Eng102 Numbers Parallelism Synthesis APA

8/9/2019 Eng102 Numbers Parallelism Synthesis APA

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Numbers

Parallel IdeasSynthesis WritingAPA


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Numbers

What is the rule for writing numbers?


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NumbersDiffer according to style guideMLA – use numerals for numbers above one

hundred (starting with 101)

MLA – spell out numbers one hundred and below

MLA – spell out large round numbers (fifteen

million)APA – spell out numbers one through nine, 10 and

above written numerically

Both – when one number immediately follows

another, spell out one number and use numeralsfor other (three 100-meter events, 25 four-posterbeds)

Both – always write out numbers that begin asentence


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Numbersuse numerals according to convention Dates – July 4, 1776; 56 BC; AD 30Addresses – 77 Latches Lane, 519 West 42nd Street

Percentages – 55 percent (or 55%)

Fractions, Decimals – ½, 0.047

Scores – 7 to 3, 21 – 18 Statistics – average age 37, average weight 180

Surveys – 4 out of 5

Exact amounts of money - $105. 37

Divisions of books – volume 3, Chapter 4, page189

Divisions of plays – act 3, scene 3 (or act III,scene iii)


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Identification numbers – serial number 10988675

Time of Day – 4:00 p.m., 1:30 a.m.

When not using a.m. or p.m., write out

the time in words (two o’clock in theafternoon, twelve noon, seven in themorning)

Numbersuse numerals according to convention


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ParallelismEng 102 BC


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What is Parallelism?Using the same pattern of words to show

that two or more ideas have the same

importance

Patterns fall into four areas: Words and phrases

Forms Clauses

Lists


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Parallelism – Words & Phrases

Do not mix patterns with the – ing form (gerund) ofwords:

The construction manager established a protocol

that includes reviewing plans every morning,asking questions at stated intervals, and thesummarization of work at the end of the day.

The construction manager established a protocolthat includes reviewing plans every morning,asking questions at stated intervals, andsummarizing work at the end of the day.


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Do not mix patterns of infinitive phrases.

A daily protocol was established to review plans,field questions, and summarize work.

A daily protocol was established to review plans, tofield questions, and to summarize work.


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Balance parallel ideas presented as pairs

Either…or neither…nor

not only…but also both…and whether…or

The clerk told me either to change my flightor take the train.

The clerk told me either to change my flightor to take the train.

Thomas Edison was not only a prolificinventor but also was a successfulentrepreneur.Omit was


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Parallelism – Forms

Do not mix forms.

The production manager was asked to write hisreport quickly, accurately, and in a detailed

manner.

The production manager was asked to write hisreport quickly, accurately, and thoroughly.


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Parallelism – Clauses

A parallel structure that begins with clauses mustcontinue using clauses.

The coach told the players that they should get a

lot of sleep, that they should not eat too much,and to do some warm-up exercises before thegame.

The coach told the players that they should get alot of sleep, that they should not eat too much,and that they should do some warm-up exercisesbefore he game.


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Parallelism – Clauses

Repeat function words to clarify parallels By, to, that, because

Our study revealed that left-handed students

were more likely to have trouble with classroomdesks and rearranging desks for exam periodswas useful.

Our study revealed that left-handed studentswere more likely to have trouble with classroomdesks and that rearranging desks for examperiods was useful.


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Parallelism – Lists

Be sure to keep al the elements in a list in thesame form.

The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to

find word meanings, pronunciations, correctspellings, and looking up irregular verbs.

The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to

find word meanings, pronunciations, correctspellings, and irregular verbs.


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Grammar Tasks

Create a poster illustrating the rules for writingnumbers. The poster does not need to be full size;it can be a scaled down replica.(www.glogster.com is good for this task)

Create a brochure about parallelism. Include anunbalanced example of each parallelrule/category and its correction (there are 4).

http://www.glogster.com/http://www.glogster.com/


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Eng 102APA Style


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What is APA? The American Psychological Association (APA)

provides a method for source documentation that isused in most social sciences courses. The socialsciences place emphasis on the date a work wascreated, so most APA citation involves recording thedate of a particular work in the physical text. The dateis usually placed immediately after the author’s namein the “References” page at the end of an essay.

Essays following the APA style of formatting typicallyinclude a title page, abstract, main body, andreferences.


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Formatting Differences

APA uses a title page. The title page contains the following information,

centered:

the title of the paper (centered, no more than 12

words)May take up one or two lines

Your name (first name, middle initial, last name)

institutional affiliation (where research wasconducted)

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/


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Your turn!

Create a title page for your analysis essay


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Formatting Differences (cont.)

The page header at the top of every page containsthe “TITLE OF YOUR PAPER” on the left hand side in allcapital letters. This page header is usually a shortenedversion of the essay’s title and cannot exceed 50

characters including spacing and punctuation.


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Your turn!Create a an APA style header for your title

page


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In-Text Citation DifferencesAPA adds to MLA style by including an author

name(s), page number(s), and date. The date isgenerally provided parenthetically whenever theauthor’s name is given while page numbers alwaysappear at the end of the sentence. The date isimportant in social science because it helps

demonstrate the relevance (newness) of the workbeing cited.

Example (Author named in a signal phrase):Philosopher Stephen C. Pepper (1961) refers to thisphenomenon as a “cumulative collaboration of

evidence” (p. 49). Example (Author not named in a signal phrase): This

phenomenon is best referred to as a “cumulativecollaboration of evidence” (Pepper, 1961, p. 49).


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In-Text Citation Differences Example (unknown page number): This phenomenon

is best referred to as a “cumulative collaboration ofevidence:” (Pepper, Evidence and Corroborationsection, para. 22).

However, if only referring to an idea but not directly

quoting the material, only make reference to theauthor and year of publication and not the pagenumber in the in-text citation.


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Exercise 64-11. The student is quoting from page 26 of an article by

Peter Greasley published in 2000.a. Greasley (2000) pointed out that clients who seek out

mediums are so inclined to find the sessionsimpressive that “few can blame them for leaving the

consultation expressing unequivocal satisfaction.” (p.26).

b. Greasley (2000) pointed out that clients who seek outmediums are so inclined to find the sessionsimpressive that “few can blame them for leaving theconsultation expressing unequivocal satisfaction” (p.26).


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Peter Greasley published in 2000.b. Greasley (2000) pointed out that clients who seek outmediums are so inclined to find the sessions impressivethat “few can blame them for leaving the consultation

expressing unequivocal satisfaction” (p. 26).In APA style, the period comes after the parenthetical

citation.


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Exercise 64-12. The student is summarizing information from page 176

of a 1980 book with two authors, Marks andKammann.

a. The psychological phenomenon known as selectiveexposure occurs when people choose source

material and authorities that reflect what theyalready believe (Marks & Kammann, 1980, p. 176).

b. The psychological phenomenon known as selectiveexposure occurs when people choose sourcematerial and authorities that reflect what theyalready believe (Marks and Kammann, 1980, p. 176).


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Exercise 64-12. The student is summarizing information from page 176

of a 1980 book with two authors, Marks andKammann.

a. The psychological phenomenon known as selectiveexposure occurs when people choose source

material and authorities that reflect what theyalready believe (Marks & Kammann, 1980, p. 176).

In an APA parenthetical citation for a work with twoauthors, an ampersand (&) is placed between theauthors’ names.


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Exercise 64-13. The student is quoting from page 29 of an article

published in 2000 by Paul Kurtz.a. Kurtz has observed that “science has been

investigating our ability to communicate with the dadfor at least 150 years and it has attempted to

discover empirical evidence in support of the claim”(2000, p. 29).

b. Kurtz (2000) has observed that “science has beeninvestigating our ability to communicate with the dadfor at least 150 years and it has attempted todiscover empirical evidence in support of the claim”(p. 29).


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Exercise 64-13. The student is quoting from page 29 of an article

published in 2000 by Paul Kurtz.b. Kurtz (2000) has observed that “science has been

investigating our ability to communicate with the dad forat least 150 years and it has attempted to discover

empirical evidence in support of the claim” (p. 29).In APA style, when the author’s name is given in a signal

phrase, the name is followed by the date in parentheses.


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Exercise 64-14. The student is summarizing information from a

2001 article by Gary E. R. Schwartz, Linda G. S.Russek, Lonnie A. Nelson, and ChristopherBarnetsen. This is the first citation of the sourcein the paper.

a. Schwartz et al. (2001) insisted that the study

had eliminated fraud and coincidence aspossible explanations for the success of themediums tested.

b. Schwartz, Russek, Nelson, and Barentsen

(2001) insisted that the study had eliminatedfraud and coincidence as possibleexplanations for the success of the mediumstested.


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Exercise 64-14. The student is summarizing information from a 2001

article by Gary E. R. Schwartz, Linda G. S. Russek,Lonnie A. Nelson, and Christopher Barnetsen. This isthe first citation of the source in the paper.

b. Schwartz, Russek, Nelson, and Barentsen (2001)

insisted that the study had eliminated fraud andcoincidence as possible explanations for the successof the mediums tested.

In APA style for a work with three to five authors, the signal phrase includes all the authors’ last namesthe first time the source is cited. For subsequentcitations of the source, “et al.” is used after the firstauthor’s name.


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two authors, Wiseman and O’Keeffe, that waspublished in 2001.

a. According to Wiseman and O’Keeffe (2001). “TheSchwartz et al. studies suffered from severemethodological problems, namely: (1) the potential

for judging bias, (2) the use of an inappropriatecontrol group, and (3) inadequate safeguardsagainst sensory leakage” (p. 27).

b. According to Wiseman & O’Keeffe (2001). “TheSchwartz et al. studies suffered from severemethodological problems, namely: (1) the potentialfor judging bias, (2) the use of an inappropriatecontrol group, and (3) inadequate safeguardsagainst sensory leakage” (p. 27).


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two authors, Wiseman and O’Keeffe, that waspublished in 2001.

a. According to Wiseman and O’Keeffe (2001). “TheSchwartz et al. studies suffered from severe

methodological problems, namely: (1) the potentialfor judging bias, (2) the use of an inappropriatecontrol group, and (3) inadequate safeguardsagainst sensory leakage” (p. 27).

In APA style, the word “and” joins two authors’ names ina signal phrase; the ampersand (&) is used in a parenthetical citation.


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Exercise 64-16. The student is quoting from page 52 of a 2001

article, “Talking to the Dead,” by Leon Jaroff. The listof references contains another article, “The ManWho Loves to Bust Quacks,” also written by Jaroffand also published in 2001.

a. Jaroff (2001b) claimed that the medium used “asophisticated form of the game Twenty Questions,

during which the subject, anxious to hear from thedead, seldom realizes that he, not the medium orthe departed, is supplying the answers” (p. 52).

b. Jaroff (2001) claimed that the medium used “asophisticated form of the game Twenty Questions,

during which the subject, anxious to hear from thedead, seldom realizes that he, not the medium orthe departed, is supplying the answers” (“Talkingto the Dead,” p. 52).


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Exercise 64-16. The student is quoting from page 52 of a 2001 article,

“Talking to the Dead,” by Leon Jaroff. The list of referencescontains another article, “The Man Who Loves to BustQuacks,” also written by Jaroff and also published in 2001.

a. Jaroff (2001b) claimed that the medium used “asophisticated form of the game Twenty Questions, duringwhich the subject, anxious to hear from the dead, seldomrealizes that he, not the medium or the departed, issupplying the answers” (p. 52).

In APA style, two or more works by the same author in the same year are listed alphabetically by the first word of thetitle (other than A, An, or The) in the list of references. A

lowercase letter is added to the year, with “a” for the firstand “b” for the second reference by the author in thatyear. The lowercase letter is also used with the year in thein-text citation.


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Exercise 64-17. The student is quoting from paragraph 1 of a 1998

online article by Travis Dacolias. The article hasnumbered paragraphs but no page numbers.

a. Dacolias (1998) noted, “Cold reading is a techniqueused by tarot card readers, psychics, palm readers,

astrologers, and even con men to get people tobelieve that the cold reader knows all about them,even though they have never met” (para. 1).

b. Dacolias (1998) noted, “Cold reading is a techniqueused by tarot card readers, psychics, palm readers,astrologers, and even con men to get people tobelieve that the cold reader knows all about them,even though they have never met.”


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In APA style, when an electronic source has numbered paragraphs but not page numbers, the parentheticalcitation includes the abbreviation “ para.” and the paragraph number.


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In APA style, when an electronic source has numbered paragraphs but not page numbers, the parentheticalcitation includes the abbreviation “ para.” and the paragraph number.


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Exercise 64-18. The student is summarizing information from an

undated online article by Ray Hyman. The articlehas no paragraph or page numbers.

a. Hyman pointed out that no medium has evermanaged to demonstrate psychic abilities under

controlled laboratory conditions, even thoughlarge cash prizes have been offered to anyonewho succeeds.

b. Hyman (n.d.) pointed out that no medium has evermanaged to demonstrate psychic abilities undercontrolled laboratory conditions, even thoughlarge cash prizes have been offered to anyonewho succeeds.


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Exercise 64-18. The student is summarizing information from an

undated online article by Ray Hyman. The article hasno paragraph or page numbers.

b. Hyman (n.d.) pointed out that no medium has evermanaged to demonstrate psychic abilities under

controlled laboratory conditions, even though large cashprizes have been offered to anyone who succeeds.

For a source without a date, the abbreviation “n.d.” isused in the parenthetical citation.


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Exercise 64-19. The student is quoting from page 12 of a 2000 report by the

National Science Board. No individual author is given. The

entry in the list of references begins like this: National ScienceBoard.

a. The National Science Board (2000) cautioned that believersin paranormal phenomena are dangerously distanced fromreality: “Their beliefs may indicate an absence of critical

thinking skills necessary not only for informed decisionmaking in the voting booth and other civic venues (forexample, jury duty), but also for making wise choicesneeded for everyday living” (p. 12).

b. The National Science Board cautioned that believers inparanormal phenomena are dangerously distanced from

reality: “Their beliefs may indicate an absence of criticalthinking skills necessary not only for informed decisionmaking in the voting booth and other civic venues (forexample, jury duty), but also for making wise choicesneeded for everyday living” (Anonymous, 2000, p. 12).

Exercise 64-1


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Exercise 64-19. The student is quoting from page 12 of a 2000 report by the

National Science Board. No individual author is given. The entry inthe list of references begins like this: National Science Board.

a. The National Science Board (2000) cautioned that believers inparanormal phenomena are dangerously distanced fromreality: “Their beliefs may indicate an absence of criticalthinking skills necessary not only for informed decision makingin the voting booth and other civic venues (for example, juryduty), but also for making wise choices needed for everydayliving” (p. 12).

The National Science Board is listed as the author in the referencelist, so it appears with the date in the signal phrase.“Anonymous” is not used in this case.

Unknown Author and Unknown Date: If no author or date is given,

use the title in your attributive tag or the first word or two of thetitle in the parentheses and use the abbreviation "n.d." (for "nodate").

In the rare case the "Anonymous" is used for the author, treat it asthe author's name (Anonymous, 2001). In the reference list, usethe name Anonymous as the author.

E i 64 1


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Exercise 64-110. The student is summarizing information that begins

on page 29 and continues on page 30 in a 2000 articleby Paul Kurtz. The student provides a page referencefor this summary because the article is long.

a. Kurtz (2000) argued that mediums claiming to

communicate with the dead were aided at the endof the twentieth century by mass media exposureand a credulous American public (pp. 29-30).

b. Kurtz (2000) argued that mediums claiming tocommunicate with the dead were aided at the endof the twentieth century by mass media exposureand a credulous American public (pp. 29+).

E i 64 1


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Exercise 64-110. The student is summarizing information that begins

on page 29 and continues on page 30 in a 2000article by Paul Kurtz. The student provides a pagereference for this summary because the article islong.

a.

Kurtz (2000) argued that mediums claiming tocommunicate with the dead were aided at theend of the twentieth century by mass mediaexposure and a credulous American public (pp.29-30).

When information is taken from more than oneconsecutive page in the source, the range of pages is given.


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Citation Differences The last page is titled “References” not “Works Cited.”

It is centered at the top of the page. Do not bold,underline, or use quotation marks.

Only the first word of a title is capitalized. Alsocapitalize the first word after a dash or colon.

Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around thetitles of shorter works such as journal articles or essaysin edited collections.


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Citation Differences Italicize titles of longer works such as books and

journals. Books: author name, publication year, work title,

publication city, and publisher

If you are citing an article from a database that is

available in other places, such as a journal ormagazine, include the homepage's URL. You mayhave to do a web search of the article's title, author,etc. to find the URL.

For articles that are easily located, do not providedatabase information. If the article is difficult to locate,then you can provide database information


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One more thing…While the APA manual provides manyexamples of how to cite common types of

sources, it does not provide rules on how tocite all types of sources. Therefore, if youhave a source that APA does not include,APA suggests that you find the example that

is most similar to your source and use thatformat.


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Practice APA References page

G P tf li


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Grammar Portfolio Your essay is 9 pages in length. Create a complete APA References page

using sources listed on Weebly (same ones used for the MLA Works Cited

page)

interview in person with Robert Akins, November 19, 2010

Website article by Dr. Joshua Smith entitled The Many Uses of Pencils. Itwas published March 22, 2010 and viewed August 3, 2012. The URL iswww.articlesonline.smith/pencils.html

Pens vs. Pencils written by Henry Goldman and Elizabeth Howard.Published by Gold House in Philadelphia in 1989.

The Beauty of Mechanical Pencils by Alexander Morrow, published byWesting Forge in Denver, CO in 2011.

Short video called The Ink of Mystery, directed by Bernard Howard andstarring Kurt Sherman, distributed by Public Video in November 2009.

Encyclopedia of Style article, “Writing Utensils,” by John Gruber,published in 2008, 5th edition

http://www.articlesonline.smith/pencils.htmlhttp://www.articlesonline.smith/pencils.html


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Eng102 Numbers Parallelism Synthesis APA

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