Chapter 1: Part of Speech

Chapter 1, Part 1: Part of Speech

1.1 NounsTypes of nounsCountable and uncountable nounsPlural form of countable nounsUncountable nounsPossessive nounsRules for forming possessive nounsNouns as subjectsNouns as objects

1.1.1 Types of Nouns Nouns = people, things, place and idea

Common NounsGeneral entitiese.g. building, town, personProper NounsSpecific entitiese.g. Likas Square Commercial Complex, Kota Kinabalu, Cinderella PronounsPersonal pronouns replace people, places, thingsI, We, You, They, He, She, ItConcrete NounsCan be touched, felt, smelled, seen, tasted.e.g. steak, cat, bicycle, saltAbstract NounsEthereal, cannot be concretely perceived. Concepts, ideas, philosophies.e.g. faith, hope, love, freedomCollective NounsA group of something in a specific mannere.g. a gaggle of geese, a colony of antCountable NounsCan occur in both singular and plural forms, can co-occur with quantificational determiners (many, several, more,etc) and numeralUncountable NounsAlso known as mass nouns. Cannot take plural forms.

Sort the NounsCommon NounsProper NounsAbstract NounsAustraliabeautydog Lassie music

stadiumHinduismrelaxationMicrosoftlove

trustimaginefatherMr. DavisgrassThe Eiffel TowerchairhappinessTuesdayboredomBrandonluckcuriositydoctorbraveryComputerHondaLightningWall Streetsmoke1.1.2 Countable & Uncountable NounsCountable Nouns Things that can be counted with numbers. Can have singular and plural forms. E.g. I would like two tickets please.

1.1.2 Countable & Uncountable NounsUncountable Nouns Cannot count with numbers. Used with singular verb. Do not have plural forms. accommodation, luggage, information, furniture, bread, news, progress, traffic, weather, work.

1.1.3 Plural Forms of Countable NounsUsually add s to make plural nounsBooks, bottles, housesAdd es to nouns ending -ch, -sh, -ss, -s, -x churches, sashes, classes, gases, boxesAdd s to nouns end with a vowel and yBoys, days, playsIrregular pluralsMan men ; woman women ; child children ; person people ; ox oxen1.1.3 Plural Forms of Countable NounsDecide if you should add es or ves to change the following nouns to plural forms. CalfHeroPoxTouchLifeTomatoLashVehicle

9. Self10. Shelf11. Grotto12. Fix13. Mix14. Embargo15. Equinox16. hoof17. Fetch18. Scarf19. Potato20. Gas21. Mantis22. Patch23. Loaf24. Motto

1.1.3 Uncountable NounsCannot be counted.Normally used with a singular verb. Water is important to ensure that we always stay hydrated. Cant take articles a or an ; but we can say a something of (uncountable noun)A piece of informationA bottle of orange juiceCan use some, any, little, much. Kelly uses some salt in her cooking.There is only a little sugar left in the jar.

1.1.3 Uncountable NounsAccessAttentionCashCourageEmployment AccommodationBaconChalkCurrencyEnergyAdulthoodBaggageChaosDamageEngineeringAdvertisingBalletCheeseDancingEnjoymentAdviceBeautyChessDangerEntertainmentAggressionBeefChildhoodDataEnvyAidBeerClothingDelightEquipAirBiologyCoalDessertEthicsAlcoholBloodCoffeeDignityEvidenceAngerBotanyCommerceDirtEvolution ApplauseBreadCompassionDistributionFailureArithmeticButterComprehensionDustFaithArtBusinessContentEconomyFameAssistanceCarbonCorruptionEducationFictionAthleticsCardboardCottonElectricity Flour1.1.3 Uncountable NounsFluGrammarHeightInjusticeLabourFruitGrassHelpInnocenceLackFreedomGriefHonestyIntelligenceLandFruitGratitudeHoneyIronLaughterFuelGround HomeworkIronyLavaFunGuiltHospitalityJamLeatherFurnitureGymnasticHumourJealousyLeisureGarbageHairHouseworkJellyLightningGastricHappinessHungerJoy LinguisticsGasHardwareHydrogenJudoLiteratureGeneticHarmIceJuiceLitterGlassHateIce creamJusticeLivestockGold HatredImportanceKarateLogicGolfHealthInflationKindnessLonelinessGossipheatinformationKnowledgeLove 1.1.3 Uncountable NounsLuckMoneyPastaQualitySafetyLuggageMudPatienceQuantitySaladMachineryMusicPermissionQuartzSaltMagicNaturePhysicsRacismSandMailNewsPoetryRainsatireManagementNitrogenPollutionRecreationSceneryMankindNonsensePovertyRelaxationSeafoodMarbleNurturePowerReliabilitySeasideMathematicNutritionPrideResearchShameMayonnaiseObedienceProductionRespectShoppingMeaslesObesityProgressRevengeSilenceMeatOilPronunciationRiceSleepMetalOxygenPsychologyRoomSmokeMethanePaperPublicityRubbishSmokingmilkpassionPunctuationrumSnow1.1.3 Uncountable NounsSoapSymmetryUnityWelfareSoftwareTeaUsageWheatSoilTennisValidityWhiskeySorrowThirstVealWidthSoup ThunderVegetationWildlifeSpeedTimberVegetarianismWineSpellingTimeVengeanceWisdomSportToastViolenceWoodSteamToleranceVisionWoolStrengthTradeVitalityWorkStuffTrafficWarmthYeastStupidityTransportationWaterYogaSuccessTrustWealthYouthSugarUnderstandingWeatherZincsunshineunemploymentWeightZoology

1.1.4 Possessive NounsDemonstrate ownershipUse apostrophe E.g. Jennifers imagination ran wild when she pictured the accident.Possessive nouns = personal pronounsAvoid repetition and sounding redundant.E.g. We decorated our Christmas tree with many ornaments.

1.1.5 Rules for Forming Possessive NounsRule # 1: Making singular nouns possessive

Add apostrophe + s to: most singular nouns e.g. Katys dress; Oxfords student

plurals not ending with s e.g. childrens toys; womens dresses

1.1.5 Rules for Forming Possessive NounsRule # 2: Making plural nouns possessive Add apostrophe to plural nouns ending in s. No extra s is needed.

Companies asset ; horses tails ; girls dresses

1.1.5 Rules for Forming Possessive NounsRule # 3: Making hyphenated nouns and compound nouns plural Add apostrophe + s to the end of compound words or the last word in a hyphenated noun.

e.g. My brother-in-laws wife is a doctor. The United States Post Offices stamp are available in roll or in packets.

1.1.5 Rules for Forming Possessive NounsRule # 4: Indicating possession when two nouns are joined together. If two nouns share ownership, indicate possession only once, on the second noun.Add apostrophe + s to the second noun only. e.g. Jack and Jills pail of water was spilled on the floor.

1.1.5 Rules for Forming Possessive NounsRule # 5: Indicating possession when two nouns are joined, and ownership is separate When two nouns indicate ownership but the ownership is separate, each noun gets apostrophe + s.

e.g. Rickys and Christinas rooms were painted in blue and pink. (Each has his or her own room, and the rooms are different)

1.1.6 Nouns as SubjectsNouns = person, place, thing or ideaWhat / who are we talking about in a sentence? E.g. The girl faced her problems with courage.Subject of a sentence noun / pronoun

1.1.7 Nouns as ObjectsDirect object & indirect object.Direct object noun that receives the action of the transitive verb.- Answer what or whomIndirect object precedes direct object - to whom or for whom the action of the verb is done and who is receiving the direct object. 1.1.7 Nouns as ObjectsDirect object (bold); verb (underlined) After dinner, Lisa always serves dessert. To the average citizen, politics offers considerable frustration. After class, Mr K will carry the students papers to his office. The police have arrested the man who robbed the bank.

1.1.7 Nouns as ObjectsDirect object (bold); indirect object (underlined) During the play intermission, David gave Eva his coat to hold. Stephen offered his brother a chance to redeem himself. The director assigned the team a project that everyone else had refused.

1.1.7 Nouns as ObjectsDirect object (bold); verb (underlined) When questioned by the police, Evann admitted that he took the bicycle. On the way to the doctors office, the little child pretended she was not sick. Although he is tired, Dexter says he is willing to plant the garden for you.