. The epidermis is situated ____________________ the dermis.a. over b. under c. beside d. away from

8. The dermis is _________________ than the epidermis.a. lighter b. heavier c. less important d. more important

9. The basement membrane is situated _________ the dermis and epidermis.a. under b. above c. between d. next to

10. The ______________ is composed of protein fibers and adipose tissue.a. dermis b. epidermis c. basement membrane d. subcutaneous layer

IV. Read the passage and write T for true statement and F for false statement.

1. All animals have backbones. ( ) _____

2. Human beings are vertebrates. ( ) _____

3. Life-sustaining body fluids are excreted by the skin. ( ) _____

4.

The skin saves the vital structures of the body from injuries. ( ) _____5. The skin is the thickest on the face. ( ) _____

6. The skin becomes delicate after rubbing against objects. ( ) _____

7. The epidermis and dermis are situated under the skin. ( ) _____

8. The dermis gives strength and elasticity to the skin. ( ) _____

9. The subcutaneous layer is not a part of the skin. ( ) _____

10. The subcutaneous layer is another name for the basement ( ) _____membrane.


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V. Read the passage and write the paragraph number in the space givenin front of the appropriate title.

No Title Paragraph number1 important functions of the skin

2 the basic structure of the skin

3 the salient features of human skin

4 the definition of the skin

2. VOCABULARY FOCUS

VI. Match these words from the reading with their meaning in Column B.

Column A Column B

a. essential _____ to pass out

b. barrier _____ find the size, length etc.

c. prevent _____ necessary

d. excrete _____ unusuale. measure _____ that keep something safe from harm

f. remarkable _____ to stop something

g. protective _____ thing that prevents movement

VII. Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from the reading making necessary grammatical changes.

1. Human beings are very ________________ different changes.

2. Various antibiotics ______________ treat patients suffering from infections.

3. Life cannot be imagined on other planets which do not have ____________

elements like water and air.

4.

Human heart ____________ very strong tissues.5. Air and water are the most __________ elements for the presence of life on earth.

in addition to, aid in, lethal, critical for, guard against, disease-causing,energy-producing, byproduct, carbon dioxide-laden, split into


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6. The purpose of administering vaccines is ______________ for preventing life-

threatening diseases.

7. All ______________ feed their young on milk from the breast.

8. A good doctor _______________ a proper medical health-care.

VIII. Match these words from the reading with their meaning inColumn B.

Column A Column B

a. essential _____ to pass out

b. barrier _____ find the size, length etc.c. prevent _____ necessary

d. excrete _____ unusual

e. measure _____ that keep something safe from harm



IX. Match the following roots with their meanings.

1. cyan/o _____black

2. erythr/o _____ water

3. leuk/o _____ urine

4. melan/o _____ red

5. chlor/o _____ fat

6. aer/o _____ blue

7. hydr/o _____ pus

8. lip/o _____ white

9. py/o _____ air, gas

10. ur/o _____ green


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X. Locate the root word in the following medical terms and then write down what you think their meaning might be

Term Root Meaning

psychology ------------------- -------------------------------------

synthesis ------------------- -------------------------------------

cardiac ------------------- -------------------------------------

electrocardiography ------------------- -------------------------------------

gastric ------------------- -------------------------------------

dermatitis ------------------- -------------------------------------

dermatoplasty ------------------- -------------------------------------angiography ------------------- -------------------------------------

onychotomy ------------------- -------------------------------------

3. WRITING FOCUS

XI. Go back to Exercise 4 and correct the false statements on the lines, below.

1. ____________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________________

4. ____________________________________________________________

5. ____________________________________________________________

6. ____________________________________________________________

XII. Read the second paragraph and write down the various functions of the skin.

1. _The Skin ___________________________________________________

2. _ The Skin ___________________________________________________

3. _ The Skin ___________________________________________________

4. _ The Skin ___________________________________________________


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5. _ The Skin ___________________________________________________

6. _ The Skin ___________________________________________________

XIII. Rewrite the following sentences:

1. Do all mammals has the skin?

_____________________________________________________________

2. She operate ten patients every day.

_____________________________________________________________

3. The college does not opens at 7:00 every morning.

_______________________________________________________________

4. Does the weight of the human skin is 5 kg?

_______________________________________________________________

5. am study at the CMMS.

_______________________________________________________________

6. All human beings has the skin.

_______________________________________________________________

7. Do the basement membrane situated between the dermis and the epidermis.

_______________________________________________________________

8. Are the nurses record temperature carefully?

_______________________________________________________________

4. LISTENING FOCUS

IVX. Listen to the passage and write T for true statements and F for false statements.

1. The skin is well-protected against injuries. ( )

2. The wounds heal quickly if only the epidermis is affected. ( )3. The epidermal cells move away from the wound. ( )


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4. The cells divide to form the layers of the dermis. ( )

5. A clot forms to stop the blood if the wound is deeper. ( )

6. The collagen and other molecules repair the dermis. ( )

7. The scab peels off before the restoration of normal skin. ( )

XV. Listen to the passage and put the sentences in order.

a. ______ The blood clot forms a scab.

b. ______ The collagen and other molecules repair the dermis.

c. ______ The scab drops off.d. ______ A clot is formed to stop blood flow.

e. ______ The fibroblast is formed that enters the wound.

f. ______ The epidermal cells form a sheet of cells over the wound.

g. ______ The white blood cells enter to consume dead, dying cells etc.


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the oval window and into the inner ear. When loud noises produce violentvibrations, two small muscles, called the tensor tympani and the stapedius,contract and limit the movement of the ossicles, thus protecting the middle andinner ear from damage.

The chain of bones in the middle ear leads into the convoluted structures of theinner ear, or labyrinth, which contains organs of both hearing and balance. Thethree main structures of the inner ear are the cochlea, the vestibule, and the threesemicircular canals.

1. READING FOCUS


1. How do mammals listen?___________________________________________________________

2. Do all animals have ears?___________________________________________________________

3. What are the various parts of an ear?___________________________________________________________

II. Read the passage and note what these words/expressions refer to:1. Line # 3 that: __________________________

2. Line # 10 it: __________________________

3. Line # 10 its: __________________________

4. Line # 11 which: __________________________

5. Line # 15 that: __________________________

6. Line # 18 their: __________________________

7. Line # 18 they: __________________________

8. Line # 25 their: __________________________


1. Jelly fish and insects are _____________________________.a. vertebrates b. birds c. mammals d. invertebrates


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2. __________________ have highly developed ears.a. Vertebrates b. Invertebrates c. Mammals d. Insects

3. The function of the inner ear is ____________________.

a. only hearing b. only balance c. only orientation d. a, b & c.

4. The pinna ____________________ the side of the head.a. hangs from b. is attached to c.. fits into d. is embedded in

5. The earlobe consists of ___________________________.a. fatty tissues b. elastic cartilage c. ligaments d. lobule

6. The eardrum is ___________________ the outer ear and middle ear.a. above b. below c. in the middle of d. in front of

7. Latin names are ___________________ derived from their shapes.a. sometimes b. always c. never d. never ever

8. The __________________ is a membrane that fronts the inner ear.a. stirrup b. oval window c. eardrum d. hammer

9. The motion of the ___________________ moves the stirrup.a. anvil b. hammer c. eardrum d. air

10. The ________________ contains organs of both hearing and balance.a. middle ear b. chain of bones c. labyrinth d. outer ear

IV. Read the following main ideas and match them with the relevant paragraphs. Write the number of paragraph in the box.

No Title Paragraph

1 This part of the ear gathers sound waves from the air.

2 This part of the ear is mainly responsible for hearingand balance

3 Mammals have extremely developed ears that consistof three sections.

4 This part of the ear has a complex mechanism of protecting the middle and inner ear from damage.

5 These three bones are named according to their

shapes.


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2. VOCABULARY FOCUS

V. Match these words from the reading with their meaning in Column B.

Column A Column Ba. essential _____ to pass out

b. barrier _____ find the size, length etc.

c. prevent _____ necessary

d. excrete _____ unusual

e. measure _____ that keep something safe from harm



VI. Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from the reading making necessary grammatical changes.

1.

Most medical terms ______________ Latin and Greek terminology.2. Everybody has to pass through the __________________ to enter the main hall.3. The chandelier _________________ the ceiling.4. Fahd was able to _________ all the equipment _________ the leather case

without any difficulty.

5. The arrow __________________ the wall.6. A dictionary _______ usually _______________ an encyclopedia.

7.

CMMS _________________ Al-Hada hospital for the next five years.8. The passageway __________________ the examination block.

VII. Look at the following words and then read the relevant paragraphs find their synonyms.

word synonym from passage

1. same (paragraph# 1) __________________________

2. work (paragraph# 1) __________________________

3. parts (paragraph# 1) __________________________

such as, consist of, (be) attached to, (be) hang from, passageway, (be) derived from, (be) smaller than, (be) embedded in, fit into, lead into


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4. consist of (paragraph# 2) __________________________

5. voice (paragraph# 2) __________________________

6. have (paragraph# 2) __________________________

7. not wide (paragraph# 3) __________________________

8. room (paragraph# 3) __________________________

9. the smallest (paragraph# 3) __________________________

VIII. Match the following suffixes to the roots provided to make medical terms. Write down their meaning as well.

Rooy Medical Term Definitionoste/o,

rhino,

dia,

angio,phyc/o,

photo,

trache/o

gestr/o

sinus/o

IX. Read the third paragraph and circle all the adjectives. Write them down on the lines given below.

____________ ____________ ____________ ____________

____________ ____________ ____________ ____________

____________ ____________ ____________ ____________

____________ ____________ ____________ ____________

-ectomy, -gram, -graph, -graphy, -meter, -metry,-plasty, -scope, -scopy, -tomy


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3. WRITING FOCUS

X. Write down the answers to the following questions.

1. Who are vertebrates?_________________________________________________________________

2. What kind of ears do the mammals have?________________________________________________________________

3. What are the different functions of three sections of the ear?_________________________________________________________________

4. What is the shape of the middle ear?_________________________________________________________________

5. What connects the middle ear to the throat?_________________________________________________________________

6. What are the names of the three ossicles?_________________________________________________________________

7. What is the size of the stirrup?_________________________________________________________________

8. What is the function of the tensor tympani and stapedius?_________________________________________________________________

XI. Choose the appropriate adjective from the list and then write down sentences which make logical comparisons between the given items.

Example: childs heart / adults heartA c hilds heart beats faster than an adults heart.

1. human skin / lions skin ___________________________________________________________

2. trees / flowers___________________________________________________________

3. rubber / wood___________________________________________________________

small thin fast heavy thick big flexible complete intelligent qualified bright


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4. mammals ears / other vertebrates ears ___________________________________________________________

5. sunlight / moonlight___________________________________________________________

6. elephant / sheep___________________________________________________________

7. doctor / nurse___________________________________________________________

8. heart / kidney___________________________________________________________

XII. Write down the correct versions of the following sentences.

1. The patient operated by Dr. Nihad.________________________________________________________

2. Do the eardrum separate the outer ear?________________________________________________________

3. The epidermis is thin than the dermis.________________________________________________________

4. A computers is fast than typewriter.________________________________________________________

5. Are they speak English at home?________________________________________________________

6. Human body covers by the skin.________________________________________________________

7. All the students except Ali is a student at CMMS.________________________________________________________

8. Elephants are the biggest than sheep.________________________________________________________

4. LISTENING FOCUS

IVX. Listen to the passa ge and write T for true statements and F for false statements.

1.

Sound is a series of vibrations moving as waves through solids only. ( )2. Detection of sound vibrations is called hearing. ( )


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3. All animals can detect vibrations passing through the ground ( )

4. Humans can not hear vibrations passing through gases. ( )

5. Some people hear their own voice partly by bone conduction ( )

6. Humans hear primarily by detecting airborne sound waves. ( )

7. The auricles can not help locate the direction of sound. ( ).

XV. Listen to the passage and circle the correct word.

1. waves through air / ear or other gases, liquids, or solids.2. The direction / detection of vibrations passing through the3. Sometimes sound waves are transferred / transmitted to the inner ear 4. by a method / system of hearing 5. called bone contraction / conduction .6. Only a clearly / relatively small part of a normal persons. \ 7. The auricles also select / help locate 8. the direction / detection of sound. \ 9. Many animals / mammals , especially 10. the ones / those with large ears..


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50 times the total surface area of the skin.

In addition to the network of air tubes, the lungs also contain a vast network of theblood vessels. Each alveolus is surrounded by many tiny capillaries, which

receive the blood from the arteries and empty into the veins. The arteries join toform the pulmonary arteries, and the veins join to form the pulmonary veins. Theselarge blood vessels connect the lungs with the heart.

1. READING FOCUS


1. Can human beings breathe in water?

___________________________________________________________

2. Can we breathe on other planets?

___________________________________________________________

3. What organ of human body is responsible for breathing?

___________________________________________________________


1. Line # 5 that: ________________________

2. Line # 6 they: _________________________

3. Line # 8 those: __________________________

4. Line # 9 it: __________________________

5. Line # 13 that: __________________________

6. Line # 18 which: __________________________

7. Line # 29 which: _________________________


1. ____________________ have the lungs.a. Mammals b. Birds c. Reptiles d. a, b & c.

2. A dome-shaped sheet of muscles is called (the) ____________________.a. collar bone b. chest cavity c. diaphragm d. lungs


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3. The chest cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by (the)____________.a. diaphragm b. air c. sponge d. lungs

4. People who live in countryside have ____________ lungs than the people in cities.

a. larger b. darker c. smaller d. healthier

5. Another name for left and right bronchi is (the) ____________________.a. branches b. trachea c. bronchial tubes d. wind pipe

6. The mediastinum ____________________ two lungs.a. divides b. combines c.. connects d. presses

7. ______________ are covered by an external membrane called the pleura.a. The left lung b. The right lung c. No Lungs d. Both lungs

8. The diameter of the bronchi is __________________________.a. 1.02 mm b. 0.04 in c. smaller than a &b d. bigger than a &b

9. Another name for the bronchi is (the) _______________________.a. bronchioles b. alveolar ducts c. both a & b d. neither a nor b

10. The alveoli are ____________________________.a. grapes b. alveolar ducts c. thin-walled sacs d. narrow tubes

IV. Read the following main ideas and match them with the relevant paragraphs. Write the number of paragraph in the box.

No Title Paragraph

1 air passage in the lungs

2 blood supply in the lungs

3 sub-divisions of the bronchial tubes

4 size of the lungs

5 the lungs in human beings

V. Read the passage and write T for true statement and F for false statement. Which line is the information located?

1. All amphibians have lungs. ( ) _____2. The collarbone consists of a dome-shaped sheet of muscles. ( ) _____


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3. The lungs become grey as a person grows. ( ) _____4. Air travels to a series of tubes through the lungs. ( ) _____5. The trachea divides into two bronchial tubes. ( ) _____

6.

The right lung is bigger than the left lung. ( ) _____7. The mediastinum separates the two lungs. ( ) _____8. The branches of the bronchi are smaller than the bronchioles. ( ) _____9. The alveolar ducts are grapelike clusters. ( ) _____10. Each alveolus receives the blood from the arteries. ( ) _____

2. VOCABULARY FOCUS3.

VI. Complete the table with appropriate forms of the words given. Look at the example.

noun verb adjective adverb

connection connect connected connectively

divide

occupation

generally

dividedlive

containment

VII. Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from the reading making necessary grammatical changes.

1. The bodies of animals that live in cold areas _______usually _______ thick hair.2. The dermis and epidermis ______________ the basement membrane.3. Penicillin _______ commonly _______________ the treatment of infections.4. The university campus _________________ a well-lit boundary wall.5. Millions of nephrons _______________ human kidneys.

6.

Some cells ____________________ two and multiply.7. This passageway _________________ a beautiful lawn.

(be) used in, dome-shaped, a series of , somewhat larger, (be) separated by,

(be) covered by, divide into, end in, (be) contained in, (be) surrounded by


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8. A big earthquake is usually followed by _________________ after-shocks.

VIII. Look at the following words and then read the relevant paragraphs find their synonyms.

word synonym from passage

1. distinct kinds (paragraph# 1) ________________________2. to take up (paragraph# 1) ________________________3. tiny parts (paragraph# 1) ________________________4. space (paragraph# 2) ________________________5. subdivisions (paragraph# 2) ________________________

6. grown-up (paragraph# 3) _________________________7. container (paragraph# 3) _________________________8. outer (paragraph# 3) _________________________9. lastly (paragraph# 4) ________________________10. group (paragraph# 4) _________________________

IX. Write two examples each for the following suffixes. Write down their definition as well. .

Suffix Term Definition

-ia 1 ____________

2. ___________

_______________________________________

______________________________________

-ism 1 ____________

2. ___________

_______________________________________

______________________________________

-sis 1 ____________

2. ___________

_______________________________________

______________________________________

-y 1 ____________

2. ___________

_______________________________________

______________________________________


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X. Read the third paragraph and circle all the common nouns. Write them down on the lines given below.

____________ ____________ ____________ ____________

____________ ____________ ____________ ________________________ ____________ ____________ ____________

3. WRITING FOCUS

XI. Go back to Exercise V and correct the false statements on the lines, below.

7. ____________________________________________________________

8. ____________________________________________________________

9. ____________________________________________________________

10. ____________________________________________________________

11. ____________________________________________________________

12. ____________________________________________________________

XII. Write Wh- questions for the following statements. Make questions for the underlined words.

Example: Ali comes to CMMS at 9:00 by car to take an exam.Who comes to CMMS at 9:00 by car to take an exam?______

1. The lungs are used in breathing.______________________________________________________________?

2. The heart is located between the lungs .______________________________________________________________?

3. Human beings breathe to inhale oxygen .______________________________________________________________?

4. Most amphibians have the lungs.______________________________________________________________?

5. Air enters the body through the nostrils .______________________________________________________________?


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6. The classes start at 8:00 .______________________________________________________________?

7. The outer ear collects sound waves .

______________________________________________________________?

8. Antibiotics are used to treat infections ._____________________________________________________________?

XIII. Writing, use the following expressions from Exercise VII in your own sentences.

1. __________ _ ______________________________________________

2. _______________________________________________________________

3. ___

4. ______________________________________________________________

5. _______________________________________________________________

6. _______________________________________________________________

7. _______________________________________________________________

8. _______________________________________________________________

4. LISTENING FOCUS

IVX. Listen to the passage and answer the following questions.

1. What is breathing?___________________________________________________________

2. What is essential for aerobic respiration?___________________________________________________________

3. What waste product is formed during aerobic respiration?___________________________________________________________

(be) used in, a series of , somewhat larger, (be) separated by,(be) covered by, divide into, (be) contained in, (be) surrounded by


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4. How many times an adult normally breathe?___________________________________________________________

5. Who breathes about 40 breaths per minute?___________________________________________________________

.

XV. Listen to the passage and count how many times the following words are used.

a. breathing _________ b. respiration _________


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UNIT 4: The Liver

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. The liver is the largest internal organ of the human body. The liver, which is partof the digestive system, performs more than 500 different functions, all of which

are essential to life. Its essential functions include helping the body to digest fats,storing reserves of nutrients, filtering poisons and wastes from the blood,synthesizing a variety of proteins, and regulating the levels of many chemicalsfound in the bloodstream. The liver is unique among the bodys vital organs in thatit can regenerate, or grow back cells that have been destroyed by some short-term

injury or disease. But if the liver is damaged repeatedly over a long period of time,it may undergo irreversible changes that permanently interfere with function.

The human liver is a dark red-brown organ with a soft, spongy texture. It is located at the top of the abdomen, on the right side of the body just below thediaphragm a sheet of muscle tissue that separates the lungs from the abdominalorgans. The lower part of the rib cage covers the liver, protecting it from injury. Ina healthy adult, the liver weighs about 1.5 kg (3 lb) and is about 15 cm (6 in) thick.

Despite its many complex functions, the liver is relatively simple in structure. Itconsists of two main lobes, left and right, which overlap slightly. The right lobehas two smaller lobes attached to it, called the quadrate and caudate lobes.Each lobe contains many thousands of units called the lobules that are the buildingblocks of the liver. The lobules are six-sided structures each about 1 mm (0.04 in)across. A tiny vein runs through the center of each lobule and eventually drainsinto the hepatic vein, which carries blood out of the liver. Hundreds of cubed-shaped liver cells, called the hepatocytes, are arranged around the lobule's centralvein in a radiating pattern. On the outside surface of each lobule are small veins,ducts, and arteries that carry fluids to and from the lobules. As the liver does its work, nutrients are collected, wastes are removed, and chemical substances are

released into the body through these vessels.


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Unlike most organs, which have a single blood supply, the liver receives the bloodfrom two sources. The hepatic artery delivers oxygen-rich blood from the heart,supplying about 25 percent of the liver's blood. The liver also receives oxygen-depleted blood from the hepatic portal vein. This vein, which is the source of 75

percent of the liver's blood supply, carries the blood to the liver that has traveledfrom the digestive tract, where it collects nutrients as food is digested. Thesenutrients are delivered to the liver for further processing or storage.

1. READING FOCUS


1. What are the vital organs in human body?________________________________________________________________

2. What is the largest vital organ in human body?________________________________________________________________

3. What vital organ has the ability to regenerate destroyed cells?________________________________________________________________


1. Line # 2 which: __________________________2. Line # 7 it: __________________________

3. Line # 7 that: __________________________

4. Line # 13 it: __________________________

5. Line # 16 which: __________________________

6. Line # 24 its: __________________________

7. Line # 31 that: __________________________

8. Line # 32 it: __________________________


1. The ____________________ performs more than 500 different functions.

a. liver b. digestive system c. both a & b d. none

2. The liver can __________________ the destroyed cells.

a. redesign b. recycle c. reproduce d. resize


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V. Match the sentence part in column A with its part in column B.

Column A Column B

1. 500 different functions ___ grow back its cells.

2. The liver can ___ attached to the right lobe.

3. Repeated damage ___ are performed by the liver.

4. The lower part of the rib cage ___ cubed-shaped cells.

5. The quadrate and caudate lobes are __ _ the major source of livers blood supply

6. The hepatocytes are ___ protects the liver from injuries.

7. The hepatic artery is responsible for ___ may cause irreversible harm to theliver

8. The hepatic portal vein is ___ 25% of livers blood supply.

3. VOCABULARY FOCUS


1. A new-born baby ___________________ 7 to 8 lbs.

2. The blood ________________ whole human body to provide oxygen.

3. All veins __________ the blood _______ human heart.

4. The water supply _________ continuously __________ the main pipe to bedistributed to the whole city.

5. Water ________________ sustain life on earth.

6. Human digestive system _______________ as compared to other systems.

7. Oxygenated blood _________________ all body parts by the arteries.

8. The human mind __________ control and command for all human activities.

(be) essential to, (be) located at, weigh about, (be) relatively simple, run through, drain into, (be) arranged around, (be) released into,

(be) the source of, (be) delivered to


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-logy1 ____________

2. ___________

_______________________________________

______________________________________

IX. Match the following general roots with their meanings.

1. path/o _____ speech

2. ped/o _____ mind

3. phas/o _____ disease

4. plas/o _____ child or foot

5. phob/o _____ sound

6. psych/o _____ nourishment / development

7. scler/o _____ narrow

8. son/o _____ exaggerated fear

9. sten/o _____ poison

10. toxic/o _____ formation

11. troph/o _____ hard

X. Read the first paragraph and circle all the verbs. Write them down on the lines given below.

____________ ____________ ____________ ____________

____________ ____________ ____________ ____________

____________ ____________ ____________ ____________

____________ ____________ ____________ ____________

____________ ____________ ____________ ____________

3. WRITING FOCUS

XI. Write down the answers to the following questions.

1. How is the liver different from other vital organs?___________________________________________________________

2. What is the function of the lower part of the rib cage?___________________________________________________________


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4. eat rice for breakfast_________________________________________________________________

5. come to the college at 8:00_________________________________________________________________

6. absent from classes_________________________________________________________________

7. talk to my teachers in their offices_________________________________________________________________

8. take down notes during classes_________________________________________________________________

4. LISTENING FOCUS

IVX. Listen to the passage and wri te T for true statements and F for false statements.

1. Glucose is made from glycogen. ( )

2. Creation of glycogen is called glycogenesis. ( )

3. Glycogen is a carbohydrate. ( )

4. A yellowish-brown liquid called salt contains the bile. ( )

5. The bile is concentrated in the small intestine. ( )

6. The albumin is produced in the blood. ( )

7. The globin is produced in the liver. ( )

XV. Listen to the passage and match the main ideas to the related paragraph..

No Main idea Paragraph

A storing vitamin supplies

B producing proteins

C digesting lipids or fatsD maintaining glucose level in the blood


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UNIT 5: The Kidneys

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The kidneys are paired organ whose functions include removing waste productsfrom the blood and regulating the amount of fluid in the body. The basic units of the kidneys are microscopically thin structures called the nephrons which filter theblood and cause wastes to be removed in the form of urine. Together with thebladder, two ur eters and the single urethra, the kidneys make up the bodys urinarysystem. Human beings, as well as members of all other vertebrate species,typically have two kidneys.

The kidneys lie against the rear wall of the abdomen, on either side of the spine.They are situated below the middle of the back, beneath the liver on the right andthe spleen on the left. Each kidney is encased in a transparent, fibrous membranecalled a renal capsule which helps protect it against trauma and infection. Theconcave part of the kidney attaches to two of the bodys crucial blood vessels therenal artery and the renal vein and the ureter, a tubelike structure that carriesurine to the bladder.

A primary function of kidneys is the removal of poisonous wastes from the blood.Chief among these wastes are the nitrogen-containing compounds urea and uricacid, which result from the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids. Life-

threatening illnesses occur when too many of these waste products accumulate in the bloodstream. Fortunately, a healthy kidney can easily rid the body of thesesubstances.

The outermost layer of the kidney is called the cortex. Beneath the cortex lies themedulla, an area that contains from 8 to 18 cone-shaped sections known aspyramids which are formed almost entirely of bundles of microscopic tubules. Thetips of these pyramids point toward the center of the kidney. The cortex extendsinto the spaces between the pyramids, forming structures called renal columns. At


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the center of the kidney is a cavity called the renal pelvis.

The task of cleaning, or filtering, the blood is performed by millions of nephrons,remarkable structures that extend between the cortex and the medulla. Under

magnification, the nephrons look like tangles of tiny vessels or tubules, but eachnephron actually has an orderly arrangement that makes possible filtration of wastes from the blood. The primary structure in this filtering system is theglomerulus, a network of extremely thin blood vessels called the capillaries. Theglomerulus is contained in a cuplike structure called Bowmans capsule, fromwhich extends a narrow vessel called the renal tubule. This tube twists and turnsuntil it drains into a collecting tubule that carries urine toward the renal pelvis. Partof the renal tubule, called the Henles loop, becomes extremely narrow extendingdown away from the Bowmans capsule and then back up again in a U shape.Surrounding Henles loop and the other parts of the renal tubule is a network of thecapillaries which are formed from a small blood vessel that branches out from theglomerulus.

1. READING FOCUS


1. What human organ resembles beans in shape?___________________________________________________________

2. Where are the kidneys located in human body?___________________________________________________________

3. What are the functions of the kidneys?___________________________________________________________


1. Line # 9 they: __________________________2. Line # 11 it: __________________________

3. Line # 13 that: __________________________

4. Line # 18 these: __________________________

5. Line # 22 that: __________________________

6. Line # 30 that: __________________________

7. Line # 35 it: __________________________

8. Line # 39 which: __________________________


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1. Human beings have ___________________ kidneys.

a. one b. two c. three d. four

2. The nephrons filter _____________________.

a. blood b. wastes c. urine d. kidneys

3. Urinary system is comprised of ___________________.

a. a bladder b. ureters & urethra c. kidneys d. all a, b, & c

4. The kidneys are situated ___________________ the spleen.

a. above b. beneath c. in front of d. next to

5. The ______________ carries urine to the bladder.

a. renal artery b. renal vein c. ureter d. renal capsule

6. A basic function of kidneys is the _______________ of poisonous wastes.

a. selection b. detection c. excretion d. production

7. Accumulation of waste products in the bloodstream causes ___________ diseases.a. fatal b. mild c. inner d. external

8. The cortex is the __________________ layer of the kidney.

a. internal b. middle c. inner d. external

9. _________________ filter(s) the wastes from the blood.

a. A cortex b. A medulla c. A nephron d. All a, b, & c

10. The __________________ is a u-shaped structure.

a. Bowmans capsule b. collecting tubule c. renel pelvis d. Henles loop

IV. Read the following subtitles and match them with the relevant paragraphs. Write the number of paragraph in the box.

No Subtitle Paragraph

1 function


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2 basic units

3 location

4 structure of the nephrons

5 basic structure

V. Read the last paragraph and label the following diagram of a nephron.

2. VOCABULARY FOCUS


1. De-oxygenated blood ____________________ the heart for cleaning.

2. Fahd _________________ the mischievous boy who broke the glass funnelsyesterday.

3. The malleus __________________ the eardrum in human ear.

together with, lie against, on either side of, (be) encased in, accumulate in, life-threatening, point toward, extend into,

(be) contained in, (be) formed from


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4. A combination of antibiotics _____________ local application is used for severeinfections.

5. Human eyes are situated ________________ the nose.

6. The esophagus _____________________ the stomach.

7. Human kidney ___________________ millions of nephrons.

8. Thermo-sensitive medicines _______________ usually _______________dark-coloured bottles.

VII. Look at the following words and then read the relevant paragraphs find their synonyms. word synonyms from passage

a. unnecessary (paragraph# 1) ________________________ b. cleaning impuritie (paragraph# 1) ________________________

c. placed (paragraph# 2) _________________________

d. under (paragraph# 2) _________________________

e. causing death (paragraph# 3) _________________________

f. happen (paragraph# 3) _________________________

g. completely (paragraph# 4) _________________________

h. extremely small (paragraph# 4) _________________________

i. done (paragraph# 5) _________________________

j. significant (paragraph# 5) _________________________

VIII. Write two examples each for the following suffixes. Write down their definition as well.

Suffix Term Definition cardio

1 ____________2. ___________

_____________________________________________________________________________

derm/o

dermat/o1 ____________

2. ___________

_______________________________________

______________________________________

ger/o

geront/o1 ____________

2. ___________

_______________________________________

______________________________________


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hem/o

hemat/o1 ____________

2. ___________

_______________________________________

______________________________________

neur/o1 ____________2. ___________

_____________________________________________________________________________

oste/o1 ____________

2. ___________

_______________________________________

______________________________________

IX. Split the following terms into their different words parts: i.e. roots, suffixes, and prefixes. Write the meaning for the word parts.

Term suffix root prefix(meaning) (meaning) (meaning)

sclerosis _____________ _____________ _____________

... ..

stenosis _____________ _____________ _____________

... ..

pathogenesis _____________ _____________ _____________ ... ..

hypertrophy _____________ _____________ _____________

... ..

sonography _____________ _____________ _____________

... ..

toxicology _____________ _____________ _____________

... ..

psychotic _____________ _____________ _____________

... ..

X. Read the third paragraph and circle all the prepositions. Write them down on the lines given below.

____________ ____________ ____________ ____________

____________ ____________ ____________ ________________________ ____________ ____________ ____________


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3. WRITING FOCUS

XI. Write down the answers to the following questions.

1. What is a nephron?___________________________________________________________

2. What organs constitute bodys urinary system?___________________________________________________________

3. What is the function of a renal capsule?___________________________________________________________

4. How is the uric acid produced?___________________________________________________________

5. How do the nephrons look like?___________________________________________________________

6. What is a Bowman s capsule?___________________________________________________________

XII. Writing, use the following expressions from Exercise VI in your own sentences.

1. _______________________________________________________________

2. _______________________________________________________________

3. ___

4. ______________________________________________________________

5. _______________________________________________________________6. _______________________________________________________________

7. _______________________________________________________________

8. _______________________________________________________________

XIII. Write down the correct versions of the following sentences.

1. He ate his breakfast at 7:00 every morning._________________________________________________________________

together with, lie against, on either side of, (be) encased in, accumulate in, life-threatening, point toward, extend into,

(be) contained in, (be) formed from


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2. Is the eye be a spherical structure?

_________________________________________________________________

3. My friend buyed a beautiful watch last week.

_________________________________________________________________

4. Do the ciliary muscle form the ciliary body?

_________________________________________________________________

5. Did the doctor asks you to eat light food?

________________________________________________________________

6. Sleeplessness cause often eye redness.

________________________________________________________________

4. LISTENING FOCUS IVX. Listen to the passage and write T for true statements and F

for false statements.

1. The blood enters the renal artery through the kidneys. ( )

2. The capillary walls of the glomerulus are quite thin. ( )

3. Amino acids and uric acids are pushed out through the capillary walls. ( )

4. Protein molecules are passed through with amino acids. ( )

5. Filtered blood enters the glomerulus through the arteries. ( )

6. The blood leaves the kidneys through the renal veins. ( )

7. Human kidneys clean 50 liters of blood in a day. ( )

XV. Listen to the passage and write down all the words used for different blood vessels.

a: _________________ b: ________________

c: ________________ e: _________________


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UNIT 6: The Stomach

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Stomach is one of the major organs of the digestive system. Most animals, likehumans, have a single stomach, but birds and ruminants have digestive organscomposed of two or more chambers. The outer surface of the stomach is smooth;the inner surface is folded into numerous complex ridges which assist in themixing of food with digestive juices and channel this material through the stomachinto the intestines. Only water, alcohol, and certain drugs seem to be absorbedfrom the stomach while most food absorption takes place in the small intestine.

In humans the stomach is situated in the upper part of the abdominal cavity mostlyto the left of the midline. The large, domed end of the stomach, the fundus, lies inthe left vault of the diaphragm whereas the esophagus enters the upper side orlesser curvature, a short distance below the fundus. The region immediately belowthe fundus is called the body. The upper part of the stomach, spoken of as thecardiac portion, includes the fundus and the body. The lower or the pyloric portioncurves downward, forward, and to the right and includes the antrum and pyloriccanal. The latter is continuous with the upper part of the small intestine, the

duodenum.The tissues of the stomach include an outer fibrous coat derived from theperitoneum and, beneath this, a coat of smooth muscle fibers arranged in diagonal,longitudinal, and circular layers. At the junction of the esophagus and stomach,the circular muscles are much enlarged, forming the esophageal sphincter.Contraction of this muscle prevents the regurgitation of gastric contents into theesophagus. A similar structure , the pyloric sphincter, is found at the junction of the pylorus and the duodenum. Another layer of the stomach, the submucosa, ismade up of loose connective tissue in which are found numerous blood and lymphvessels and nerves of the autonomic nervous system. The innermost layer , themucosa, contains secretory cells. One type secretes hydrochloric acid which not


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only neutralizes the alkaline reaction of the saliva, but also renders the gastriccontents distinctly acid and activates the gastric digestive juices. These juices are

secreted by a different type of cell. The enzymes found in gastric juice are pepsin,which in the presence of acid splits proteins to peptones; rennin which curdles

milk; and perhaps lipase which splits fats to fatty acids and glycerol. A third typeof cell secretes mucus for the protection of the stomach from its own products.

The tissues of the stomach are digestible by the gastric juices, as is mucus. Undernormal conditions, however, the mucous coating is renewed more rapidly than itis removed. When a pathological or psychosomatic condition prevents the propersecretion of mucus, the gastric mucosa becomes eroded and an ulcer forms. If

neglected , this ulcer may perforate the gastric wall and allow the stomach contentsto escape into the abdominal cavity, causing peritonitis.

1. READING FOCUS


1. Which system is the stomach part of?

_______________________________________________________________

2. Where is the stomach located?

_______________________________________________________________3. What are ulcers?

_______________________________________________________________


1. Line # 5 which: __________________________

2. Line # 22 this muscle: __________________________

3. Line # 23 a similar structure: __________________________4. Line # 127 this inner most layer: __________________________

5. Line # 28 one type: __________________________

6. Line # 28 which: __________________________

7. Line # 30 these juices: __________________________

8. Line # 33 which: __________________________


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1. Stomach is one of (the) _____________ part of the digestive system

a. least important b. less important c. most important d. unimportant

2. Birds stomach is __________________ humans.

a. like b. different c. unlike d. similar

3. _______________ food items is (are) absorbed from the stomach.

a. The majority b. The minority c. All d. None of the

4. The fundus is situated ________________ the body.

a. below b. in front of c. at the back of d. above

5. The esophageal sphincter has a ____))_opening as compared to the esophagus.a. narrow b. wide c. narrower d. wider

6. Gastric contents are ________ by the esophageal sphincter to enter the esophagus.

a. prohibited b. allowed c. accelerated d. permitted

7. The pyloric sphincter is situated ___________ the pylorus and the duodenum.

a. above b. below c. between d. in

8. The mucosa contains _______________ type(s) of secretary cells.

a. one b. two c. three d. four9. The mucus ______________ the stomach from its own products.

a. hurts b. spoils c. strengthen d. saves

10. A psychosomatic condition ______________ gastric ulcers.

a. heals b. neutralizes c. cures d. causes

IV. Read to the passage and write T for true statements and F

for false statements. Which line is the information on?

1. Ruminants are like birds and animals. ( ) _____

2. Small intestine absorbs most of the food items. ( ) _____

3. The fundus is situated right below the body. ( ) _____

4. The fundus and the body are parts of the cardiac portion. ( ) _____

5. Peritoneum constitutes the smooth muscle coat. ( ) _____

6. The innermost layer secretes hydrochloric acid. ( ) _____

7. Mucus is digested by the gastric juices. ( ) _____


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8. Cone-shaped cells form the sensory layer. ( ) _____

2. VOCABULARY FOCUS

V. Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from the reading making necessary grammatical changes.

1. Oxygenation of the blood __________________ in the lungs.

2. Chemical reactions speed up __________________ enzymes.

3. The mediastinum ________________ the middle of both lungs.4. The inner surface of the stomach ________________ many layers.

5. _________________, minor diseases may cause fatal results.

6. Medical staff _______________ the doctors ____________ differentmedical procedures.

7. The heart of a child beats ___________________ an adult heart.

8. The sweat glands ___________________ the outer layer of the skin.

VI. Look at the following words and then read the relevant paragraphs find their antonyms.

word antonyms from passage

a. minor (paragraph# 1) ________________________

b. inner (paragraph# 1) ________________________

c. exit (paragraph# 2) _________________________

d. written (paragraph# 2) _________________________

e. core (paragraph# 3) _________________________

f. acidic (paragraph# 3) _________________________

g. special (paragraph# 4) _________________________

h. removed (paragraph# 4) _________________________

(be) folded into, assist in, take place, (be) situated in, at the junction of,(be) found at, (be) secreted by, in the presence of, more rapidly than,

if neglected


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Mucosa: ________________________________________________________________________________________________

Secretary cells:

a. type 1: _____________________________________________________________________________________________

b. type 2: ____________________________________________________________________________________________

c. type 3: ____________________________________________________________________________________________

X. Writing, use the following expressions from Exercise VII in your own sentences.

1. __________ _ ______________________________________________

2. _______________________________________________________________

3. ___

4. ______________________________________________________________

5. _______________________________________________________________

6. _______________________________________________________________

7. _______________________________________________________________

8. _______________________________________________________________

XI. Write down sentences with there is or there are. Use many, much, a little or a few in your answer as needed.

Example: life-saving injections / medical storeThere are many life-saving injections in the medical store.

1. trees / in the park

__________________________________________________________________

(be) essential to, (be) located at, weigh about, (be) relatively simple, run through, drain into, (be) arranged around, (be) released into,

(be) the source of, (be) delivered to


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2. windows / in the car__________________________________________________________________

3. milk / in the cup__________________________________________________________________

4. toys / in the toy shop__________________________________________________________________

5. water / in the pond__________________________________________________________________

6. students / at the university_________________________________________________________________

7. birds / in the nest_________________________________________________________________

8. information / on internet__________________________________________________________________

XII. Write down the correct versions of the following sentences.

1. Water composes of oxygen and hydrogen._________________________________________________________________

2. Does he attend all lectures yesterday?_________________________________________________________________

3. The pediatricians are treat sick people._________________________________________________________________

4. Third year students visited Hada hospital every week these days._________________________________________________________________

5. His performance was appreciate by his supervisor._________________________________________________________________

6. Do there many patients in the surgical ward?_________________________________________________________________

7. Why dont she want to eat out? _________________________________________________________________

8. We used to play football because we like it._________________________________________________________________


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4. LISTENING FOCUS

XIII. Listen to the passage and answer the following questions.

1. What do pancreatic juices contain?___________________________________________________________

2. What is does bile do?___________________________________________________________

3. What do glands in the intestinal wall secrete?___________________________________________________________

4. What is about 0.5 to 1.5 mm long ?___________________________________________________________

5. Where can one find microvilli?___________________________________________________________

6. What passes ? to the lymphatic system___________________________________________________________.

IVX. Listen to the passage and fill in the blank spaces.

1. Bile breaks large fat globules into small _____________,

2. Pancreatic juice contains _____________ that break down sugars

3. Structures called Brunner s glands secrete ______________ ..

4. The small intestine s _____________ for absorption is increased .

5. Beneath the villis single layer of cells are ____________

6. _____________ acids and glycerol pass through to the...

7. Even _____________ fingerlike projections called microvilli

8. peristalsis moves ___________ through the duodenum

English for Medicine 1

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