MECHANICS WATER

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Engineering-Book ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS AND HOW IT WORKS

September 2014

Expertise in Process Engineering Optimization Solutions & Industrial Engineering Projects Management 

Supply Chain Manufacturing & DC Facilities Logistics Operations Planning Management

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Water

Water in three states: liquid, solid (ice), and gas (invisible water vapor in the air). Clouds are accumulations of water droplets, condensed from vapor-saturated air

Safe drinking water is essential to humans and other life forms even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients

Water is a liquid at standard temperature and pressure. It is tasteless and odorless. The intrinsic color of water and ice is a very slight blue hue, although both appear colorless in small quantities. Water vapor is essentially invisible as a gas

All of the components in cells (proteins, DNA and polysaccharides) are dissolved in water, deriving their structure and activity from their interactions with the water.

Pure water has a low electrical conductivity, but this increases with the dissolution of a small amount of ionic material such as sodium chloride.

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Pure H2O is tasteless and odorless

Water can dissolve many different substances, giving it varying tastes and odors

Humans, and other animals, have developed senses that enable them to evaluate the purity of water by avoiding water that is too salty or putrid

The taste of spring water and mineral water, often advertised in marketing of consumer products, derives from the minerals dissolved in it.

The advertised purity of spring and mineral water refers to absence of toxins, pollutants, and microbes, not to the absence of naturally occurring minerals

The water cycle refers to the continuous exchange of water

within the hydrosphere, between the atmosphere,

soil water, surface water, groundwater, and plants

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Heat exchange

Water and steam are used as heat transfer fluids in diverse heat exchange systems,

due to its availability and high heat capacity, both as a coolant and for heating.

Cool water may even be naturally available from a lake or the sea

Condensing steam is a particularly efficient heating fluid because of the large heat of vaporization. A disadvantage is that water and steam are somewhat corrosive

In almost all electric power stations, water is the coolant, which vaporizes and drives steam turbines to drive generators

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Purification methodsDouble distillationDouble-distilled water (abbreviated "ddH2O", "Bidest. water" or "DDW") is prepared by slow boiling the uncontaminated condensed water vapor from a prior slow boiling

DeionizationDeionized water, also known as demineralized water, is water that has had almost all of its mineral ions cations removed such as

sodium, calcium, iron, and copper, and anions such as chloride and sulfate.

Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification technology that uses a semipermeable membrane, an applied pressure is used to overcome osmotic pressure that can remove many types of molecules and ions from solutions, and is used in both industrial processes and the production of potable water

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Water treatment describes industrial-scale processes that make water more acceptable for an end-use, which may be drinking, industrial, or medical

Water treatment should remove existing water contaminants or reduce their concentration

The processes involved in treating water for drinking purpose is of solids separation using physical processes such as settling and filtration,

and chemical processes such as disinfection and coagulation

Biological processes are employed in the treatment of wastewater and these processes may include, for example, aerated lagoons, activated sludge or slow sand filters

so that their water becomes fit for its desired end-use, safely returning used water to the environment

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Disinfection by means of UV lamps (sometimes called germicidal or bactericidal) may be employed to sterilize pathogens which bypassed the reverse osmosis process

Chlorination or chloramination (chlorine and ammonia) protects against pathogens which may have lodged in the distribution system downstream, such as from new construction, backwash, compromised pipes, etc

Pure water has a pH close to 7 (neither alkaline nor acidic)

If the water is acidic (lower than 7), lime, soda ash, or sodium hydroxide can be added to raise the pH during water purification processes

Lime addition increases the calcium ion concentration, thus raising the water hardness

Making the water alkaline helps coagulation and flocculation processes work effectively and also helps to minimize the risk of lead being dissolved from lead pipes and from lead solder in pipe fittings

Sufficient alkalinity also reduces the corrosiveness of water to iron pipes

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One of the first steps in a conventional water purification process is the addition of chemicals to assist in the removal of particles suspended in water

Particles can be inorganic such as clay and silt or organic such as algae, bacteria, viruses, protozoa and natural organic matter

Inorganic and organic particles contribute to the turbidity and color of water

The addition of inorganic coagulants such as aluminum sulfate or iron (III) salts cause several simultaneous chemical and physical interactions on and among the particles

Within seconds, negative charges on the particles are neutralized by inorganic coagulants, metal hydroxide precipitates of the aluminum and iron (III) ions begin to form

These precipitates combine into larger particles under natural processes and through induced mixing referred to as flocculation

Large, amorphous aluminum and iron (III) hydroxides adsorb and enmesh particles in suspension and facilitate the removal of particles by subsequent processes of sedimentation and filtration

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Flocculation Basin Slow Mix

Sedimentation Basin Floc Settling

Filtration Basin Clear Water Well

Community

Coagulation Tank

Disinfection

R.W.

Water

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Raw water pump stationClarifier

Raw water canal Community

Static Mixer

Filter

Treated water pump station

Filtration Cycle

Back washing

Post -chlorination

Polymer (seasonally added )

Lime

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Water

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Water

Type of ClarifierType of Clarifier Design CriteriaDesign Criteria

1. Rectangular basin (Horizontal flow)

- Surface loading 0.83 – 2.5 m/h- Water depth 3 – 5 m- Detention time 1.5 – 3 h- Width/Length > 1/5- Weir loading < 11 m3/h.m

2. Upflow type (Radial- Upflow)

Circular or square in shape- Surface loading 1.3 – 1.9 m/h- Water depth 3 – 5 m- Settling time 1 – 3 h- Weir loading 7 m3/h.m

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Water

Type of ClarifierType of Clarifier Design CriteriaDesign Criteria

3. Reactor Clarifiers

- Flocculation time : approx 20 min- Settling time 1 – 2 h- Surface loading 2 – 3 m/h- Upflow velocity < 50 mm/min- Weir loading 7.3 – 15 m3/h.m

4. Sludge Blanket Clarifier - Flocculation time : approx 20 min- Settling time 1 – 2 h- Surface loading 2 – 3 m/h- Upflow velocity < 10 mm/min- Weir loading 7.3 – 15 m3/h.m- Slurry circulation rate : up to 3 – 5 times the raw water inflow rate

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Water

1: Obligate aerobes need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. They gather at the top where the oxygen concentration is highest

2: Obligate anaerobes are poisoned by oxygen, so they gather at the bottom where the oxygen concentration is lowest.

3: Facultative anaerobes can grow with or without oxygen because they can metabolize energy aerobically or anaerobically

4: Microaerophiles need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. However, they are poisoned by high concentrations of oxygen

5: Aerotolerant organisms do not require oxygen as they metabolize energy anaerobically. Unlike obligate anaerobes however, they are not poisoned by oxygen

Aerobic organism

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Water

Anaerobic digestion is a collection of processes by which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen

The digestion process begins with bacterial hydrolysis of the input materials

Insoluble organic polymers, such as carbohydrates, are broken down to soluble derivatives that become available for other bacteria

Acidogenic bacteria then convert the sugars and amino acids into carbon dioxide, hydrogen, ammonia, and organic acids

These bacteria convert these resulting organic acids into acetic acid, along with additional ammonia, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide

Finally, methanogens convert these products to methane and carbon dioxide

The methanogenic archaea populations play an indispensable role in anaerobic wastewater treatments

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Water

Microorganisms

With the proper mixture of water, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen, micro-organisms are allowed to break down organic matter to produce compost

The composting process is dependent on micro-organisms to break down organic matter into compost

There are many types of microorganisms found in active compost of which the most common are:

Bacteria- The most numerous of all the micro organisms found in compostActinobacteria- Necessary for breaking down paper products such as newspaper, bark,Fungi- Molds and yeast help break down materials that bacteria cannot, especially lignin in woody material.

Protozoa- Help consume bacteria, fungi and micro organic particulatesRotifers- Rotifers help control populations of bacteria and small protozoans

In addition, earthworms not only ingest partly composted material, but also continually re-create aeration and drainage tunnels as they move through the compost

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WaterActual record A B C D E FpH 6.1 7.3 7.5 6.9 5.5 7.4 COD 575.0 683.0 259.0 373.0 257.0 26.0 BOD 416.0 373.0 209.0 288.0 244.0 1.0 SS 194.0 428.0 158.0 134.0 78.0 1.0 FOG 81.5 112.0 7.2 32.6 2.4 - Specifications pH 6 - 8 6 - 7 6.4 7 - 8 6 - 8 6 - 9 COD 2,000.0 1,000.0 120.0 BOD 1,400.0 250.0 175.0 770.0 420.0 20.0 SS 660.0 500.0 350.0 165.0 275.0 30.0 FOG 1,000.0 30.0 30.0 60.0 45.0 5.0 Waste Water Flow m3/day A.- Kitchen 1,300.0 D.- Kitchen Dap tank capacity 650 m3 x 2 1,300.0 B.- Soil 1,900.0 C.- Soil Sceptic Tank capacity 2000 m3 1,900.0 E.- Equalizer Tank flow 3200 m3 3,200.0 F.- Efluent flow water 3,200.0

Actual level of BOD > specs at B & CActual level of FOG> specs at B

Recommendation: use anaerobic bacteria Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6at Sceptic Tank in dosis per week as follows 15 ppm 5 ppm 5 ppm 5 ppm 5 ppm 2 ppm

7 kg 2 kg 2 kg 2 kg 2 kg 1 kg 1st application early Monday morning 3.5 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 0.5 kg2nd application 6 hrs later on Monday 3.5 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 0.5 kg

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Water

Thank You

L | C | LOGISTICS PLANT MANUFACTURING AND BUILDING FACILITIES EQUIPMENT

Engineering-Book ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS AND HOW IT WORKS

MECHANICS WATER