Indo-European Language and Culture - Benjamin W. Fortson IV.pdf
Indo european family of language
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PRESENTATION ON THE
INDO-EUROPEANFAMILY OF LANGUAGES
TR
The most widely studied language family
More than half of the world's population speak one or more of these languages.
The term Indo-European was previously coined as Aryan, and later on Indo Germanic.
Members of The Indo-European Family of Languages
Note: Two other branches of Indo-European family Hittie and Tocharianare now extinct. These are not shown in the above diagram.
Vedas
The use of Sanskrit extended afterward
Panini and the transition of Vedic Sanskrit
Two epics, the Mahabharatha and the Ramayana
Prakrits and Pali
Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi and Marathi descendents of dialects
Indian
IranianCovers the Northwest of India and the great plateau of Iran.
Linked with the Indian branch.
Expansion of the language carried as remote as southern Russia and central China.
Pahlavi, a later formPahlavi to Persian, FarsiPersian vocabularyOther languages and dialects in the same region with Persian.Literature
Iranian
Avestan Persian
AVESTAN: Of AVESTA- sacred book of Zrastrians- sometimes called zend.
OLD PERSIAN: Preserved-conquests- Daries,Xerxes.
ArmenianFound in a small area south of the Caucasus
Mountains and the eastern end of the Black Sea.
Entrance, between the eighth and sixth centuries B.C.
Balkans, Hellespont
Influences of some consonant shifting
Lack of grammatical gender
No link with any other Indo European languages.
The Phrygians
Limitations
Its rising
Armenian literature
Persian domination
Other languages in vocabulary.
Balto-Slavic
Balto-Slavic
Baltic Slavic
Baltic
Prussian Latvian Lithuanian
Slavic
EastSlavic
WestSlavic
SouthSlavic
BALTICBALTIC
Prussian: Displaced- German-19th century
Letic: 2 million, Lativa
Lithunian: 3 million- Lithunia
SALVICSALVICEAST SALVIC: Great Russian, White
Russian, Little Russian(Ukrainian)
WEST SALVIC: Polish, Czechoslovakian, Sorbian(Wend).
SOUTH SALVIC: Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian
Bible and certain liturgical texts represents salvic language.
Hittie
The oldest recorded branch
The term taken from the translation of the Hebrew Bible
Records are on clay tablet
The Hittites were ancient Anatolian people
Gothic, is the principal language of East Germanic.
Burgundian and Vandalic.
North Germanic is found in Scandinavia, Denmark, Iceland and the Faroe Islands.
West Germanic divided into two branches: High German and Low German.High German divided into lot of dialects like Middle, Rhenish, East Franconian Bavarian and Alemannic.Low German languages are Old Saxon, Old Low Franconian, Old Frisian and Old English.Old Frisian and Old English closely related and constitute Anglo-Frisian subgroup.Old Saxon has become the essential constituent of modern Low German.Old Low Franconian, with some mixture of Frisian and Saxon constitute Dutch and Flemish.
Germanic
East Germanic North GermanicWest Germanic
Germanic
West Germanic
High German Low German
Middle, Rhenish, East Franconian Bavarian and Alemannic dialects of High German
Old Saxon, Old Low Franconian, Old Frisian and Old English.
Old Frisian and Old English constitute Anglo-Frisian
Old Low Franconian, with some mixture of Frisian and Saxon constitute Dutch and Flemish.
Hellenic
Geographical position
Five dialectal groups
Attic the mostly studied dialect
Place of greats’ assemblage
Attic, base of Koine
Local differentiation of Koine and Modern Greek.
Albanian
Modern remnant of Illyrian
Vocabulary is mixed
Slowly recognized
Formerly classed with Hellenic group
Now independent recognition
Added in the Indo-European language family in the 20th century.
Some fragmentary texts discovered Belongs to the Indo-European family along with the Hellenic, Italic, Germanic and Celtic groups.
Tocharian
Italic Branch
Derived from Latin
Settlements from different parts of the world.
Etruscan, Lingurian, Venetic, Messapian and Greek, spoken earlier.
Latin gradually getting dominant.
Latin declined
Italic
Latin Umbrian Oscan
Italic
French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italic, prominent Romance language
Romanian, Catalon, Galician, Rhaeto-Romanic, Wallon- minor Romanian
Celtic Language of the Celts in Gaul is known as Gallic Goidelic or Gaelic Celts
Brythonic Celts
Cornish became extinct in the eighteenth century
Manx has died out since World War II
Gaelic is found in the Highlands and spoken by 75,000 people.
Gaelic is found in the Highlands and spoken by 75,000 people.
Welsh is spoken about one-quarter of the people
Irish
THANK YOU
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