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By : Danu Angga Vebriyanto

Conjunction

Conjunction

• My family and I went to Mijen.

• He is smart and friendly.individual words

• You will have to rent a car or take

a train.

• My brother is an English teacher

and a graphic designer.

Group of words

• Iva knows nothing about cars, so

I have to replace the battery for

her.

• Ani doesn’t like rock and roll, nor

does she care much for rap music.

Clause

Not all of the conjunctions can combine words or groups of words as well as clauses. Those that can are and, but, or, and yet.

Types of Conjunction

Types of

Conjunction

Coordinating

conjunction

Subordinating

conjunction

Correlative

conjunction

Coordinating ConjunctionFor : She remained silent, for her heart was heavy.

And : The team was playing well, and a large crowd was

gathering at the soccer field.

Nor : I can't be at the meeting, nor can Ali prepare it.

But : Our retriever loves swimming in the lake, but he hates

getting a bath. The cat likes to sleep under the table but

always keeps her tail tucked under.

Or : Should we buy a new television set, or should we go on

a vacation?

This food can be eaten with a fork or with a spoon.

Yet : Dad was nervous, yet he let me take the car out alone for

the first time.

So : I think that the exam will be difficult, so I study hard.

Parallel Structure with Coordinating Conjunction

Incorrect

Correct

Correct

Exercise

Subordinating Conjunction

Independent

clause

Dependent

clause

sentence

Ani doesn’t come + because she is sick :• Ani doesn’t come because she is sick.• Because Ani is sick, she doesn’t come.

Subordinating Conjunction

Because and because of

• Followed by clause

• Ani doesn’t come because

she is sick.Because

• Followed by noun or noun

phrase

• Ani doesn’t come because

of her sickness.

Because

of

Although, in spite of, and despite

• Followed by clause

• I arrived on time although

the traffic was bad. Although

• Followed by noun or noun

phrase

• I arrived on time in spite of

the traffic.

In spite of

/ despite

1. ……………..it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday.

2. ……………...all our careful plans, a lot of things went wrong.

3. I went home early…………………I was feeling unwell.

4. I managed to go to sleep …………….there was a lot of noise.

5. I couldn’t get to sleep ………………the noise.

6. She only accepted the job ………..the salary, which was very high.

Complete the sentences with although/in spite of/because/because of

Correlative Conjunction

Correlative conjunctions are pairs of words that function together as a conjunction.

Exercise

Sources

Swick, Ed.(2010). Verb and Essential Grammar for ESLLearners. New York :Mc Graw Hill.

Phillips, Deborah. (2001).Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL Test: Preparation for Computer and Paper Test. New York: Pearson Education Company.

Murphy, Raymond. (1998). English Grammar in Use2nd Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.