English belongs to a language family

But

A “Language family”

A A language family language family contains features of contains features of

Lexicon ( vocabular

y)

Phonology (sounds)

Morphology

(word structure)

Syntax(grammar)

belongs

And the common

ancestor is called

Also belongs whitin a subgroup of

Which is

GERMANICGERMANIC

Gaelic

Irish

Welsh

Etc.

(Latin)

Italian,

Spanish

French

Portuguese

Romanian

ETC.

(Ancient Greek)

GreekLatvian

Lithuanian

Russian PolishCzech

Bulgarian,Etc.

(Sanskrit)

HindiBengali

Etc.German

EnglishEnglishDutch

Danish

Swedish

Norwegian

Etc.

Persian

About 1000 BCE Were spoken over

A large part of Europe

Parts of southwes

tern

Southern Asia

The distribution of the Indo-European langauges

contains

140 languages

Divided into

11 subgroups

Anatolian

Are languages

Completely extinct

For example

Old Indic Middle Indic

Modern Indic

The chief

Old Avestan

Old Persian

A western Iranian

Language

Middle Iranian

Middle Persian

GreekAlso known asHas

Hiad Odyssey

Two principal divisions

South/East Greek

North/west Greek

Latin-Latin-FaliscanFaliscan

Osco-Osco-UmbrianUmbrian

Known only for inscriptions

Modern descendants of latin

Italian Catala

n

Spanish, etc

No Modern descendants.

Oscan Umbria

n

South Picene

East Germanic

Gothic

North Germani

c

OldIcelan

dic

Norwegian

Modern NorthGerma

nic

1

Icelandic Faroe

se

Norwegian

2

DanishSwedish

West German

ic

German

YiddishDutchFlemis

hAfrikaa

nsEnglishEnglish

Continental

Insular

CeltiberiaCeltiberiann

LeponticLeponticGaulish Gaulish (extinct)(extinct)

Goidelic Brittanic

IrishIrishScotsScotsGaelicGaelicManx Manx

(extinct)(extinct)

WelshWelshBretonBretonCornishCornish

East Baltic

LuthuaniaLuthuaniann

LatvianLatvian

West Baltic

Old Old Prussian Prussian (Extinct)(Extinct)

South Slavic

West Slavic

East Slavic

BulgarianBulgarianMacedonianMacedonian

SerbianSerbianCroatianCroatian

SlovenianSlovenianOld Church Old Church

Slavic (Extinct)Slavic (Extinct)

CzechCzechSlovakSlovakPolishPolish

KashubianKashubian

RussianRussianUkrainianUkrainian

BelarussianBelarussian

ArmenianAttested inInfluenced by

GreekGreekArabicArabicSyriacSyriac

PersianPersian

Albanian

Gheg ToskGreekGreekSlavicSlavic

TurkishTurkishLatinLatin

This languages provide enough information to be classified as IE, but not much beyond that.

Examples

LigurianLigurianMessapicMessapicVeneticVeneticThracianThracianPhrygianPhrygianIllyrianIllyrian

Aspects of the structure of PIE

Phonology

Morphology

Verbal Morpholo

gy

Syntax

Phonological correpondences between consonant and vowel segments.

Inflectional (fusional) language

8 cases

Nominative, genitive, dative, acusative, ablative,

locative, instrumental, vocative.

3 numbers

SingularDual

Plural

3 genders

MasculineFemenine

Neuter

Adjectives

Each depends

on gender and number.

Pronouns

Each is marked by their own more-or-less unique ending.

Fusional languages

Different syntactic patterns

Word order

have

due to

Transitive

Intransitive