Energy (TKK-2129)

Energy(TKK-2129)

13/14 Spring Semester

Instructor: Rama OktavianEmail: [email protected] Hr.: M.13-15, Tu. 13-15, W. 13-15, Th. 13-15, F. 09-11

Outlines

1. Geothermal energy

2. Solar energy

3. Wind energy

4. Hydro energy

Geothermal energyWhat is it??

http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/GeothermalEnergy.php

- energy that comes from the ground; power extracted from heat stored in the earth- It was formed by the decay of minerals and forests several years ago- heat is continuously produced inside the earth

Geothermal energyGeothermal energy uses

http://www.conservationconversations.com/cmswp/wp-content/uploads/GeothermalTable.jpg

Geothermal energyUsed as district heating

Alex Mayada, Chris Bartlow, Tim Fisher, Lauren Pawling. Geothermal energy. http://klemow.wilkes.edu/KMK.courses.html

1892: America’s first district heating system was put into place

Geothermal energyAdvantages


- Renewability

Earth’s core is always going to be heated

As long as there is a way to extract the energy from the heat, the energy will always be available



- Smaller carbon footprint and environmentally friendly

Remarkable difference of environmental effects compared to fossil fuels

Most hardware used to extract geothermal energy is underground

Minimal use of surface(http://www.geothermal.nau.edu/about/enviroment.shtmlNorthern Arizona University. 2009 Oct 27)



- Lower cost

Easy to operate

Open up economy

Much more efficient use of land

(http://www.geothermal.nau.edu/about/enviroment.shtml> Northern Arizona University. 2009 Oct 27)

Power Source

Land Requirement (ac/mW)

Geothermal 1-8Nuclear 5-10Coal 19

Geothermal energyDisadvantages


- Fluids drawn from the deep earth carry a mixture of gases

- Pollutants contribute to global warming and acid rain

- Construction of Plants can adversely affect land stability

- Sources may hold trace amounts of toxic chemicals/mineral deposits

- Loud Noises

- Initial start up cost (expensive)

Geothermal energyHow it works

http://drpinna.com/geothermal-energy-get-some-at-your-gas-station-27882

- Geothermal power plant

Geothermal energyGeothermal energy in Indonesia

Hazrul L Azahari, 2012, Introduction to Renewable Energy in Indonesia, Microhydro power training for rural development in ASEAN region, Bandung

- Sources

NO NON FOSSIL ENERGY RESOURCES(SD)

INSTALLED CAPACITY (KT)

RATIO KT/SD(%)

1 2 3 4 5 = 4/3

1 Hydro 75,670 MW 6,654.29 MW 8,8%

2 Geothermal 29,038 MW 1,226 MW 4,2%

3 Mini/Micro Hydro 769.69 MW 228.983 MW 29,75%

4 Biomass 49,810 MW 1,618.40 MW 3,25 %

5 Solar Energy 4.80 kWh/m2/day 22.45 MW -

6 Wind Energy 3 – 6 m/s 1.87 MW -

7 Uranium 3,000 MW *) 30 MW **) 1.00

*) only in Kalan – West Kalimantan**) non energy, only for research


Surya Darma, 2011, Current Outlook on Geothermal in Indonesia, ASEAN – AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS SEMINAR

- Current status (2010)

Detail ± Gradient Temp

(90 locations)

Reconnaissance(149 locations)

53,99 %

32,61 %Feasibility Study/Ready to Develop

(8 locations)

2,90 %

Installed(7 locations)

2,54 %

Preliminary Survey(22 locations)

7,97%



Geothermal Potential is more than 28.000 MW

Installed Capacities is 1196 MW:

Darajat – 260 MW (2005: 150 MW)

Dieng – 60 MW (2005: 60 MW)

Kamojang – 200MW (2005: 140 MW)

Gunung Salak – 377MW (2005: 345MW)

Sibayak – 12MW (2005: 2 MW)

Lahendong – 60 MW (2005: 20 MW)

Wayang Windu – 227MW (2005: 110 MW).

Some direct use are under research program and some others are in

utilized

Geothermal Road Map : increase to 9500 MW on 2025



Geothermal direct use

Palm sugar processing in Lahendong Copra drying in Lahendong, Mataloko and Wai Ratai Lampung, Mushroom cultivation in Kamojang and Pengalengan, Tea drying and pasteurization in Pengalengan. Fish farming in Lampung. Balneology, spas No heat Pump use so far



Masarang Palm Sugar Processing in Lahendong, North Sulawesi . Steam

consumption : 4 ton/hrs



Geothermal road map 2004 - 2025

2004 2012 2020

2004 2008 2012 2016 2020

822 MW(production)

2000 MW 3442 MW 4600 MW 6000 MW(target)

1442 MWExisting

WKP

1158 MWExisting

WKP+ New WKP

1400 MWNew WKP

1193 MWExisting

WKP

Geothermal Road - map

9000 MW(target)

2025

2008 2016 2025

1196 MWExisting

WKP

2010

2010

Geothermal energy


2008(148 TWh)

2018(365 TWh)

Source: Indonesia Total Electricity Production by Fuel Type (GWH)RUPTL 2009-2018, PLN - General Plan to Supply Electricity

COAL

GASOIL

HYDROGEOTHERMAL

OIL

GASCOAL

HYDRO

GEOTHERMALGROWTH

COAL

GASHYDRO

Primary Energy Year 2025(Scenarion PD No.5/2006)

Primary Energy Year 2025(BaU Scenario)



Barriers

Availability of good quality data Delay of project development, Bureaucracy, Lack of Power Plant Maintenance, The liability of the transmission line and infrastructure Human capital on geothermal industry Energy diversification is inconsistence



Opportunities

Robust electricity demand growth Indonesia energy policy-Renewable prioritized, 10 thousands MW

electricity accelerating project (Government Regulation No. 5 Year 2006, and GR No. 4/2010)

Indonesia has the largest inventory of undeveloped Geothermal resources in the world (40%)

Geothermal price can be competitive and affordable



Development challenges

Competitiveness of Geothermal Energy Price; Continuing Subsidy of Fossil Fuel Price; Political Will to Intensify Geothermal Energy Utilization; Shortage of Competence Human Resources; Absence of Technology and Research & Development Supports; Lack of renewable incentives; Absence of Integrated Energy Planning; Lack of Information and Publicity on Indonesia’ Geothermal Potency

and Benefits; and Low Environmental Awareness.

Solar EnergyThe ultimate energy resource

Bhavik Shah, Solar Energy: The Ultimate Renewable Resource, http://www.physics.rutgers.edu/

• Originates with the thermonuclear fusion reactions occurring in the sun.

• Represents the entire electromagnetic radiation (visible light, infrared,

ultraviolet, x-rays, and radio waves).

Solar EnergyAdvantages

• Ultimate and free resource (sun)

• Does not harmful environmental (no emission gas)

• Can be used in remote areas

• make absolutely no noise at all

• Very little maintenance is needed

Solar EnergyAdvantages

• Comparative life-cycle CO2 emissions

Energy source CO2 / kWe

Coal 1.4 – 3.6

Natural gas 0.6 – 2.0

PV solar 0.07 – 0.18

Thermal solar 0.08 – 0.20

http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-solar-power.html

Solar EnergyDisadvantages

• High initial installation cost of solar cell and solar panel

• Electricity generation depends entirely on a countries exposure to sunlight

• Solar energy is a diffuse source. To harness it, we must concentrate it into an

amount and form that we can use, such as heat and electricity.

Solar EnergyHow much solar energy can be absorbed?

• The surface receives about 47% of the total solar energy that reaches the

Earth. Only this amount is usable.

http://www.physics.rutgers.edu/~kotliar/honors/honsem02/somalwar/HonSem02

Solar EnergySolar energy uses

http://www.keepbanderabeautiful.org/photovoltaic.html

Solar EnergySolar energy uses

www.rainbowtradingpost.co.uk www.urbanoptions.org/RenewableEnergy

Solar EnergySolar energy uses as electricity generator

www.renewableenergyaccess.com

Concentrating solar thermal (CST)

Photovoltaic (PV)

greenoptions.com

Solar EnergySolar energy uses as electricity generator

Solar EnergyConcerns associated with PV and Solar Cell

http://klemow.wilkes.edu/KMK.courses.html

Heavy investment.

High-latitude areas receive relatively little sunshine.

Solar unreliable at night, during winter, and during cloudy periods.

Storage difficult; relies on batteries that may leak chemicals.

Some PV cells use heavy metals - toxic and difficult to recycle.

Solar farms require much land, currently between 5 and 10 acres / megawatt.

Solar energySolar energy in Indonesia


- Sources



RATIO KT/SD(%)

1 2 3 4 5 = 4/3

1 Hydro 75,670 MW 6,654.29 MW 8,8%

2 Geothermal 29,038 MW 1,226 MW 4,2%


4 Biomass 49,810 MW 1,618.40 MW 3,25 %



7 Uranium 3,000 MW *) 30 MW **) 1.00


112.000 GW

Solar energy

Natural Gas, 28.57%

Coal, 15.34%

Oil51.66%

Geothermal, 1.32%

Hydro Power, 3.11%

Coal , 33%

Gas, 30%

Oil, 20%

BIOFUELS, 5%

Geothermal, 5%

Biomass, Nuclear, HydroSolar Energy, Wind Power, 5%Coal Liquefaction

2%

RE,17%

CURRENT ENERGI MIX (1 million BOE) National (Primary) Energy Mix

OPTIMIZING ENERGY

MANAGEMENT

National (Primary) Energy Mix of 2025(BaU Scenario) (5 million BOE)

National Energy Mix 2025 (3 million BOE)(Presidential Decree No. 5/2006)

Target in 20251. Less than 1 for energy

elasticity2. Optimized primary

energy mix

Gas, 20.6%

Coal 34.6%

Oil, 41.7%

Geothermal, 1.1%

Mini/micro Hydro Power Plant, 0.1%

Power Plant, 1.9%

Solar energyJenis Energi Unit 2010 2015 2020 2025

Bio-diesel Kilo liter 1.160.000 3.000.000 11.800.000 4.160.000

Bio-ethanol Barel per hari 42.860 48.110 55.340 60.320

Bio oil Kilo liter 244.000 257.000 627.000 4.863.000

Biomassa : Waste MW 30 60 120 200

Geothermal MW 1.320 4.340 5.090 5.270

Wind Power MW 10 40 80 160

Solar Energy MW 80 100 120 580

Microhydro MW 450 740 950 950

Based on the Blueprint of National Energy Management

Wind energy



RATIO KT/SD(%)

1 2 3 4 5 = 4/3

1 Hydro 75,670 MW 6,654.29 MW 8,8%

2 Geothermal 29,038 MW 1,226 MW 4,2%


4 Biomass 49,810 MW 1,618.40 MW 3,25 %



7 Uranium 3,000 MW *) 30 MW **) 1.00



Wind energy

KESDM, 2008

Wind energy

http://fredzidd.myweb.uga.edu/EDIT/6190/project/ae_wind_turbine.htm

How does it work?

Wind energy

http://smknews.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/wind_energy.jpg

How does it work?

Energy (TKK-2129)

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