Energy mapping of public buildings - DiVA...

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering

Energy mapping of public buildings

A case study at Älvkarlebyhus

Kieran Crowley

2016

Student thesis, Master degree (one year), 15 HE Energy Systems

Master Programme in Energy Engineering, Energy Online

Course

Supervisor: Roland Forsberg, Examiner: Taghi Karimipanah

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Preface I would like to thank my company supervisor Håkan Karlsson for providing information and

support during my time at Älvkarlebyhus. I would also like to thank the staff of Älvkarlebyhus

for making me feel welcome and relaxed at the office. I would also like to thank to my

supervisor from the college Roland Forsberg with his guidance and support I would have not

been able to complete this thesis and I also like to extend a thanks to all the staff at HIG involved

in the energy online masters as it’s been a very pleasant experience studying on line.

Final I would like to thank my family and friends who supported and encouraged me throughout

my studies.

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Abstract The aim of this report is to identify all energy systems in the Skutskärs Vårdcentral and

Folktandvården building, Centralgatan 12 building and the Library building to be studied in this

report and carry out an investigation on whether the energy systems efficiency may be increased

by improving on the elements or factors that affect the energy systems.

A model of the buildings energy systems were created in Microsoft excels using the steady state

method and modifying it to calculate an average heating session. Average monthly temperatures

calculated over a thirty year period were used to calculate heat loss due to transmittance,

infiltration and ventilation. Internal heat gains and losses were included in this model. Where

calculation for heat gains or losses was to complex or the required data was not available rule of

thumb was used.

Once results were gained it was seen that the greatest area of loss of heat was from the building

structure by transmittance of heat through the materials. An investigation was carried out to

reduce the heat loss due to transmittance. Both solution involved adding insulation to the wall

and top ceiling in both solution the insulation level was varied to show how much energy could

be saved by varying the thickness of insulation. It was found in both solution that the energy

saving ranged from 9% to 13%. Go to section 4.6 for details in improvements. Unfortunately

quotes for material and labour for each method could not be obtained and without quotes a

recommendation to which to invest in cannot be given. The Älvkarlebyhus management should

use the areas of the external wall and ceiling area provided in appendix A to obtain quotes from

respected companies in Sweden. The areas in appendix A should be double checked before

looking for quotes to ensure accuracy in obtaining quotes. This was tried by the author but failed

for the following reasons:

Companies would not respond to e-mails

Also when searching for Swedish companies online there web site was in Swedish and no

English option to read the material on the site was available. Meaning the author could

not gain the required information needed to calculate cost.

The third solution involved lowering the internal temperature of the building. When the internal

temperature was lowered to 17°C and 15°C reduction in energy usage by 10.95% and 16.82%

was seen respectively.

No other area where improvements could be carried out for the following reasons:

The heat pump combined with the district heating and the use of heat recovery devices

makes the energy system providing heat for hot water and the heating system highly

efficient. There are no improvement worth the financial cost and the interruption to the

occupants of the buildings.

On Visual inspection the equipment was maintained to a high standard avoiding the need

to create a maintenance schedule.

Insulation on pipes and ducts coming and going from plant rooms to the building were to

a high standard. No repairs or improves are needed.

The lighting system is an area where energy can be reduced to justify the cost of

installing more energy efficient lights and better controls. An experienced person should

investigate this as it requires specify knowledge and experience to select the suitable

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lighting system to reduce cost. Implementing lights with the wrong controls system can

cause poor lighting levels in the building and health problems such as headaches for the

occupants. It may also increase the energy consumption of the building if the wrong

lighting fixtures and controls were selected.

A cheap and easily technique to implement would to advice the occupants of the building to turn

off equipment and lights when are not needed. Hanging signs by exits of room as a reminder.

This seems obvious but as the author carried out a visual inspection of the buildings concerned in

this report it was noted that lights were left on in areas no one was to be seen. The same was seen

for equipment such as computers.

The insulation levels for the walls and ceiling should be increased to improve heat loss due to

transmittance. Improving insulation would also decrease the heat loss due to infiltration. There is

no reliable way of calculating the percentage of reduction as using the results from a pressure test

is the only reliable way of calculating heat loss from infiltration once the improvements have

been carried out. Also to compare before and after the improvements a pressure test would have

to be done before any improvements are carried out to make an accurate comparison.

The buildings in this report relies heavily on electricity for providing lighting, heating and

ventilation. For this reasons it is recommended that a feasibility study be carried whether PV

solar panels or wind turbines could produce electricity for the buildings studied in this report.

The advantages and disadvantages of PV panels and wind turbines are covered in the conclusion

section of this report.

Älvkarlebyhus can be proud that the building in this thesis releases no CO2 or other harmful

greenhouse gases as the greenhouses gases released from the production of the district heating

system and electricity suppliers are taken into account by the suppliers of these energy sources.

Making them an environmentally friendly building.

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 5

2. Theory ......................................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Energy mapping .................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Steady state conditions .......................................................................................................... 7

2.3 Internal gains ......................................................................................................................... 8 2.4 Infiltration gains .................................................................................................................... 8 2.5 Solar gains ............................................................................................................................. 9 2.6 Thermal transmittance losses .............................................................................................. 10 2.7 Ventilation ........................................................................................................................... 11

2.8 Heat recovery ...................................................................................................................... 13 2.9 Passive design ..................................................................................................................... 13

2.10 Creating or using a model ................................................................................................. 14 2.11 Controls of the system ...................................................................................................... 14 2.12 Reference data ................................................................................................................... 16

3. Method ...................................................................................................................................... 17

4. Process and results .................................................................................................................... 29 4.1 Skutskärs Vårdcentral, Folktandvården building ................................................................ 29 4.2 Library ................................................................................................................................. 34

4.3 Centralgatan 12 building ..................................................................................................... 36 4.4 Energy balance for all three building. ................................................................................. 38

4.5 Visual inspection ................................................................................................................. 39 4.6 Improvements ..................................................................................................................... 41

Solution 1 .............................................................................................................................. 41 Solution 2 .............................................................................................................................. 42

Solution 3 .............................................................................................................................. 43 Solution 4 .............................................................................................................................. 43

5. Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 45

6. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 49

7. References ................................................................................................................................. 51

8. Appendices ................................................................................................................................ 53

8.1 Appendix A: Areas to be used for quotes. .......................................................................... 53

8.2 Appendix B: Flow chart ...................................................................................................... 54 8.3 Appendix C: Inputs and calculations for Skutskärs Vårdcentral, Folktandvården building.

................................................................................................................................................... 55 8.4 Appendix D: Inputs and calculations for Library building. ................................................ 74 8.5 Appendix E: Inputs and calculations Centralgatan 12 building. ......................................... 90

8.6 Appendix F: Heating input by heating system. ................................................................. 108

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1. Introduction

Due to global warming becoming more of an international issue. Energy usage in modern society

is a concern for all governments and citizens. This is why governments are now setting new

building standards to reduce the energy usage and to cut down on greenhouse gases emissions of

it’s nation by using more energy from renewable source’s, better control systems to ensure the

systems are not operating when not needed, upgrading current building and energy systems

structures and more efficient equipment. Governments also agree to international or EU policy

and directives to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gasses emissions by a certain

percentage. Building standards are set to make these targets possible such agreements are made

legally bidding and penalties may occur by any country that failed to meet its agreed target. An

example of such a policy is the Energy efficiency policy in Europe where EU member country

that agreed to the policy has to achieve the following targets by the year 2020:

Increase energy systems efficiency by 20%.

Reduce greenhouse gasses by 20%

Increase energy from a renewable source by 20%

The figures above may differ from country to country depending on the renewable resources

available to utilize and the current economy situation of the country.

The push from governments for more energy efficient building and an energy system with the

lowest impact on the environment has companies concerned about their corporate image. One

way of improving corporate image is to invest in low energy systems with low level of

greenhouse gas emissions for any buildings belonging to the company. This is achieved a

number ways and there’s no one solution for all building as key factors that affect the energy

systems for buildings will change from building to building. Energy mapping helps to identify

the building energy systems and creates an energy balance of the gains and loss of the factors

that affect the energy systems. This can help to identify key areas where the energy usage could

be improved on and to reduce CO2 emissions according to a English study “The energy use

within buildings for heating and lighting, etc, accounts for more than 40% of the CO2 released

to the atmosphere in the UK” 1. It can also help to keep track of the energy system performance

over a period of time. A sudden fall in performance may indicate part of the systems is

experiencing a fault or has stopped operating completely and slow decline may indicate poor

maintenance issues.

The aim of this report is to use energy mapping to reduce the energy consumption for the

Skutskärs Vårdcentral, Folktandvården building and Centralgatan 12 building and the Library

building managed by Älvkarlebyhus with the hope of better thermal comfort and to see a

decrease in energy usage in each building. It is important to gather all information required for

the thesis form reliable sources as incorrect information can have serious impact on the results

and conclusion of the report. The information required for this project came from engineering

documents to assist in ensuring the proper steps were taking when calculations and when making

key decisions that have a major effect on the outcome of the project. The supervisor also gave

some documents that were required to perform calculations others were gained by the author’s

time in college. Älvkarlebyhus supplied information about the building and its energy system as

they were required too.

1 Ref GPG 303 The designer’s guide to energy-efficient buildings, page 6

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2. Theory To explain the theory involved in this paper each topic will be given a sub heading of its own

and a description given of what it is and how it affects the work done in this paper.

2.1 Energy mapping Having a good methodology process in place is critical for the success of any project. This is

where energy mapping comes into play. It sets out a plan of action for the person carrying out the

work and if followed the greater the chance for success. The first step in this process is

identifying all energy suppliers for example Electricity and the district heating suppliers. The

second step is to identify which system will use the energy been supplied. The third step is to

create a flow chart to give a visual aid to represent of the overall energy system of the building.

With the help of the flow chart the factors that affect each sub energy systems can be identified

for example the following factors affect the heating system:

1. Design room temperature.

2. U-values of the building envelope.

3. The internal gains from people, equipment, lighting system and solar gains.

4. Air tightness of the building.

5. Ventilation requirements.

6. Outside temperature.

2.2 Steady state conditions The steady state method calculates the energy loss and input in an energy system for one

moment in time. This method is used when sizing equipment for the buildings energy systems

for example the size of the pipes for the hot water distribution system and heat emitters for the

heating system. The method can be modified to calculate the energy balance of a building over a

period of time by one main technique described below:

1. If a weather data file is available the time steps in which the temperature was measured

on a daily basis can be used as steady state condition to calculate the energy balance at

that point. It’s important for each steady state condition to be multiplied by the length of

time between time steps in order to account for the time missing between measurements

to produce more accurate results. Care must be taken when using this process as the

results may not represent typical heating session. If a weather data file is used during a

time were the weather condition behaved to an extreme manner the results will be over or

under estimated. This can be avoided by averaging weather conditions over a period of

time. 30 years is the preferred length of time among engineers. But if the data for that

length of time is not available or too expensive to purchases a shorter period is

acceptable.

The above method will be used but with two changes the first change, no data files where

available so average temperature for a month will be used. The average temperature for each

month was calculated over a period of 30 years which makes it a reliable and accurate. The

second change, Since average temperature for the month is used only one steady state condition

will be calculated then converted into kW*h by dividing the results by 1000 to convert into kW

and then by the operational hours of the equipment to gain kW*h. Once this is achieved the

energy balance can be create and the investigation on how to improve the system can begin.

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2.3 Internal gains Internal gains are the heat gains in a building that come the following:

People give off heat when carry out an activity. The amount of heat released depends on

the level of activity the person is doing for a seated person it is said that they release

115W (ASHRAE Handbook 2005)2 of heat compared to when someone is working out in a

gym they give out 585W (ASHRAE Handbook 2005)2 of heat. The comparison above

shows how important it’s to select the right activity when including heat gains from

people as the wrong choice could have a serious impact on the results in fact the above

example shows if the wrong activity is picked the calculation will be off by a factor of

5.1. Another important factor to get right is the amount of people within the space

concerned. As the heat gain from people will be multiplied by all people within the space

will be included in the calculation.

Equipment within the building can contribute to internal heat gains mainly in office and

industry building. For domestic homes they usually not considered as they usually have a

small or no impact on the heating load. Heat gains from equipment can be found in

engineering documents and on the equipment manuals. Equipment such as computers and

data storage device or any device for keeping food cold should be included.

Lighting system in a building converts all electricity into heat. Heat gains from lights can

be found in engineering documents given in the form of watts per square meter. There is

a lot of potential in reducing the energy demand of a building from the lighting system by

installing more efficient lights and better controls.

2.4 Infiltration gains All building materials allow a certain amount of outside air to pass through it into the building.

Air also enters the building through gaps or cracks in the external structure of the building.

Where doors and window are fixed to the external wall air may pass through more easily around

gaps in frames of the doors and windows as they may have not be sealed correctly. The amount

of air passing through the frame and seals depends on the ability of the crafts man fitting the

doors and window. The infiltration through these gaps or cracks will differ from building to

building. This is mostly wind driven process but other factors may contribute to this such as air

pressure and difference in external and internal temperatures. Depending on wind direction and

wind velocity different parts of the building will experience different infiltration gains. This is

difficult to calculate or create a model to account for this. The only accurate way to gain accurate

results for infiltration rates is to do a pressure test. A pressure test on a building involves closing

all vents, opening in the external wall, external doors and external windows. Once this is done

one of the external doors is removed and an air tight device containing a fan is attached to where

the door was. The fan is than turn on blowing air into the building until the pressure in the

building reaches 50Pa. Once the pressure reaches 50Pa the fan shuts down and the time it takes

for the building to reach atmospheric pressure is used to calculate the infiltration rate of the

building. See figure 1 overleaf for an image of the equipment used.

2 Nonresidential cooling and heating load calculations ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals (ch. 30) (Atlanta GA:

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers) (2005)

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Figure 1 Air pressure test equipment. Source: Google images 3

2.5 Solar gains Solar gains come into the building in two forms.

Indirect this is where the solar gains that are reflected by an object and then entered the

building through a window.

Direct is where the solar gains enter the building from it source.

Solar gain are hugely impact by the size of the window according to one English study “Wall

glazing should not normally exceed 10% of the total external wall area for the optimise the solar

gains ”4

Solar gains can help to reduce the energy demand on the heating system but care must be taking

to prevent solar gain during summer months from overheating the building. A Compromise

between maximizing for solar gain during heating season and minimizing solar gains during the

cooling seasons must be made. Not all solar energy enters the building through the window some

is reflected or absorb by the window as seen figure 2 below:

Figure 2 Solar gains through the window. Source: Google images.5

3 Google images, Air pressure test equipment.

4 GPG 304 The designer’s guide to energy-efficient buildings , page 20.

5 Google images, Solar gains through the window.

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The amount solar energy reflected, transmitted and absorb by the glass will depend on the

properties of the glass which can be altered during the production stage of the glass to gain the

desired amount of solar energy been reflected, transmitted and absorb by the glass. This will

impact the designer choice of windows selected for any building project.

2.6 Thermal transmittance losses

Heat flows from the inside of the building through the buildings structures to the external

environment when the internal temperature is greater than the external temperature. As seen in

figure 3 below:

Figure 3 Heat loss due to heat transmittance through the building envelope. Source: Google images.6

Each element of the building structure will have a number of layers each with its own propose.

The number of layers and type will depend on a number of issues such as:

Which structure is being considered?

The design criteria of the structures has to meet.

The local weather climate.

Client’s opinion on how the external and internal surfaces should look like.

Whether the client wants a low or zero energy buildings or a building meeting current

building standards.

Thermal resistance of the materials used in the construction of the structure.

The width of the structure that the heat passes through.

The thermal resistance in each layer will add to the overall thermal resistance of the structure.

The amount of heat loss due to thermal transmittance losses will depend on the factor listed

above. The temperatures difference between the internal and external is one of the main factors

that affect thermal transmittance losses the larger the difference the greater the thermal

transmittance loss.

6 Google images, heat loss in a building.

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U-values are important factor when design a building as they will affect the size of heating and

cooling equipment. Also as U-values increase the infiltration rate is usually lowered as a result.

Designers must be careful as there is a point to where the cost of improvement to the thermal

resistance of a structure will outweigh the saving of energy. The point where you save the most

energy at the least cost is referred to as the cost optimal. U-values are calculate using the method

of how much resistance electrical resistors provide when in series or parallel in an electrical

circuit. This method of calculating is explained in more detail in section 3 step 4.

2.7 Ventilation This is the process of suppling fresh air into a building in order to remove containments, odours

and moisture. Ventilation rates for building can be found in engineering documents and will

differ depending on the type of building being considered. Poor ventilation rates may cause the

people occupying the building to experience poor thermal comfort and illness. Leading to

complaints to management about work conditions being poor. This can cause serious problems

for the designer and energy firms as it decrease profits on the project also could give the frim a

bad reputation if the problem not resolved in a proper and professional manner. There are two

types of ventilation:

1. Passive ventilation is where the ventilation is supplied by natural means without any

mechanically equipment. One example of such a system is opening in the walls such as

vents to allow air to enter the building and exist through an opening opposite the vent that

the air enters form. This process is wind driven or caused by the convection movement of

air due to difference in temperature between the internal temperatures and external

temperature of a building. An example of such a design can be seen in figure 4 overleaf

which uses the above factors to provide ventilation for a building. There are number of

solution to choice for passive ventilation but it is not important to go into greater details

as the basic technique is only needed in this project. The limitation of natural ventilation

is “In areas where openings are only on one wall, wind pressure ventilation will be

limited to a room depth of around 6 m. With openings on opposite walls, cross-

ventilation occurs and can be effective in areas up to 12 m wide. Similarly, stack effect

ventilation can be effective for horizontal distances up to 12 m between the wall opening

and roof opening. Most effective natural ventilation will be achieved by using a

combination of low-level openings (eg windows) and some at high level (eg roof vents)”7

7 GPG 303 The designer’s guide to energy-efficient buildings , page 76

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Figure 4 Example of passive ventilation. Source: Google images8

2. Mechanical ventilation is the use of mechanical equipment to supply or extract air needed

to maintain air quality to a predetermine level. It can be achieved by supply air into a

room causing a positive pressure or extract air from the room causing a negative pressure

in the room. The difference between positive and negative pressure in a room is the

negative pressure allows air form the adjoining rooms and external environment to enter

much more freely. In a positive pressure room the air is likely to enter an area with lower

pressure. Depending on the need of the room one of the above would be pick to best suit

the ventilation requirements of the room. An example of supply and extract system can

be seen in the figure 5 below:

+ Figure 5 Example of mechanical ventilation. Source: Google images.9

8 Google images, passive ventilation.

9 Google images, mechanical ventilation.

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Poor ventilation can have the following side effect on the building:

The removal of commitments not been effectively removed could cause sick building

syndrome. Where there a high number of people occupying the building getting sick but

there no one cause for it and can’t be easily fixed. Building related illness may occur as

well but in this case there in one main factor causing the illness and a lot easier to fix.

Bad odour in the building

A build-up of moisture causing the growth of harmful bacteria and dangerous organisms

in the building.

2.8 Heat recovery For building to be efficient it’s essential to recapture waste heat and utilize it again to lower the

energy demand on the energy systems. A heat recovery device is used to capture the waste heat.

The thermal wheel used here to explain how such a device operates. A thermal wheel is located

in the AHU of the building. The extract duct is located above the supply duct and as the thermal

wheel rotates it transfers heat from the extract duct to the supply duct. Exhaust air from rooms

with high contaminates may not be usable to pass through the thermal wheel as there’s a risk of

cross contamination. Exhaust air form toilets would be a good example of this. See figure 6 for a

diagram of how a thermal wheel operates. Each heat recover deceive operates in a similarly

manner but the method of recovery of the heat will differ.

Figure 6 Thermal wheel. Source: Google images.10

2.9 Passive design

Once the energy mapping and energy balance have been created it’s important to impalement

passive techniques were possible. Passive designs aim’s to take advantage of the natural rescores

available at the location of the building to reduce the energy requirements and the impacted of

the building energy systems has on the environment. It also uses orientation of the building to

lower the demand on the energy systems.

The following are examples of how the cool, heating load and the electricity needed for the

lighting system can be reduced:

Prevent solar gains enter the build by using plants that grow in the summer high enough

to prevent gains through windows and then cut them for winter to allow gains through the

window.

Using light wells to increase the amount of natural light entering the building.

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Google images, Thermal wheel.

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Allowing solar gains in during the heating period to decease the heat load on the heating

system.

Actuators are hydraulic mechanical devices that open windows to allow the correct

amount of air to enter the room for ventilation proposes.

Passive design is difficult to implement on building that have been built. As the orientation,

building elements and window size is already decided. But what can be done is change the

internal layout of the building to maximize on the passive design technique.

2.10 Creating or using a model When creating a model and carrying out simulations on the model it’s important to know the

difference of the two. A model is the mathematical representation of a physical energy system

and a simulation is using the parameters such as outside temperature, u-values and indoor air

temperature to name a few and entering the information into the model to gain results such as

energy demand for the year, size of heat emitter’s .Modelling can also be used to compare

different technologies to help the designer’s to choice the best energy system. There are a

number of modelling tools available to engineers today for example IDA ICE, modest and

reMIND. Care must be taking when using any modelling software packages as the limitations

must be known to the user to avoid problems with clients and projects. Simple models are often

more desired as complex model have higher risk of error and the cost tends be increase as the

complexity of the model increases. The amount of information needed to be inputted into the

model also increases with complexity.

2.11 Controls of the system Controls are used to maintain some conditions of a process or internal environment of a building

within acceptable levels which a designer would state. There are three basic control concepts:

1. There’s a set point which must be maintained for building one such condition would be

temperature. This is known as the controlled variable.

2. The second would be the variables that need to change in order to maintain the set point.

Changing the flow of hot water to a heat emitter is a good example of this. This is known

as the manipulated variable.

3. The factors that cause the controlled variable to vary from the set point are referred to as

disturbances. A chance in outdoor temperature is an example of this.

The most common type of controls used in industry is the PID controls. They are easy and cheap

to implement. Controls can be modelled and simulations to identify the best combination before

put to use. This increase the probability of the controls system performing to their best of their

ability. The PID controls is as follows:

Proportional (P): The error is detected by the sensor and the proportional control will

reply by trying to correct for the size of the error at that moment in time.

Integral (I): The errors are added over a period of time and the integral control acts

accordingly.

Derivative (D): The rate of change in the error is calculated and the derivative control

acts accordingly.

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The P and I control can act aggressively and cause an overshoot of the set point. This may mean

that it will take the system longer to reach the set point or not at all. When this occurs the system

osculates and unlikely to reach the set point.

There are two types of control systems that are used:

1. Feedback control: This is where a sensor measures the output from a process than sends a

signal to an error detector which measures the difference between the output

measurement and the set point. The error is then send to the feedback controller which

varies the manipulate variables to return the output back to the set point. Feedback

control is always negative to ensure the controlled variable returns to the set point. If a

positive feedback was used the difference in the set point and controlled variable would

increase. See figure 7 overleaf:

Figure 7 Feedback control. Source: Google images.11

2. Feedforward control: the disturbances in the system are measured before they affect the

controlled variable. The manipulate variable are than changed to keep the controlled

variable at the set point see figure 8 below:

Figure 8 Feedforward control. Source: Google Images12

The difference between the two are in the feedback control it’s correct an error that’s been made

where as in the feedforward it prevents an error from occurring.

11

Google images, feedback control. 12

Google images, feedforward control.

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2.12 Reference data This is where data for a given period of time such as outside temperature for the duration of a

heating session is used in a model in order to calculate energy usage of a building. Typically

weather seasons based on the location of the building are reliable and accurate to gain results.

However since averages temperatures over a thirty year period are available and more accurate to

calculate energy usage a reference temperature year will not be used. But the amount of

Saturday, Sunday and bank holiday in 2016-2015 heating period will be used as reference data.

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3. Method In order to gain results for this thesis a excel tool was created to produce results and visual aids

in explaining the outcomes of the simulations. Most of the information gathered for the data

input section will be needed in several calculations throughout the process. This makes excel a

more efficient way of gaining results. The steps taken to create the excel tool are listed below

along with the required information need to complete this paper.

1. Collect information on the energy system.

2. A list of data inputs Sheet had to be created. This would contain Information such as

indoor temperature, outdoor temperature for the different months etc as seen in figure 9

below. The image does not show all inputs but shows the basic layout of the input

spreadsheet. Also the months of September and may will be divided by 2 in all

calculations.

Figure 9 Screen shot of data inputs

3. The next step was to create the building envelope by using cad drawing to find the areas of

the walls, floor, ceiling, roofs, windows and doors.

4. If the u-values been given just enter the values in the required cells in the excel tool. If no

u-values or information given to calculate u values then standard u values for Swedish

buildings will be used as seen in table 1 below.

Table 1 Table of u-values13.

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European insulation manufactures association.

Room temperature (°C) 21

second level

Month Number of days Number of hours per month Operation time (hrsper month) Average temperature Wall 0.18

Sep 30 720 113 10.7 Door 3

Oct 31 744 188 5.3 window 2

Nov 30 720 181 0.9 Ceiling 0.13

Dec 31 744 198 -2.1 Floor 0.15

Jan 31 744 180 -5.1

Feb 28 672 181 -4.9

Mar 31 744 198 -2.2

Apr 30 720 180 3.3

May 31 744 86 8.7

Solar gains

Windows

oreniation Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May

N 900 470 200 80 130 340 730 1350 2350

NE 2200 1010 270 90 160 400 1720 3320 4460

NW 2200 1010 270 90 160 400 1720 3320 4460

E 3520 2110 840 350 550 1550 3050 4220 5130

W 3520 2110 840 350 550 1550 3050 4220 5130

SE 4820 3570 1910 1060 1440 2900 4520 5420 5840

S 6130 5620 3480 2030 2710 4880 6320 6390 5710

SW 4820 3570 1910 1060 1440 2900 4520 5420 5840

Correction factor 0.58 0.51 0.42 0.43 0.45 0.49 0.58 0.58 0.63

Outdoor temperature (°C) U-Value (W/M2/K-1)

Wall 0.18

Door 3

window 2

Ceiling 0.13

Floor 0.15

U-Value (W/M2/K-1)

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Windows u-values were given by the supervisor and the rest at EURIMA web-site.

But if the information to calculate the following formulas should be used to calculate u-

values:

To calculate u-values for layers in series use formula 1 to 414

below:

F1

𝑈 =1

𝑅𝑠𝑖 +𝑥1𝑘1

+𝑥2𝑘2

+𝑥3𝑘3

+ 𝑅𝑠𝑒

𝑈 = 𝑈 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 (𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾)

𝑅𝑠𝑖 = 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑚2𝐾/𝑊)

𝑥 = 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 (𝑚)

𝑘 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 (𝑊/𝑚𝐾)

𝑅𝑠𝑒 = 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑚2𝐾/𝑊) For structure with two or more layers in parallel use the following formula below:

F2

𝑅𝑇 =𝑅𝑈 + 𝑅𝐿

2

𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑚2𝐾/𝑊)

𝑅𝑈 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 (𝑚2𝐾/𝑊)

𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑚2𝐾/𝑊)

Before the total resistance can calculated the upper and lower resistance must be calculated by

the following formulas (F3 and F4):

F3

𝑅𝑙 = 𝑅𝑠𝑜 + 𝑅𝑛 + 𝑅𝑛 +1

𝑃𝑛

𝑃𝑛+

𝑃𝑛

𝑃𝑛

+ 𝑅𝑛 + 𝑅𝑠𝑖

𝑅𝑢 =1

𝑃𝑛

𝑅𝑠𝑜 + 𝑅𝑛 + 𝑅𝑛 + 𝑅𝑛 + 𝑅𝑠𝑖+

𝑃𝑛

𝑅𝑠𝑜 + 𝑅𝑛 + 𝑅𝑛 + 𝑅𝑛 + 𝑅𝑠𝑖

F4

𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑚2𝐾/𝑊)

𝑅𝑠𝑖 = 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑚2𝐾/𝑊)

𝑅𝑛 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 (𝑚2𝐾/𝑊)

𝑃𝑛 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 (𝑚2)

14

A guide to HVAC Building Services Calculations BSRIA Guide 30-2007,chp 3, page 21

19

𝑅𝑠𝑒 = 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑚2 𝐾/𝑊)

Once the u-values are obtained the next step is to calculate the heat loss through the building

structures by using formula 515

below and the table 2 for average temperatures for Gävle below

was used since no data for average temperatures could be found for Skutskär where the building

are located and Gävle being the nearest location with the data required. U-value (W/K/m2)

F5

Q = A ∗ U ∗ ∆T

Q = Heat loss (W)

A = Area ( 𝑚2 )

U = U-value (W/K/m2)

∆T = Difference in temperature (°C)

Table 2 Monthly average temperatures (°C)16

When the above and below calculations are completed the results will have to be converted into kWh by dividing by 1000 than multiply by the operation hours of the equipment and in case of the number of heat gains from people multiply by the opening hours of the building. Using the areas measured in step 2 for windows and information given by the supervisor for solar gains and both correction factors as seen in tables 3 to 5 over leaf calculate the solar gains using formula 617 below:

F6

𝑄𝑆𝑂𝐿 = 𝐴 ∗ 𝑆 ∗ 𝐶𝑆 ∗ 𝐶𝐴 𝑄𝑠𝑜𝑙 = 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 (𝑊ℎ𝑚2𝑑𝑎𝑦)

A= Window area (𝑚2) S= Solar gain W/𝑚2day

Cs= Correction factor for shading CA= Correction factor for absorption

15

CIBSE guide B: The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers Guide B, Heating, ventilating, air

conditioning and refrigeration chp1, pg 15, equ 1.3. 16 Klimatdata för Sverige, Statens institute för Byggnadslorskning. 17

Dwelling Energy Assessment Procedure manual, chp6, page 31.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Gävle -5.1 -4.9 -2.2 3.3 8.7 13.8 16.6 15.3 10.7 5.3 0.9 -2.15

Average temperature (˚C) for

a yearLocation

Monthly Average temperature (˚C)

20

Table 3 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏 (𝑾𝒉/𝒎𝟐/𝒅𝒂𝒚)18

Table 4 Calculation factors for windows according to cloudy days18

Table 5 Calculation factors for windows according to sun radiation18

Once the above result is calculated it is than multiplied by the number of day in that month.

18

Information given by the supervisor.

Latitude 60˚N

Month -180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150

0 130 130 160 550 1440 2360 2710 2360 1440 550 160 130

10 70 70 70 90 140 180 200 180 140 90 70 70

0 370 370 640 1550 2900 4280 4880 4280 2900 1550 640 370

10 340 340 400 1030 2240 3530 4020 4530 2240 1030 400 340

0 730 900 1720 3050 4520 5740 6320 5740 4520 3050 1720 900

10 710 730 1290 2460 3920 5290 5970 5290 3920 2460 1290 730

0 1350 1990 3320 4750 5850 6370 6410 6370 5850 4760 3320 1990

10 1170 1640 2810 4220 5420 6160 6390 6160 5420 4220 2810 1640

0 2350 3050 4460 5630 6150 5980 5730 5980 6150 5630 4460 3050

10 1840 2570 3910 5130 5840 5920 5710 5920 5840 5130 3910 2570

0 3210 3870 5320 6190 6350 5820 5460 5820 6350 6190 5230 3870

10 2420 3180 4570 5650 6070 5790 5430 5790 6070 5650 4570 3180

0 2830 3510 4910 5960 6280 5820 5580 5890 6280 5960 4910 3510

10 2270 3020 4410 5540 6050 5870 5560 5870 6050 5540 4410 3020

0 1700 2380 3720 5020 5850 6070 5970 6070 5850 5020 3720 2380

10 1400 2020 3240 4550 5520 5950 5940 5950 5520 4550 3240 2020

0 900 1230 2200 3520 4820 5760 6130 5760 4820 3520 2200 1230

10 880 1070 1930 3200 4530 5580 6080 5580 4530 3200 1930 1070

0 510 530 1010 2110 3570 4960 5620 4960 3570 2110 1010 530

10 470 480 650 1500 2850 4290 4870 4290 2850 1500 650 480

0 200 200 270 840 1910 3040 3480 3040 1910 840 270 200

10 160 160 160 300 990 1590 1810 1590 990 300 160 160

0 80 80 90 350 1060 1770 2030 1770 1060 350 90 60

10 40 40 50 60 90 120 130 120 90 60 50 40

N E S N

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Month Calculation factor

Jan 0.45

Feb 0.49

Mar 0.58

Apr 0.58

May 0.63

Jun 0.61

Jul 0.61

Aug 0.59

Sep 0.58

Oct 0.51

Nov 0.42

Dec 0.43

Window type U-value Calculation factor

1-glass, normally 5.4 0.9

2-glass, normally 2.9-3.0 0.8

3-glass, normally 1.9-2.0 0.72

Special glass 1.0-1.5 0.69

2-glass, energy glass 1.0-1.5 0.7

21

1. The internal gains from people, equipment and the lighting system have to be accounted

for. This was achieved by creating a spread sheet using tables below and over leaf that

give energy given off by people, equipment and the lighting systems were used at this

point in the calculation process. The day was broken down into one hours period’s. Than

two columns were create one for each of the gains below. One for the amount energy been

released and the other for the number of people or equipment. In the case of the lighting

system this differed slightly one column was for the energy released per meter squared

and the other for the area of the building. A survey of the building had to be carried out to

identify the equipment in each building using the table 6 below.

Table 6 Sheet to be used for inspection of building to record equipment in the building.

The data collect is then entered into the excel tool and using the IF function in excel if the time

period was greater than zero than the following calculation were to be completed.

Total

Total

Total

Total

Fluorescent triphoshor

Select lighting type

Other equipment:

Desktop

Lighting type Compact

fluorescent Metal halide

Small Desktop

Desktop size Count the equipment using the space below

Copier size Count the equipment using the space below

Desktop

Office

Small office

Large office

Small desktop

Desktop

16-18 inch

Printer size Count the equipment using the space below

Count the equipment using the space below

13-15 inch

Date of inspection

Monitors size

Equipment in building

Name of building Address of building

Inspector of building

22

For equipment and people use formula 719

below:

F7

𝑄 = 𝑞𝑒 ∗ 𝑛

𝑄 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 (𝑊)

𝑞𝑒 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 (𝑊)

𝑛 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

Values for heat released by equipment and people carrying out different activities can be found

in the tables 7 to 12 below and overleaf.

Table 7 Values for heat given off for different PC sizes . Source: 20Wilkins C K and Hosni M (2000)

Table 8 Values for heat given off for different monitors sizes . Source: 20Wilkins C K and Hosni M (2000)

Table 9 Values for heat given off for different copiers sizes. Source: 20Wilkins C K and Hosni M (2000)

Table 10 Values for heat given off for different printers sizes . Source: 20Wilkins C K and Hosni M (2000)

19

Course notes from CIT: Building Thermal Dynamic Analysis, Fergus Delaney. 20

Wilkins C K and Hosni M H 2000: Wilkins C K and Hosni M H Heat gain from office equipment ASHRAE J. 42

(6) 33 (June 2000).

Nature of value FOR PCS

Total rate of heat

emission (W)

Average 55

Conservative 65

Highly conservative 75

Monitor size

Total reate of heat

emission (W)

Small (13-15 inch) 55

Medium (16-18 inch) 70

Large (19-20 inch) 80

Copier size Heat Emissions (W)

Desktop copier 20

Office Copier 300

Printer Size Heat Emissions (W)

Small Desktop 10

Desktop 35

Small office 70

Large office 125

23

Table 11 Values of heat released by people doing different activities. Source 21 ASHRAE Handbook 2000

For lighting use the formula (F8)22

:

(F8) 𝑄 = 𝑞𝑙 ∗ 𝐴

𝑄 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 (𝑊)

𝑞𝑙 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 (𝑊/𝑚2)

𝐴 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑚2) Heat gains from different lighting equipment can be found in table 12 below.

Table 12 Values given for different lamp types and lux levels. Source: Code for Lighting 200423

21

Nonresidential cooling and heating load calculations ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals (ch. 30) (Atlanta GA:

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers) (2005) 22

Course notes from CIT: Building Thermal Dynamic Analysis, Fergus Delaney. 23

Code for Lighting (London: Society of Light and Lighting)-2004

Degree of acticity

Total rate of heat

emission for adult

male (W)

Steated at theated 115

Steated,very light work 130

Moderate office work 140

Standing , light work :walking 160

Sedentary work: Restaurant 145

Light bench work: Factory 235

Moderate dancing 265

Walking: light machine work:Factory 295

Bowling 440

Heavy work: Factory 440

Heavy machine work: Factory: lifting 470

Athletics 585

24

2. The energy loss due to infiltration is calculated using the following steps and formulas F9

to F1124

below.

Step 1: Calculate surface area of the internal structures and volume of the building using

these formulas.

F9

𝑆 = (2 ∗ (𝑊 + 𝐿) ∗ 𝐻) + (𝐿 ∗ 𝑊)

𝑆 = 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑚2)

𝑊 = 𝑊𝑖𝑑ℎ𝑡 (𝑚) 𝐿 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝑚)

𝐻 = 𝐻𝑖𝑒𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝑚)

𝑉 = 𝐿 ∗ 𝑊 ∗ 𝐻

𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑚3)

𝐿, 𝑊 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒

Step 2 is using the information form the step 1 to calculate the air infiltration rate for the

building using the formula (F10) below:

F10

𝐼 =1

20∗

𝑆

𝑉∗

𝑄50

𝑆

𝐼 = 𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝐴𝐶𝐻−1)

𝑆 = 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑚2 )


𝑄50

𝑆= 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 (

𝑚3

ℎ)

Step 3 Use the results from the previous steps to calculate the heat loss from infiltration

by using the formula below:

F(11)

𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 1

3∗ 𝐼 ∗ 𝑉 ∗ ∆𝑇

𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑊)

𝐼 = 𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝐴𝐶𝐻−1)

∆𝑇 = 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 (°C)


3. Heat loss from ventilation. The air flow in the AHU must be measured using an multi-

function anemometers. The below image shows an matrix of measurements in a AHU.

Four holes are drilled into the side of the duct equally spaced apart and at each hole four

measurements are taking to from a matrix of measurements as seen in the figure 10

overleaf.

24

CIBSE TM 23 2000 : The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers TM 23 testing building for air

leakage 2000,ISBN 1903287103

25

Figure 10: Matrix of measurements in the AHU. Source: google images.25

The purpose of this is to gain accurate results as the air flow through the duct differs

across the area of the duct. The results are than averaged and the results are then used in

formula 1226

below to calculate the heat loss due to ventilation can be calculated.

F12

𝐻𝑣 = (1 −𝛽

100) ∗ 𝐶𝑝 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑄𝑣 ∗ (𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜)

Hv = Heat loss from ventilation (W)

Cp= Specific heat capacity (J/kg K)

ρ= Mass density (kg/m3)

Qv = volumetric flow rate (m3/s)

Ti= Temperature inside (°C)

To= Temperature outside (°C)

β= Hear recovery efficiency (%)

4. Gather bills for cold water for one heating session. Form the bills calculate the total

amount of cold water used in the building of interest than using this figure estimate the hot

water usage for non-heating proposes by using the following formula 1327

:

F13

𝑄𝐻𝑊 =1

3∗ 𝑞 ∗ 1.16 ∗ ∆𝑇

𝑄𝐻𝑊 = 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑘𝑊ℎ)

𝑞 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑(𝑚3

ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)

∆𝑡 = 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 (°C)

5. Adjust excel tool to exclude Saturdays, Sunday and bank holidays by using the heating

session of 2015-2016 as a reference.

6. Once the excel tool is created the data must be enter into the model once all relevant data

is enter the model will produce the results. All calculations are the same for each building.

25

Google images, Matrix of measurements in the AHU 26

www.engineeringtoolbox.com. heat loss. 27

Formula giving by supervisor.

26

7. Create an energy balance using the results from the previous steps.

8. Using the energy balance investigate areas where improvements can be carried out to

improve on energy usage of all three building.

9. Carry out a visual inspection to determine whether improvements can be made in the

following areas:

Insulation on pipes and ducts.

Fix holes, gaps and cracks on the envelope of the building.

If maintenance can be improved on the equipment.

The following is a list of engineering documents and software package used to complete this

paper:

1. Microsoft word and excel

2. Documents given by the supervisor Roland Forsberg.

3. The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers Guide A- Environmental design

(CISBE Guide A- Environmental design)

4. The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers Guide F- Energy efficiency in

buildings (CIBSE Guide F- efficiency in buildings)

The following instruments were used:

1. Multi-function anemometers: To measure air velocity in side duct.

2. Digital capture hood: to measure air velocity from supply or extract diffuser.

3. Architectural scale rulers to measure lengths and heights of wall, windows and door on

cad drawings.

The following word key words or phrases were used to search for information using google:

Energy mapping.

Infiltration heat losses.

Ventilation heat losses.

Air exchange rates for buildings.

Wind speed and direction for Gävle.

Insulation suppliers in Sweden.

Energy benchmarks for building in Sweden.

The following assumption was made in order to complete the thesis:

1. The heating session is from the start of the 3rd

week of September to end of the 2nd

week

of May.

2. Heat loss calculation for one month due to transmittance is consent for each month.

3. Solar gains calculated for one day remains consent throughout a given month.

4. The velocity of air in the ducts remains consent all year round.

5. Temperature in the buildings is set at 21 for the winter months.

6. Internal gains calculated for a day remains consent for the enter heating session.

7. Equipment such as printers, PCs photocopiers are assumed to be on idle.

8. Equipment in the office excluding the heating system will only operate during the building

occupancy time.

9. Swing in temperatures and gains are not included in the model.

10. No smoking in buildings which would decrease the demand on the ventilation system.

27

11. An extra 15% Heat loss for roofs should be added because of heat loss due to radiation to

space. As advised by the supervisor.

12. Since there no heating in the basement or the attic this means this spaces will be treated as

unheated spaces which means they will be the same temperature as the outside air.

13. The air leakage index will be assumed to be 5 m3h

28.

14. The AHU supplies air to meet all room with efficient clean air to maintain good air quality

including the toilets so there’s no need to measures the extract fans in toilets.

.

28

CIBSE TM 23 2000 : The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers TM 23 testing building for air

leakage 2000,ISBN 1903287103.

29

4. Process and results Go to the flow chart in appendix B to see a visual representation of the energy systems. It shows

that all the heat required for the building comes from the heat pump and district heating system.

The use of heat exchanger helps to reduce the load on the heat pump and district heating system.

The thermal wheel lowers the need for heating in the AHU by using the heat form the exhaust

duct to heat the air in the supply duct. The hot water return from duct is than heated up again by

the use of the heat exchanger and used for hot water in the building.

4.1 Skutskärs Vårdcentral, Folktandvården building

Once all information was gather and the tool competed the following results were obtained. All

inputs can be found in appendix C for the results and calculations of this section. The formula

below was used at first to calculated heat loss due to infiltration but once results were obtained it

could be seen that this formula was not suitable or accurate enough for this thesis. There are

many formula out there to calculate the heat loss due to infiltration and may take trial and error

before finding a suitable one if no pressure test been carried out. After searching and reading

many engineering documents the method descried in the method section of this report see step 7

pages 14 and 15 was the best without having a pressure test for the building. Care must be taking

when this method is used by the person carry out the calculations as the results may

underestimate or overestimate the results.

𝐻𝑖 = 𝑐𝑝 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑛 ∗ 𝑣 ∗ (𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜)

Hi = Heat loss from infiltration (W)

Cp= specific heat capacity (J/kg K)

ρ= Mass density (kg/m3)

n= Number of air changes per hour

v= Volume (m3)

Ti= Temperature inside (°C)

To= temperature outside (°C)

Once the first simulation was completed the total gains and losses are were 1068510265 kWh

per heating session which is too high for the building size.

By rechecking the calculation it was discovered that the results were calculated in kWs once this

was notice it was easy to covert the results to kWh using the excel tool instead of calculating the

kW by the number of seconds in a heating session it should be calculated by the number of hours

the equipment is operational in a heating session.

Even thou the calculation were extremely high the results for the energy balance can be used to

see if any results is unusual as the same mistake was made in all calculation. The energy balance

was as expected except for the results for solar gains were far below to what was expected.

While inspecting the solar gains excel sheet used to calculate the solar gains it was discovered

that the kW was added instead of kWh explaining why it only made up less than 1% of the total

gains.

30

Once the errors were corrected in the excel tool graph 1 below. The above results were 99.97%

too high for the building and the solar gains now accounted for 7.56% of the total gains.

Graph 1 Energy balance of heat gains and losses.

Table 13 Heat gains and losses expressed as percentages.

Graph 1 above shows the energy gains and losses in kWh. Table 13 above show the heat input

and heat losses expressed as percentages of the total inputs and losses of each at 343648 kWh.

By calculating the energy usage per m2 and comparing the results with energy benchmarks of

building of similar types. According to study by the CISBE F29

building of the same type to be

consider as good practise should use around 74kWh/m2. With a result of 77.53 kWh/m

2 the

building can be consider to be designed at good practise as described in the document.

From table 13 and graph 2 above it can be seen that the heat loss by transmittance has the losses

at 52.47%. With the help of the graph 2 overleaf the elements with the highest heat loss can be

identified. This is where the investigation should start on whether the energy usage can be

reduced as it’s the area where the heat loss is the greatest. The main way of decreasing the heat

loss by transmittance is by adding more insulation to the building envelope. It is also the

cheapest option as the other option is to add or replace a lay that makes up the building envelope.

29

CISBE F : The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers Guide F Table 20.1 page 20-2

Heat loss as a percentage Heat Input as a percentage

52.47% 55.07%

28.87% 34.06%

12.71% 10.86%

5.95%

Sloar gains

Heat loss due to ventilation

Heat loss due to inflitration

Hot water

Heat input

Internal heat gains

Heat losses

Heat loss due to transmittence Heat input by district heating

31

Graph 2 Heat losses expressed as a percentage through the building elements.

The ceiling and floor have the highest levels of heat loss. Reducing heat loss through the ceiling

is easy done by adding more insulation to the attic. To reduce the heat loss through the floor

proves to be of a difficult task. From my experience working on building suits and from past

calculations for other projects there’s rarely a good, reliable and cost effective and this is why

this area not investigated as part of this thesis.

The next area to look at is the windows as it the second highest. Again from my experience

working on building suits and from past calculations for other projects. There little gains in terms

of reducing energy in replacing window with better U-values when the current window are

efficient and to current building standards. The payback period would also be would take to

much time due to the cost of buying and installing the new windows. Windows should only be

replaced if they poor of quality and if they don’t meet current building standards. This is also

true for new doors.

This leaves the wall and the main way of decreasing the heat loss by transmittance is by adding

more insulation to the wall. It has a good payback period and easily to install without affecting

the day to day running of the building.

The second area to look at is the ventilation which accounts for 28.87% of the heat loss. Since

the AHU system is only suppling fresh air and not heating upgrading the control system may be

the only solution available here as the amount of air to keep the air at acceptable levels is small.

A control system with sensors that detects CO2 levels in the room and supply air to kept CO2

levels to a predetermine level would be an ideal solution. As CO2 levels in a room is a good

indicator of air quality. Graph 3 over leaf shows the variation of heat loss due to ventilation.

32

Graph 3 Heat loss due to ventilation.

It can be seen that the heat loss due to ventilation increase up to January where it’s the highest

and starts to decline.

The third are is air infiltration losses this can be improvement are achieved by the same methods

for reducing energy loss by transmittance. A visual inspection should be carried out to find hole

or cracks in the building envelope and sealed if any are found.

The final area where improvements can be made is the hot water consumption for non-heating

proposes such as washing hand etc. This can be difficult to achieve as people personal habits

when they use hot water or cold can be wasteful and hard to get they to be more efficient when

using hot or cold water.

The solar gains are also important to consider. The solar gains for this building is low for this

building only accounting for 10.86% of the total gains. The following reasons are why it’s so:

1. The buildings are located in Sweden which sees very little daylight in the winter months.

2. The correct factors in the calculation half’s the solar gains for most month.

3. Table 14 below shows that amount of solar gains for windows facing north is 14.68% of

the solar gains entering the south facing windows. This has a great impact on reducing

the solar heat gains as 28.05% of windows are facing north. Similar reduction are seen

the further away from south the windows faces.

4. The window area accounts for 10 % of the external envelope as explained in section 2.5

of this report this glass area optimise the solar gains best.

33

Table 14 Total window area orientation expressed as a percentage.

Graph 4 below shows how the solar gains vary to the time of the year. The lowest gains are from

the months of October to February. And the highest from March to September. Note that only

half the month is calculated for the months of September and May

.

Graph 4 Monthly solar gains

It can be seen by the graph 5 over leaf that the lighting system is the main source of heat for the

internal gains supplying 84.27% of the internal gains and people being the second suppling

8.37% and the reminder by the equipment in the building.

Orentation Area (%)Solar gains for sep

(Wh/m2/day )

Percentage of solar

gain compared to

south (%)

N 28.05% 900 14.68%

NE 4.88% 2200 35.89%

NW 0.00% 2200 35.89%

E 21.95% 3520 57.42%

W 21.95% 3520 57.42%

SE 0.00% 4820 78.63%

S 23.17% 6130 100.00%

SW 0.00% 4820 78.63%

34

Graph 5 Internal gain expressed as percentage.

4.2 Library Once the inputs in appendix D were entered into the model the following results were produced.


35


No new insights here as the results are similar to the Skutskärs Vårdcentral, Folktandvården

building but for the following difference:

1. The energy usage is 94339 kWh/m2. When compared to the benchmark the library uses

19.17 kWh/m2

less. One main reasons is the heat required by the ventilation system is

small. The library has less occupancy and floor area than Skutskärs Vårdcentral,

Folktandvården building reducing load for the heating system greatly.

2. Heat loss by ventilation is half of what it is for Skutskärs Vårdcentral, Folktandvården

building. The building need less air to ventilate the building since less people and less

pollutes are create in the building.

3. Solar gains also has a larger impacted on the energy system. The main reason for this is

the larger surface area that the windows have in the building envelope.

4. Graph 7 below shows only shows a slight difference in percentages. This is due to

different areas for the elements in the building such as floor, ceilings, doors, window and

the walls.

5. Heat loss for ventilation and solar gains graph will not be produced for all building as

they will following the same pattern in graphs 3 and 4.

6. The internal gains in graph 8 also follow a similar pattern as graph 5.

Graph 7 Heat losses expressed as a percentage through the building elements


71.59% 53.81%

10.95% 30.97%

11.24% 15.23%

6.23%

Sloar gains



Hot water

Heat input

Internal heat gains

Heat losses


36


4.3 Centralgatan 12 building Once the inputs in appendix E were entered into the model the following results were produced.


37


The total heat gains and losses amount to 228797 kWh each in graph 9. When the heating input

is calculated and compared to the energy benchmark the results are similar to that in the

Skutskärs Vårdcentral, Folktandvården building. For the Centralgatan 12 building it was

calculate that the heating system required 69.88 kWh/m2 to heat the building.

Graph 10 below shows that the window has the greatest heat loss this due to a larger window

area when compared to the other building. Also the U-value is far greater the other structures in

the building the door being the exception. It is also important to note that the reason for the door

been the lowest source of heat due to transmittance is because it has the lowest area in all three

buildings.

Graph 10 Heat losses expressed as a percentage through the building elements.

Graph 11 overleaf shows an increase in heat gains from the people doubled and equipment rose

slightly when compared to the other buildings.



61.62% 44.85%

19.36% 28.89%

6.81% 26.27%

12.22%

Sloar gains



Hot water

Heat input

Internal heat gains

Heat losses


38

4.4 Energy balance for all three building.


Graphs 1, 6 and 9 the heat input is estimated by adding all heat loss and subtracting the

internal gains and solar gains. The heat input from the heating system should be calculated

using energy bills for each building but energy bills showing all three buildings combined

hot water usage was only available.( Note: The months of June, July and August in the Hot water bill were

added to the combined building hot water consumption as no heating is required in the summer months meaning for those

months the heating system only supplies hot water and should be added to heat loss due to hot water consumption. the

calculation is: (combined hot water consumption for all three buildings +June + July + August = total hot water usage for

the year)= (54273+13210+8820+8801= 85104 )).As seen in Appendix F This is why in graph 9 all the

heat losses and gains from the three buildings are combined to produce the energy balance

for all three buildings and the heat input from the heating calculated using the energy bills.

The method for calculating heat loss due to infiltration also changes since the total heating

input is now know. The heat loss due to infiltration can now be calculated by adding all the

gains and the subtracting the heat losses that have been calculated.


Table 17 above shows an increase in heat loss due to infiltration by 54.62% and an increase

in heat input by the heating by 25.17% when compare to the estimate method. The increase

to heat input by the heating system may be a result of the lower outside temperatures than

Calculated method Difference in results

kWh

Heat loss due to infiltration 153973

Heat input by heating system 457874

Estimated method

69877

342626

kWh %

54.62%

25.17%

39

the ones used to estimate the heat input for graphs 1, 6 and 9. Also infiltration gains are

difficult to estimate may be high than those calculated in graphs 1, 6 and 9.

4.5 Visual inspection A visual inspection was carried out on all three building the following findings and photos are

the outcome of the inspections:

The equipment in the plants room are maintained at a high standard see figure 11 below.

Figure 11 Picture of an AHU in a plant room.

No cracks, holes or gaps could be found on the external structures of the wall see

figures12 to 17.

Figure 12 Picture of Vårdcentral and Folktandvården building.

40




41

Figure 16 Picture of the Library building buildings.

Figure 17 Picture of the Library building buildings.

No pictures of the Centralgatan 12 building are given as they are of the same building type as the

ones above and maintain to the same quality.

4.6 Improvements Now that the energy balance has been created an investigation was carried out to identify areas

where improvements can be made to decrease the energy usage in the buildings concerned in this

report.

As the windows are to current standards there is no need to replace them with more energy

efficient window as the payback period would not be fast enough. The doors are also to current

standards and also each door has an air lock limiting the amount of external cold air entering the

building making it unnecessary to replace them with more energy efficient doors

The following solutions are focused on improving the heat lost by transmittance and lowering

the internal temperature when the building not in use:

Solution 1

The following product was added to the inside lay to improve the external walls u-value

Kooltherm® K17 Insulated Plasterboard. Table 18 below was calculated taking into account of

42

the u-value of an 10 mm plasterboard and the insulation at different widths. Ceiling insulation

was also added to improve the thermal performance of the ceiling. The product used for this was

rock wool produced by Kingspan.

Table 18 Reduction of heat loss for different widths of insulation

As the table shows as the thickness increase and thermal conductivity reduces the heat loss

reduces as a result. Form a pure energy efficient point of view the insulation level of 80mm

should be picked.

Solution 2

The ceiling improvement remains the same. The difference here is the insulation is added to the

external side of the wall. Again the insulation width was varied to calculate the energy savings of

the different widths available for the product.

Table 19 Reduction of heat loss for different widths of insulation

As both width and the resistance value increases the heat loss due to transmittance deceases.

Again from an energy efficient point of view the solution with the best reduction in heat is

desirable.

Thickness

Insulation

Thermal

conductivity U-value

Improvement on

transmittance as a

percentage

Improvement on

total heat loss as a

percentage

mm W/m·K W/m2·K % %

25 0.021 0.136346276 9.21% 4.41%

30 0.021 0.132059186 9.65% 4.62%

40 0.021 0.12424594 10.46% 5.01%

50 0.02 0.115689981 11.35% 5.43%

60 0.02 0.109363831 12.01% 5.75%

70 0.02 0.103693663 12.60% 6.03%

80 0.02 0.098582474 13.13% 6.29%

Width of

insulation

(mm)

Insultation

Resistences value

(W/(m2K))

new wall u-value

(W/(m2K))

Improvement on heat loss

by transmittance as a

percentage

Improvement on total

heat loss as a

percentage

20 0.8 0.15734 7.03% 3.36%

25 1.05 0.15139 7.64% 3.66%

30 1.3 0.14587 8.22% 3.93%

35 1.5 0.14173 8.65% 4.14%

40 1.7 0.13783 9.05% 4.33%

45 2.1 0.13062 9.80% 4.69%

50 2.35 0.12649 10.23% 4.90%

55 2.6 0.12262 10.63% 5.09%

60 2.85 0.11897 11.01% 5.27%

65 3.05 0.11620 11.30% 5.41%

70 3.3 0.11292 11.64% 5.57%

75 3.55 0.10982 11.96% 5.73%

80 3.8 0.10689 12.27% 5.87%

43

Solutions 3

When the building is not occupied there no need for the heating system to operate at full

capacity. Lowering the internal temperature can have significant energy savings. The excel tool

was modify to calculate the energy saving from lower the internal temperature when the building

was not in use. At first the temperature was lowered to 17°C and a 10.95% reduction in energy

consumption of the heating system was achieved. The second temperature tested was 15°C

which a 16.82% reduction in energy consumption by the heating system was achieved.

Solution 4

By attaching a reflective panel at the back of radiators reduces the energy loss through the wall

behind the radiators by reflecting the energy back into the room and into the radiator keeping the

working fluid hotter making the radiator more efficient. “Heat loss behind the radiators can be

reduce by 45% and panels pay for themselves within a year”30

. An example of such a panel can

be seen overleaf in figure 18.

Figure 18 Reflective panel30

30

http://www.radflek.com/

45

5. Discussion

Älvkarlebyhus can be proud that the building in this thesis releases no CO2 or other harmful

greenhouse gases as the greenhouses gases released from the production of the district heating

system and electricity suppliers are taken into account by the suppliers of these energy sources.

Making the buildings environmentally friendly.

On review of the calculation for heating required for ventilation. The 80 % efficiency for rotating

heat exchanger maybe too high and the typical value of 70 % should have been used to make the

calculations more accurate.

The results gained for the energy balance for each building was as expected. The gains and

losses in all three building followed the same pattern and changed depending on the difference in

areas of the structures of the building, the use of the building determined the internal gains and

the orientation of the building has an significant impact on solar gains. The time of year also

affected the heat gains and losses. The solar gains decreased to the months up to December and

started to increase starting in January. Where the losses are at the highest from December to

February with little difference between the months.

When comparing the results with the English energy benchmarks its important to remember that

the climate is a lot warmer in England when compared to the climate in Sweden for the same

time of year. This means the author had to make allowance in the comparisons to account for

this.

The estimate method for calculating the energy input is acceptable if no data is available for the

calculated using energy bills.

The best choice of the first two solutions on improving the energy usage in the building will

depend on quotes giving by suppliers and installers required to carry out the work. The payback

period should ideally be at most four years to make it profitable and worth the effort for the

company. Both solutions have the advantage and disadvantages which are listed below:

Solution1 the advantage of this is the external brick work remains seen which enhances

the building visual appearance of the building. The main disadvantage is the work will

be carried out inside the building which is in operation. As the work is been done the day

to day operations of these building will be affected. The library daily operation will be

less impacted as it’s has large open area and less visitors compared to by Skutskärs

Vårdcentral, Folktandvården building and Centralgatan 12 building have which have

many small rooms and more visitors on a daily basis.

Solution 2 main advantage is that it can be carried out without interfering with the daily

operation of the building concerned. The main disadvantage is that it will cover the brick

work so the finish product must be to high standard visually. There may also be some

locally restrictions that might make this solution not suitable because of the brick work.

Solution 3 should be cheap and easily to implement. Care must be taking when selecting

a lower temperature when the building is unoccupied as the pre heating time will

increase as the internal building temperature decreases. Also if the internal temperature

is lowered to far the building may not reach temperature’s consider to be comfortable

when the building is occupied.

46

Solution 4 Cheap and easily to implement. Anyone can install this panels.

A software package like IDA ICE could have been used to model the building and it’s energy

consumption but giving the time restrained and the limited knowledge by the author of the

software it was decided to create a model in excel. Creating the excel tool is a cheap, effective

and fast way to produce results and once created can be used for other buildings as well. Since

the excel tool was created the limitation and method for calculating the energy balance for the

building are known to the user. Also the user knows the necessary use of rule of thumbs and

simplification needed in order to make the model work. Once the simulation has been carried out

for the buildings in question any changes to the structure or the energy system can easily

modified in the excel tool and results can be gained quickly and a comparison made between the

two.

The strengths of work are:

Errors can be easily fixed without the need to redo all calculations by hand.

A visual representation of the results can be easily create in excel with the use of create a

graph function in Microsoft excel.

The instruments used to measure airflow were calibrated recently so if the devices were

used correctly the results should be accurate.

The excel tool create in excel for this thesis can be used again for other buildings. Offices

large and small would be able to freely use the tool since its made in Microsoft excel and

every office has the Microsoft office package.

The limitations of the work are:

The author was not experienced in using the tools to measure air flows in the AHU which

may cause errors in the calculation of the heat loss due to ventilation and the extract fans.

Heat gains due to equipment to the medical centre could not be calculated more

accurately because no information on the heat emit by the medical equipment could be

found so information on office equipment was used instead. Where the author had no

idea of what the equipment was or how often it is used it was not included in the

calculation.

The master’s thesis was carried out during the summer making it difficult to gain

information needed for the thesis as Swedish people tend to take all there holidays in

summer.

Assumption made and rule of thumb used decreased the accuracies of the results when

used instead of calculating the results. But the information to calculate the results may

have not been available.

Information given by the supervisor was in Swedish as the author has poor Swedish this

increases the probability of the misuse of information creating errors in the calculations.

47

The author and supervisors not speaking the same native language increased the risk of

misunderstanding between the two.

49

6. Conclusions

As the results show it is important to select a time of year to base the calculation on when sizing

equipment for a building heating or cooling system as the time of year will have great impact on

the results. If chosen wrong the heating system may be under sized and lead to discomfort in the

building. It also shows that u-values and structure area are both important factors in calculating

heat loss by transmittance. As a poor u-value with low structure area still can be the main factor

of heat loss as seen from windows in graph 10.

A combination of solution 3 with either solution 1 or 2 would be suited to reduce the energy

consumption of all three buildings. As cost for materials and labour for solution 1 and 2 could

not be found from Swedish companies so no advice to which solution for the Älvkarlebyhus

management can be made. The surface areas for both the floor and the external wall for the three

buildings can be found in appendix E that can be used to get quotes from suitable companies.

No other areas apart from solution three are suggested to improve on by the findings in this

report. An investigation into whether the control system for the lighting, heating and the

ventilation system can be upgraded to the energy usage of the system should be carried out.

The author does not have the required knowledge to model such control system and see how

much energy could be saved. The same should be done for lowering the internal temperature of

the building. As the author knows the theory behind this method the limitations of lowering the

temperature is unknown and therefore unable to recommend a suitable temperature. Pre heat up

time to get the internal temperature back up to acceptable levels would have to be calculating to

avoid discomfort in the mornings and the heating system operating poorly. Which the author has

limited knowledge and again the work should be carried out with someone that has the

experience with this type of work.

Since the heating and lighting systems run off electricity if the electricity can be generated by a

renewable technology the cost of supplying electricity would decrease significantly depending

on the generation capacity of the renewable technology installed. There are two suitable

renewable technology options first being wind turbine and second being PV panels there would a

vast improvement on the cost of energy usage of the buildings if installed. Since Älvkarlebyhus

manage a few other properties in the area they too may benefit.

A feasibility study should be carried out to determine whether PV panel or wind turbines could

supply electricity to Älvkarlebyhus properties. To create a model for the PV panels software

programme like T-SOL should be used and for the wind turbine once accurate average winds

speeds are located the power output can be easily estimate using by creating a model in

Microsoft excels and should be able to give all the information on whether the wind turbine is

feasible.

The Advantages and disadvantages for PV panels and wind turbines are listed below:

PV advantages:

In the summer months when the heating not required the electricity could be used for the

lighting systems. As the building opening hours are during the day this makes it possibly.

The roofs of the building are faces south which the best position to maximise solar

energy is.

50

Once operational the fuel source is free.

PV disadvantages:

High capital cost.

Low efficiency.

Roof structure may not be able to support the weight of the amount of PV required.

Large roof area needed.

Doesn’t operate at night time.

Intermitted fuel source.

Wind turbines advantages:

Fuel source free when operational.

High efficiency when compared to PV panels.

Wind turbines disadvantages:

Wind turbines are considered to be an eyesore.

Finding a location to place the wind turbine.

The local people may not want a wind turbine close to their homes.

Intermitted fuel source.

High capital cost.

.

51

7. References

1. Ref GPG 303 The designer’s guide to energy-efficient buildings, page 6.

2. (ASHRAE Handbook 2005) : Nonresidential cooling and heating load calculations

ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals (ch. 30) (Atlanta GA: American Society of Heating,

Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers) (2005).

3. Google images, Air pressure test equipment.

4. GPG 304 The designer’s guide to energy-efficient buildings , page 20.

5. Google images, Solar gains through the window.

6. Google images, heat loss in a building.

7. GPG 303 The designer’s guide to energy-efficient buildings , page 76.

8. Google images, passive ventilation.

9. Google images, mechanical ventilation.

10. Google images, Thermal wheel.

11. Google images, Feedback control.

12. Google images, feedforward control.

13. European insulation manufactures association.

14. A guide to HVAC Building Services Calculations BSRIA Guide 30-2007,chp 3, page 21.

15. CIBSE guide B: The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers Guide B,

Heating, ventilating, air conditioning and refrigeration chp1, pg 15, equ 1.3.

16. Klimatdata för Sverige, Statens institute för Byggnadslorskning.

17. Dwelling Energy Assessment Procedure manual, chp6, page 31. 18. Information given by the supervisor.

19. Course notes from CIT: Building Thermal Dynamic Analysis, Fergus Delaney.

20. Wilkins C K and Hosni M H 2000: Wilkins C K and Hosni M H Heat gain from office

equipment ASHRAE J. 42 (6) 33 (June 2000).

21. (ASHRAE Handbook 2005) : Nonresidential cooling and heating load calculations

ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals (ch. 30) (Atlanta GA: American Society of Heating,

Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers) (2005).

22. Course notes from CIT: Building Thermal Dynamic Analysis, Fergus Delaney.

23. Code for Lighting 2004: Code for Lighting (London: Society of Light and Lighting)-2004.

24. CIBSE TM 23 2000 : The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers TM 23

testing building for air leakage 2000,ISBN 1903287103.

25. Google images, Matrix of measurements in the AHU

26. www.engineeringtoolbox.com. heat loss.

27. Formula giving by supervisor.

28. CIBSE TM 23 2000 : The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers TM 23

testing building for air leakage 2000,ISBN 1903287103

29. CISBE F : The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers Guide F Table 20.1

page 20-2.

30. http://www.radflek.com.

http://www.radflek.com/

53

8. Appendices

8.1 Appendix A: Areas to be used for quotes.

Table 20 Areas to be used for quotes.

External wall Ceiling and floor Windows Doors

Skutskärs Vårdcentral,

Folktandvården1279.71 2441.04

170.13 70.85

Library 382.38 999.17 69.84 19.8

Centralgatan 12 888.87 1468.23 232.37 39.82

Sructure (m2)Building

54

8.2 Appendix B: Flow chart

55

8.3Appendix C: Inputs and calculations for Skutskärs Vårdcentral, Folktandvården

building.

Table 21 Area of building envelope and orientation

Orientation Structure Area (m2)

N Wall 316.7586

NE Wall 13.9773

NW Wall 0

E Wall 241.5201

W Wall 208.7766

SE Wall 0

S Wall 498.6813

SW Wall 0

N Windows 47.7204

NE Windows 8.2992

NW Windows 0

E Windows 37.3464

W Windows 37.3464

SE Windows 0

S Windows 39.4212

SW Windows 0

N Doors 28.341

NE Doors 4.7235

NW Doors 0

E Doors 4.7235

W Doors 9.447

SE Doors 0

S Doors 23.6175

SW Doors 0

Table 22 Areas of floor, ceiling and lighting area

Table 23 Volume of building

Element Area (m2)

Floor and ceiling 2441.04

Lighting area 4882.08

Volume (m3) 4882.08

56

Table 24 U-values

Table 25 Total and operational hours per month

Month Number of days

Number of hours per month (h)

Operation hours per month(h)

Sep 30 720 117

Oct 31 744 198

Nov 30 720 189

Dec 31 744 207

Jan 31 744 189

Feb 29 696 189

Mar 31 744 207

Apr 30 720 189

May 31 744 90

Table 26 Internal and external temperatures

Month Average temperature

(°C) Room temperature

(°C)

Sep 10.7

21

Oct 5.3

Nov 0.9

Dec -2.1

Jan -5.1

Feb -4.9

Mar -2.2

Apr 3.3

May 8.7

Wall 0.18

Door 3

window 2

Ceiling 0.13

Floor 0.15

U-Value (W/m2/K)

57

Table 27 Solar gains (Wh/m2/day )

Table 28 Calculation factors for windows according to cloudy days

Table 29 Correction factor for absorption

Windows


N 900 510 200 80 130 370 730 1350 2350

NE 2200 1010 270 90 160 640 1720 3320 4460

NW 2200 1010 270 90 160 640 1720 3320 4460

E 3520 2110 840 350 550 1550 3050 4750 5630

W 3520 2110 840 350 550 1550 3050 4750 5630

SE 4820 3570 1910 1060 1440 2900 4520 5850 6150

S 6130 5620 3480 2030 2710 4880 6320 6410 5730

SW 4820 3570 1910 1060 1440 2900 4520 5850 6150

Window type Correction factor

for absorption

3- Glass, normally 0.72

58

Table 30 Air flow measurements in AHU (m/s)

Table 31 Required data for heat loss due to ventilation

Table 32 Required data for heat loss due to infiltration

Ahu ff3.5

4.1 3.4 3.19 3.5

4.15 4.3 4.1 4.36

4.3 4 3.8 4

4.4 4.3 4 3.8

Ahu ff3.6

4.9 5.05 4.12 4.77

4.75 5.2 5.2 5

5 5.8 5.6 5.95

4.5 5.5 5.8 6

Ahu ff3.1

3.9 5.1 3.1 4

3.8 4.5 4 3.9

4 4.5 4.2 4.5

3.5 4.2 4.5 5

Ahu ff3.4

6.1 5.55 5.05 4.3

6 5.9 5.25 4.3

6 5.9 5.25 4.2

6.1 5.55 5.05 4.3

Ahu ff3.2

6.45 6.35 6.05 5.02

5.55 6 5.77 6.2

6 6.25 5.9 6.1

6.36 6.1 5.95 6

Matrix of measurements





Heat recover (ᵦ) Specific heat (cp) Density of air (r) Air volume flow (qv)

% KJ/kg K kg/m3 m3/s

ff3.5 80 1005 1.225 1.91

ff3.6 80 1005 1.225 2.81

ff3.1 80 1005 1.225 2.25

ff3.4 80 1005 1.225 2.86

ff3.2 80 1005 1.225 3.24

AHU Number

Specific heat capacity Density of air (r) Air change rate (n) Volume (V)

J/kg/K kg/m3 ac/h (m3)

1005 1.225 0.25 12081.01

59

Note the reason for a negative value appearing in the table below is a result of how the bills are

calculated. First the bills are estimate and at certain time of the year they are measured using the

meters installed in the building. If the bills are over estimated and the difference between the

estimate and measured bills are taken off the next estimated bill. When the difference in the

estimated and measure bill is greater than the next estimate bill this is where a negative number

appear which is to be subtracted away from the water usage.

Table 33 Cold water usage (m3)

m1 m2 m3 total

sep 42 43 63 148

oct 44 45 65 154

nov -51 -53 -130 -234

dec 86 87 113 286

jan 83 84 109 276

feb -83 -84 -109 -276

mar 126 128 166 420

apr 41 42 55 138

may 43 44 56 143

Total 1055

60

Table 34 List of equipment

Once the data was entered into the excel tool the following calculations were obtained.

Total

Total

Total

Total


Other equipment:




13-15 inch0

Date of inspection

Skutskärs Vårdcentral, Folktandvården buildingSkutskär

Kieran Crowley

7/10/2016

Monitors size

0

16-18 inch 4 4


Small desktop 0 0

Desktop 0 0

Office 1+1+2 4

Small office 0 0

Large office 3 3


Desktop 0 0

Small Desktop 0 0


Desktop 51 51



Select lighting type no yes no

61

Formula 5 on page 20 was used for the following calculation.

Calculation 1 Heat loss from the building by transmittance from Sep to May.

Sep

Orentation Surface Area (m2)U value

(W/m2/K)

Indoor

temperature (˚C)

Outdoor

temperature (˚C)

Difference in

temperature (˚C)Heat loss (W) Heat loss (kW) Heat loss (kWh/month)

N Exterinal Wall 316.76 0.18 587.27 0.59 422.83

NE Exterinal Wall 13.98 0.18 25.91 0.03 18.66

NW Exterinal Wall 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Exterinal Wall 241.52 0.18 447.78 0.45 322.40

W Exterinal Wall 208.78 0.18 387.07 0.39 278.69

SE Exterinal Wall 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Exterinal Wall 498.68 0.18 924.56 0.92 665.68

SW Exterinal Wall 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00

N Window 47.72 2 983.04 0.98 707.79

NE Window 8.30 2 170.96 0.17 123.09

NW Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Window 37.35 2 769.34 0.77 553.92

W Window 37.35 2 769.34 0.77 553.92

SE Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Window 39.42 2 812.08 0.81 584.70

SW Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

N Doors 28.34 3 875.74 0.88 630.53

NE Doors 4.72 3 145.96 0.15 105.09

NW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Doors 4.72 3 145.96 0.15 105.09

W Doors 9.45 3 291.91 0.29 210.18

SE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Doors 23.62 3 729.78 0.73 525.44

SW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ceilling 2441.04 0.13 3758.84 3.76 2706.37

Floors 2441.04 0.15 3771.41 3.77 2715.42

Total 15596.94 56148.98 11229.80

21 10.7 10.3

Oct


(W/m2/K)

Indoor

temperature (˚C)

Outdoor

temperature (˚C)

Difference in


N Exterinal Wall 316.76 0.18 895.16 0.90 666.00



E Exterinal Wall 241.52 0.18 682.54 0.68 507.81

W Exterinal Wall 208.78 0.18 590.00 0.59 438.96


S Exterinal Wall 498.68 0.18 1409.27 1.41 1048.50


N Window 47.72 2.00 1498.42 1.50 1114.82

NE Window 8.30 2.00 260.59 0.26 193.88

NW Window 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Window 37.35 2.00 1172.68 1.17 872.47

W Window 37.35 2.00 1172.68 1.17 872.47

SE Window 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Window 39.42 2.00 1237.83 1.24 920.94

SW Window 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

N Doors 28.34 3.00 1334.86 1.33 993.14

NE Doors 4.72 3.00 222.48 0.22 165.52

NW Doors 0.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Doors 4.72 3.00 222.48 0.22 165.52

W Doors 9.45 3.00 444.95 0.44 331.05

SE Doors 0.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Doors 23.62 3.00 1112.38 1.11 827.61

SW Doors 0.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ceilling 2441.04 0.13 5729.50 5.73 4262.75

Floors 2441.04 0.15 5748.66 5.75 4277.00

Total 23773.97 85586.31 17687.84

21.00 5.30 15.70

62

Nov


(W/m2/K)

Indoor

temperature (˚C)

Outdoor

temperature (˚C)

Difference in


N Exterinal Wall 316.76 0.18 1146.03 1.15 825.14



E Exterinal Wall 241.52 0.18 873.82 0.87 629.15

W Exterinal Wall 208.78 0.18 755.35 0.76 543.85


S Exterinal Wall 498.68 0.18 1804.23 1.80 1299.04


N Window 47.72 2 1918.36 1.92 1381.22

NE Window 8.30 2 333.63 0.33 240.21

NW Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Window 37.35 2 1501.33 1.50 1080.95

W Window 37.35 2 1501.33 1.50 1080.95

SE Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Window 39.42 2 1584.73 1.58 1141.01

SW Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

N Doors 28.34 3 1708.96 1.71 1230.45

NE Doors 4.72 3 284.83 0.28 205.08

NW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Doors 4.72 3 284.83 0.28 205.08

W Doors 9.45 3 569.65 0.57 410.15

SE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Doors 23.62 3 1424.14 1.42 1025.38

SW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ceilling 2441.04 0.13 7335.21 7.34 5281.35

Floors 2441.04 0.15 7359.75 7.36 5299.02

Total 30436.74 109572.28 21914.46

0.9 20.121

Dec


(W/m2/K)

Indoor

temperature (˚C)

Outdoor

temperature (˚C)

Difference in


N Exterinal Wall 316.76 0.18 1317.08 1.32 979.91



E Exterinal Wall 241.52 0.18 1004.24 1.00 747.15

W Exterinal Wall 208.78 0.18 868.09 0.87 645.86


S Exterinal Wall 498.68 0.18 2073.52 2.07 1542.70


N Window 47.72 2 2204.68 2.20 1640.28

NE Window 8.30 2 383.42 0.38 285.27

NW Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Window 37.35 2 1725.40 1.73 1283.70

W Window 37.35 2 1725.40 1.73 1283.70

SE Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Window 39.42 2 1821.26 1.82 1355.02

SW Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

N Doors 28.34 3 1964.03 1.96 1461.24

NE Doors 4.72 3 327.34 0.33 243.54

NW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Doors 4.72 3 327.34 0.33 243.54

W Doors 9.45 3 654.68 0.65 487.08

SE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Doors 23.62 3 1636.69 1.64 1217.70

SW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ceilling 2441.04 0.13 8430.02 8.43 6271.94

Floors 2441.04 0.15 8458.22 8.46 6292.91

Total 34979.54 125926.35 26024.78

21 -2.1 23.1

63

Jan


(W/m2/K)

Indoor

temperature (˚C)

Outdoor

temperature (˚C)

Difference in


N Exterinal Wall 316.76 0.18 1488.13 1.49 1107.17



E Exterinal Wall 241.52 0.18 1134.66 1.13 844.19

W Exterinal Wall 208.78 0.18 980.83 0.98 729.74


S Exterinal Wall 498.68 0.18 2342.80 2.34 1743.05


N Window 47.72 2 2491.00 2.49 1853.31

NE Window 8.30 2 433.22 0.43 322.31

NW Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Window 37.35 2 1949.48 1.95 1450.41

W Window 37.35 2 1949.48 1.95 1450.41

SE Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Window 39.42 2 2057.79 2.06 1530.99

SW Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

N Doors 28.34 3 2219.10 2.22 1651.01

NE Doors 4.72 3 369.85 0.37 275.17

NW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Doors 4.72 3 369.85 0.37 275.17

W Doors 9.45 3 739.70 0.74 550.34

SE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Doors 23.62 3 1849.25 1.85 1375.84

SW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ceilling 2441.04 0.13 9524.83 9.52 7086.47

Floors 2441.04 0.15 9556.69 9.56 7110.18

Total 39522.34 142280.42 29404.62

21 -5.1 26.1

Feb


(W/m2/K)

Indoor

temperature (˚C)

Outdoor

temperature (˚C)

Difference in


N Exterinal Wall 316.76 0.18 1476.73 1.48 1027.80



E Exterinal Wall 241.52 0.18 1125.97 1.13 783.67

W Exterinal Wall 208.78 0.18 973.32 0.97 677.43


S Exterinal Wall 498.68 0.18 2324.85 2.32 1618.10


N Window 47.72 2 2471.92 2.47 1720.45

NE Window 8.30 2 429.90 0.43 299.21

NW Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Window 37.35 2 1934.54 1.93 1346.44

W Window 37.35 2 1934.54 1.93 1346.44

SE Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Window 39.42 2 2042.02 2.04 1421.24

SW Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

N Doors 28.34 3 2202.10 2.20 1532.66

NE Doors 4.72 3 367.02 0.37 255.44

NW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Doors 4.72 3 367.02 0.37 255.44

W Doors 9.45 3 734.03 0.73 510.89

SE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Doors 23.62 3 1835.08 1.84 1277.22

SW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ceilling 2441.04 0.13 9451.84 9.45 6578.48

Floors 2441.04 0.15 9483.46 9.48 6600.49

Total 39219.49 141190.15 27296.76

21 -4.9 25.9

64

Mar


(W/m2/K)

Indoor

temperature (˚C)

Outdoor

temperature (˚C)

Difference in


N Exterinal Wall 316.76 0.18 1322.78 1.32 984.15



E Exterinal Wall 241.52 0.18 1008.59 1.01 750.39

W Exterinal Wall 208.78 0.18 871.85 0.87 648.66


S Exterinal Wall 498.68 0.18 2082.49 2.08 1549.37


N Window 47.72 2 2214.23 2.21 1647.38

NE Window 8.30 2 385.08 0.39 286.50

NW Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Window 37.35 2 1732.87 1.73 1289.26

W Window 37.35 2 1732.87 1.73 1289.26

SE Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Window 39.42 2 1829.14 1.83 1360.88

SW Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

N Doors 28.34 3 1972.53 1.97 1467.56

NE Doors 4.72 3 328.76 0.33 244.59

NW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Doors 4.72 3 328.76 0.33 244.59

W Doors 9.45 3 657.51 0.66 489.19

SE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Doors 23.62 3 1643.78 1.64 1222.97

SW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ceilling 2441.04 0.13 8466.52 8.47 6299.09

Floors 2441.04 0.15 8494.83 8.49 6320.16

Total 35130.97 126471.48 26137.44

23.221 -2.2

Apr


(W/m2/K)

Indoor

temperature (˚C)

Outdoor

temperature (˚C)

Difference in


N Exterinal Wall 316.76 0.18 1009.19 1.01 726.62



E Exterinal Wall 241.52 0.18 769.48 0.77 554.03

W Exterinal Wall 208.78 0.18 665.16 0.67 478.92


S Exterinal Wall 498.68 0.18 1588.80 1.59 1143.94


N Window 47.72 2.00 1689.30 1.69 1216.30

NE Window 8.30 2.00 293.79 0.29 211.53

NW Window 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Window 37.35 2.00 1322.06 1.32 951.89

W Window 37.35 2.00 1322.06 1.32 951.89

SE Window 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Window 39.42 2.00 1395.51 1.40 1004.77

SW Window 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

N Doors 28.34 3.00 1504.91 1.50 1083.53

NE Doors 4.72 3.00 250.82 0.25 180.59

NW Doors 0.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Doors 4.72 3.00 250.82 0.25 180.59

W Doors 9.45 3.00 501.64 0.50 361.18

SE Doors 0.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Doors 23.62 3.00 1254.09 1.25 902.94

SW Doors 0.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ceilling 2441.04 0.13 6459.37 6.46 4650.75

Floors 2441.04 0.15 6480.97 6.48 4666.30

Total 26802.51 96489.02 19297.80

21 3.3 17.7

65

Calculation 2 Total heat loss by transmittance. Note that the months of September and May are divided by two and then

all months are added to get the total.

May


(W/m2/K)

Indoor

temperature (˚C)

Outdoor

temperature (˚C)

Difference in


N Exterinal Wall 316.76 0.18 701.30 0.70 521.77



E Exterinal Wall 241.52 0.18 534.73 0.53 397.84

W Exterinal Wall 208.78 0.18 462.23 0.46 343.90


S Exterinal Wall 498.68 0.18 1104.08 1.10 821.44


N Window 47.72 2.00 1173.92 1.17 873.40

NE Window 8.30 2.00 204.16 0.20 151.90

NW Window 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Window 37.35 2.00 918.72 0.92 683.53

W Window 37.35 2.00 918.72 0.92 683.53

SE Window 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Window 39.42 2.00 969.76 0.97 721.50

SW Window 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

N Doors 28.34 3.00 1045.78 1.05 778.06

NE Doors 4.72 3.00 174.30 0.17 129.68

NW Doors 0.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Doors 4.72 3.00 174.30 0.17 129.68

W Doors 9.45 3.00 348.59 0.35 259.35

SE Doors 0.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Doors 23.62 3.00 871.49 0.87 648.39

SW Doors 0.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ceilling 2441.04 0.13 4488.71 4.49 3339.60

Floors 2441.04 0.15 4503.73 4.50 3350.77

Total 18625.47 67051.69 13857.35

21 8.7 12.3

Month Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Total

Heat loss

(kWh/month)11229.80 17687.84 21914.46 26024.78 29404.62 27296.76 26137.44 19297.80 13857.35 180307.27

66


Calculation 3 Solar gains from months to September to May.

Sep

Windows

orientation Window area (m2)

solar gains

(Wh/m2/day )

Correction factor

for shading

Correction factor

for absorption

Total solar gains

(Wh/day )

Total solar gains

(kWh/month)

N 47.72 900 17935.24 538.06

NE 8.30 2200 7624.64 228.74

NW 0.00 2200 0.00 0.00

E 37.35 3520 54897.42 1646.92

W 37.35 3520 54897.42 1646.92

SE 0.00 4820 0.00 0.00

S 39.42 6130 100913.86 3027.42

SW 0.00 4820 0.00 0.00

Total 236268.56 7088.06

Oct

Windows


solar gains

(Wh/m2/day )

Correction factor

for shading

Correction factor

for absorption

Total solar gains

(Wh/day )

Total solar gains

(kWh/month)

N 47.72 510 8936.69 277.04

NE 8.30 1010 3077.94 95.42

NW 0.00 1010 0.00 0.00

E 37.35 2110 28935.69 897.01

W 37.35 2110 28935.69 897.01

SE 0.00 3570 0.00 0.00

S 39.42 5620 81352.11 2521.92

SW 0.00 3570 0.00 0.00

Total 151238.13 4688.38

Nov

Windows


solar gains

(Wh/m2/day )

Correction factor

for shading

Correction factor

for absorption

Total solar gains

(Wh/day )

Total solar gains

(kWh/month)

N 47.72 200 2886.13 86.58

NE 8.30 270 677.61 20.33

NW 0.00 270 0.00 0.00

E 37.35 840 9486.58 284.60

W 37.35 840 9486.58 284.60

SE 0.00 1910 0.00 0.00

S 39.42 3480 41484.98 1244.55

SW 0.00 1910 0.00 0.00

Total 64021.89 1920.66

Dec

Windows


solar gains

(Wh/m2/day )

Correction factor

for shading

Correction factor

for absorption

Total solar gains

(Wh/day )

Total solar gains

(kWh/month)

N 47.72 80 1181.94 36.64

NE 8.30 90 231.25 7.17

NW 0.00 90 0.00 0.00

E 37.35 350 4046.86 125.45

W 37.35 350 4046.86 125.45

SE 0.00 1060 0.00 0.00

S 39.42 2030 24775.75 768.05

SW 0.00 1060 0.00 0.00

Total 34282.65 1062.76

Jan

Windows


solar gains

(Wh/m2/day )

Correction factor

for shading

Correction factor

for absorption

Total solar gains

(Wh/day )

Total solar gains

(kWh/month)

N 47.72 130 2009.98 62.31

NE 8.30 160 430.23 13.34

NW 0.00 160 0.00 0.00

E 37.35 550 6655.13 206.31

W 37.35 550 6655.13 206.31

SE 0.00 1440 0.00 0.00

S 39.42 2710 34613.39 1073.02

SW 0.00 1440 0.00 0.00

Total 50363.86 1561.28

0.43 0.72

0.45 0.72

0.58 0.72

0.51 0.72

0.42 0.72

67

Calculation 4 Total Solar gains. Note that the months of September and May are divided by two and then all months are

added to get the total.

Feb

Windows


solar gains

(Wh/m2/day )

Correction factor

for shading

Correction factor

for absorption

Total solar gains

(Wh/day )

Total solar gains

(kWh/month)

N 47.72 370 5724.16 180.65

NE 8.30 640 1171.18 54.34

NW 0.00 640 0.00 0.00

E 37.35 1550 20422.51 592.25

W 37.35 1550 20422.51 592.25

SE 0.00 2900 0.00 0.00

S 39.42 4880 67870.06 1968.23

SW 0.00 2900 0.00 0.00

Total 115610.41 3387.73

Mar

Windows


solar gains

(Wh/m2/day )

Correction factor

for shading

Correction factor

for absorption

Total solar gains

(Wh/day )

Total solar gains

(KWh/month)

N 47.72 730 14547.47 450.97

NE 8.30 1720 5961.08 184.79

NW 0.00 1720 0.00 0.00

E 37.35 3050 47567.36 1474.59

W 37.35 3050 47567.36 1474.59

SE 0.00 4520 0.00 0.00

S 39.42 6320 104041.69 3225.29

SW 0.00 4520 0.00 0.00

Total 219684.97 6810.23

Apr

Windows


solar gains

(Wh/m2/day )

Correction factor

for shading

Correction factor

for absorption

Total solar gains

(Wh/day )

Total solar gains

(kWh/month)

N 47.72 1350 26902.85 807.09

NE 8.30 3320 11506.28 345.19

NW 0.00 3320 0.00 0.00

E 37.35 4750 74080.32 2222.41

W 37.35 4750 74080.32 2222.41

SE 0.00 5850 0.00 0.00

S 39.42 6410 105523.30 3165.70

SW 0.00 5850 0.00 0.00

Total 292093.07 8762.79

May

Windows


solar gains

(Wh/m2/day )

Correction factor

for shading

Correction factor

for absorption

Total solar gains

(Wh/day )

Total solar gains

(kWh/month)

N 47.72 2350.00 50868.04 1576.91

NE 8.30 4460.00 16789.75 520.48

NW 0.00 4460.00 0.00 0.00

E 37.35 5630.00 95374.04 2956.60

W 37.35 5630.00 95374.04 2956.60

SE 0.00 6150.00 0.00 0.00

S 39.42 5730.00 102460.74 3176.28

SW 0.00 6150.00 0.00 0.00

Total 360866.61 11186.86

0.63 0.72

0.49 0.72

0.58 0.72

0.58 0.72


Heat gains (kWh) 7088.06 4688.38 1920.66 1062.76 1561.28 3387.73 6810.23 8762.79 11186.86 37331.30

68

Formula 9 to 11 on page 25 was used for the following calculation.

Calculation 5 Infiltration rate and infiltration loss


Calculation 6 Airflow in AHU in m3/s and heat loss due to ventilation from September to May.

Internal surface

area Volume (m3) q

Infiltration rate

(m3/h)

0.05 4116.78 12081.01 5 0.085

Month Infiltration

rate (m3/h)Volume (m3)

Internal

temperature

External

temperature

Difference in

temperature Qv (w) Qv (kWh) Qv (kWh/month)

Sep 10.7 10.3 3533.57 3.53 2544.17

Oct 5.3 15.7 5386.13 5.39 4007.28

Nov 0.9 20.1 6895.61 6.90 4964.84

Dec -2.1 23.1 7924.81 7.92 5896.06

Jan -5.1 26.1 8954.00 8.95 6661.78

Feb -4.9 25.9 8885.39 8.89 6184.23

Mar -2.2 23.2 7959.12 7.96 5921.58

Apr 3.3 17.7 6072.26 6.07 4372.02

May 8.7 12.3 4219.70 4.22 3139.46

Total 59830.59 215390.13 43691.43

1/3 0.085 12081.01 21

Ahu Calculated average air flow (m/s) Width (m) Height (m) Airflow in (m3/s)

ff3.5 3.98 0.8 0.6 1.91

ff3.6 5.20 0.9 0.6 2.81

ff3.1 4.17 0.9 0.6 2.25

ff3.4 5.30 0.9 0.6 2.86

ff3.2 6.00 0.9 0.6 3.24

Sep

Heat recover (ᵦ)Specific heat

loss (cp)Density of air (r) Air volume flow (qv)

Inside air

temperature (ti)

Outside door

temperature (to)

Diference in

temperature (∆t)

Ventliation heat

loss (HV)

% J/kg K kg/m3 m3/s ͦC ͦC ͦC (W)

ff3.5 80 1005 1.225 1.91 10.3 4846.52

ff3.6 80 1005 1.225 2.81 10.3 7116.28

ff3.1 80 1005 1.225 2.25 10.3 5709.12

ff3.4 80 1005 1.225 2.86 10.3 7258.37

ff3.2 80 1005 1.225 3.24 10.3 8221.30

Total 33151.59

Oct



Inside air

temperature (ti)

Outside door

temperature (to)

Diference in

temperature (∆t)

Ventliation heat

loss (HV)


ff3.5 80 1005 1.225 1.91 15.7 7387.41

ff3.6 80 1005 1.225 2.81 15.7 10847.15

ff3.1 80 1005 1.225 2.25 15.7 8702.25

ff3.4 80 1005 1.225 2.86 15.7 11063.73

ff3.2 80 1005 1.225 3.24 15.7 12531.50

Total 50532.03

AHU Number

10.721

AHU Number

21 5.3

69

Nov



Inside air

temperature (ti)

Outside door

temperature (to)

Diference in

temperature (∆t)

Ventliation heat

loss (HV)


ff3.5 80 1005 1.225 1.91 20.1 9457.77

ff3.6 80 1005 1.225 2.81 20.1 13887.11

ff3.1 80 1005 1.225 2.25 20.1 11141.09

ff3.4 80 1005 1.225 2.86 20.1 14164.39

ff3.2 80 1005 1.225 3.24 20.1 16043.51

Total 64693.88

Dec



Inside air

temperature (ti)

Outside door

temperature (to)

Diference in

temperature (∆t)

Ventliation heat

loss (HV)


ff3.5 80 1005 1.225 1.91 23.1 10869.38

ff3.6 80 1005 1.225 2.81 23.1 15959.82

ff3.1 80 1005 1.225 2.25 23.1 12803.94

ff3.4 80 1005 1.225 2.86 23.1 16278.48

ff3.2 80 1005 1.225 3.24 23.1 18438.06

Total 74349.68

Jan



Inside air

temperature (ti)

Outside door

temperature (to)

Diference in

temperature (∆t)

Ventliation heat

loss (HV)


ff3.5 80 1005 1.225 1.91 26.1 12280.99

ff3.6 80 1005 1.225 2.81 26.1 18032.52

ff3.1 80 1005 1.225 2.25 26.1 14466.79

ff3.4 80 1005 1.225 2.86 26.1 18392.56

ff3.2 80 1005 1.225 3.24 26.1 20832.62

Total 84005.48

Feb



Inside air

temperature (ti)

Outside door

temperature (to)

Diference in

temperature (∆t)

Ventliation heat

loss (HV)


ff3.5 80 1005 1.225 1.91 25.9 12186.88

ff3.6 80 1005 1.225 2.81 25.9 17894.34

ff3.1 80 1005 1.225 2.25 25.9 14355.94

ff3.4 80 1005 1.225 2.86 25.9 18251.63

ff3.2 80 1005 1.225 3.24 25.9 20672.98

Total 83361.76

AHU Number

AHU Number

AHU Number

AHU Number

21 0.9

-4.9

21 -2.1

21 -5.1

21

70

Mar


loss (cp)Density of air (r)

Air volume

flow (qv)

Inside air

temperature (ti)

Outside door

temperature (to)

Diference in

temperature (∆t)

Ventliation heat

loss (HV)


ff3.5 80 1005 1.225 1.91 23.2 10916.43

ff3.6 80 1005 1.225 2.81 23.2 16028.91

ff3.1 80 1005 1.225 2.25 23.2 12859.37

ff3.4 80 1005 1.225 2.86 23.2 16348.95

ff3.2 80 1005 1.225 3.24 23.2 18517.88

Total 74671.54

Apr



Air volume

flow (qv)

Inside air

temperature (ti)

Outside door

temperature (to)

Diference in

temperature (∆t)

Ventliation heat

loss (HV)


ff3.5 80 1005 1.225 1.91 17.7 8328.49

ff3.6 80 1005 1.225 2.81 17.7 12228.95

ff3.1 80 1005 1.225 2.25 17.7 9810.81

ff3.4 80 1005 1.225 2.86 17.7 12473.12

ff3.2 80 1005 1.225 3.24 17.7 14127.87

Total 56969.24

May



Air volume

flow (qv)

Inside air

temperature (ti)

Outside door

temperature (to)

Diference in

temperature (∆t)

Ventliation heat

loss (HV)


ff3.5 80 1005 1.225 1.91 12.3 5787.59

ff3.6 80 1005 1.225 2.81 12.3 8498.08

ff3.1 80 1005 1.225 2.25 12.3 6817.68

ff3.4 80 1005 1.225 2.86 12.3 8667.76

ff3.2 80 1005 1.225 3.24 12.3 9817.67

Total 39588.79

8.7

AHU Number

AHU Number

AHU Number

21 -2.2

21 3.3

21

71

Calculation 7 Total heat loss due to ventilation. Note the results for the total heat loss (kWh) for May and September

were divided by two.

Formula 7 on page 23 and formula 8 on page 24 was used for the following calculation.

Calculation 8 Internal gains for a 24 hour period. Note that the table was broken down into section so the data could be

read.

Month Total heat loss (kWh) Operation time (h) Total heat loss per month (kWh)

Sep 16.58 117 1939.37

Oct 50.53 198 10005.34

Nov 64.69 189 12227.14

Dec 74.35 207 15390.38

Jan 84.01 189 15877.04

Feb 83.36 189 15755.37

Mar 74.67 207 15457.01

Apr 56.97 189 10767.19

May 19.79 90 1781.50

Total 99200.34

Time Opening hours Number of people Heat gain from people

(W/Person)

Lighting

Area (m2)

Heat Gain from

lighting (W/m2)

Heat gains (w) 12:00:00 Am-01:00:00 0 40 0 4026.04 14 #NAME?

01:00:00-02:00:00 0 40 0 4026.04 14 #NAME?

Select type of Lighting 02:00-03:00 0 40 0 4026.04 14 #NAME?

Heat gains (w) 03:00-04:00 0 40 0 4026.04 14 #NAME?

05:00-:06:00 0 40 0 4026.04 14 #NAME?

07:00-08:00 1 40 5600 4026.04 14 56364.61

08:00-09:00 1 40 5600 4026.04 14 56364.61

Heat gains (w) 09:00-10:00 1 40 5600 4026.04 14 56364.61

10:00-11:00 1 40 5600 4026.04 14 56364.61

11:00-12:00 1 40 5600 4026.04 14 56364.61

12:00-13:00 1 40 5600 4026.04 14 56364.61

Heat Gains (w) 13:00-14:00 1 40 5600 4026.04 14 56364.61

14:00-15:00 1 40 5600 4026.04 14 56364.61

15:00-16:00 1 40 5600 4026.04 14 56364.61

16:00-17:00 1 40 5600 4026.04 14 56364.61

Heat gains (w) 17:00-18:00 0 40 0 4026.04 14 #NAME?

18:00-19:00 0 40 0 4026.04 14 #NAME?

19:00-20:00 0 40 0 4026.04 14 #NAME?

20:00-21:00 0 40 0 4026.04 14 #NAME?

Heat Gains (w) 21:00-22:00 0 40 0 4026.04 14 #NAME?

22:00-23:00 0 40 0 4026.04 14 #NAME?

23:00-24:00 0 40 0 4026.04 0 #NAME?

Select type of work

been carried out

140

Go to Internal table and use

8

65

Select type of energy

usage by PC

Select size of monitors

70

125

Select printer size

Select copier size

300

72

Number of pcs Heat gain from

pcs (W)

Number

monitors

Heat gains from

Monitors (W)

Number of

printers

Heat gain from

printers (W)

51 0 3 0 4 0

51 0 3 0 4 0

51 0 3 0 4 0

51 0 3 0 4 0

51 0 3 0 4 0

51 3315 3 210 4 500

51 3315 3 210 4 500

51 3315 3 210 4 500

51 3315 3 210 4 500

51 3315 3 210 4 500

51 3315 3 210 4 500

51 3315 3 210 4 500

51 3315 3 210 4 500

51 3315 3 210 4 500

51 3315 3 210 4 500

51 0 3 0 4 0

51 0 3 0 4 0

51 0 3 0 4 0

51 0 3 0 4 0

51 0 3 0 4 0

51 0 3 0 4 0

51 0 3 0 4 0

Number of

copiers

Heat gains from

copiers (W)

Total internal

gains (W)

Total internal

gains (kW)

Total internal

gains (kWh )

3 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0

3 900 66889.61 66.89 66.89

3 900 66889.61 66.89 66.89

3 900 66889.61 66.89 66.89

3 900 66889.61 66.89 66.89

3 900 66889.61 66.89 66.89

3 900 66889.61 66.89 66.89

3 900 66889.61 66.89 66.89

3 900 66889.61 66.89 66.89

3 900 66889.61 66.89 66.89

3 900 66889.61 66.89 66.89

3 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0

Hand calculation of

internal gains 0 0

Total for 24 hr period 668896.15 668.90 668.90

73

Calculation 9 Total internal gains per month


Calculation 10 Estimate hot water usage

Month

Total internal gains

(kWh)

Number of working

days in each month


(kWh)

Sep 13 8695.65

Oct 22 14715.72

Nov 21 14046.82

Dec 23 15384.61

Jan 21 14046.82

Feb 21 14046.82

Mar 23 15384.61

Apr 21 14046.82

May 10 6688.96

Total 117056.83

668.90

Volume of cold water (m3)Difference in

temperture (°C)Total (kWh)

0.33 1055 1.163 50 20449.42

74

8.4 Appendix D: Inputs and calculations for Library building.


Table 36 Floor, ceiling and lighting area


Orentation Structure Area (m2)

N Wall 93.374

NE Wall 5.58

NW Wall 0

E Wall 71.9004

W Wall 89.7464

SE Wall 0

S Wall 96.4856

SW Wall 25.29

N Windows 16.562

NE Windows 7.02

NW Windows 0

E Windows 18.18

W Windows 15.21

SE Windows 0

S Windows 9.36

SW Windows 3.51

N Doors 4.784

NE Doors 0

NW Doors 0

E Doors 3.3696

W Doors 9.1936

SE Doors 0

S Doors 2.4544

SW Doors 0

Floor and ceilling area (m2)

999.17

Volume (m3)

2997.51

75

Table 38 U-values



Wall 0.18

Door 3

window 2

Ceiling 0.13

Floor 0.15

U-Value (W/m2/K)

Month Number of days Number of hours per month (h) Operation time hours per month(h)

Sep 30 720 113

Oct 31 744 188

Nov 30 720 181

Dec 31 744 198

Jan 31 744 180

Feb 29 696 181

Mar 31 744 198

Apr 30 720 180

May 31 744 86

Month Average temperature (°C)Room temperature (°C)

Sep 10.7

Oct 5.3

Nov 0.9

Dec -2.1

Jan -5.1

Feb -4.9

Mar -2.2

Apr 3.3

May 8.7

21

76


Table 42 Calculation factors for windows according to cloudy days

Table 43 Correction factor for absorption

Table 44 Air flow measurements in AHU (m/s)

Windows


N 900 510 200 80 130 370 730 1350 2350

NE 2200 1010 270 90 160 640 1720 3320 4460

NW 2200 1010 270 90 160 640 1720 3320 4460

E 3520 2110 840 350 550 1550 3050 4750 5630

W 3520 2110 840 350 550 1550 3050 4750 5630

SE 4820 3570 1910 1060 1440 2900 4520 5850 6150

S 6130 5620 3480 2030 2710 4880 6320 6410 5730

SW 4820 3570 1910 1060 1440 2900 4520 5850 6150

77

Table 45 Required data for heat loss due to ventilation.

Table 46 Required data for heat loss due to infiltration.







Table 47 Cold water usage. (m3)


J/kg/k kg/m3 1/hr (m3)

1 1005 1.225 0.25 2997.51

Room number



1 1005 1.225 0.25 2997.51

Room number

m1 m2 m3 total

sep 0 0 34 34

oct 0 0 35 35

nov 0 0 -36 -36

dec 0 0 70 70

jan 0 0 34 34

feb 0 0 67 67

mar 0 0 -67 -67

apr 0 0 102 102

may 0 0 64 64

Total 303

78


Total

Total

Total

Total



Other equipment:

Desktop 2+1+2+1 6



Small Desktop 0 0



Desktop 0 0

Office 0 0

Small office 0 0

Large office 1 1

Small desktop 0 0

Desktop 0 0

0

16-18 inch 1+4+2 7



13-15 inch0

Date of inspection

LibrarySkutskärs

Kieran Crowley

7/10/2016

Monitors size

Equipment in building



79



Calculation 11 Heat loss due to transmittance from September to May

Sep


(W/m2/K)

Indoor

temperature (˚C)

Outdoor

temperature (˚C)

Difference in


N Exterinal Wall 93.37 0.18 173.12 0.17 124.64



E Exterinal Wall 71.90 0.18 133.30 0.13 95.98

W Exterinal Wall 89.75 0.18 166.39 0.17 119.80


S Exterinal Wall 96.49 0.18 178.88 0.18 128.80


N Window 16.56 2 341.18 0.34 245.65

NE Window 7.02 2 144.61 0.14 104.12

NW Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Window 18.18 2 374.51 0.37 269.65

W Window 15.21 2 313.33 0.31 225.59

SE Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Window 9.36 2 192.82 0.19 138.83

SW Window 3.51 2 72.31 0.07 52.06

N Doors 4.78 3 147.83 0.15 106.43

NE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

NW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Doors 3.37 3 104.12 0.10 74.97

W Doors 9.19 3 284.08 0.28 204.54

SE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Doors 2.45 3 75.84 0.08 54.61

SW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ceilling 999.17 0.13 1538.57 1.54 1107.77

Floors 999.17 0.15 1543.72 1.54 1111.48

Total 5841.83 21030.59 4206.12

Oct


(W/m2/K)

Indoor

temperature (˚C)

Outdoor

temperature (˚C)

Difference in


N Exterinal Wall 93.37 0.18 263.87 0.26 196.32



E Exterinal Wall 71.90 0.18 203.19 0.20 151.17

W Exterinal Wall 89.75 0.18 253.62 0.25 188.70


S Exterinal Wall 96.49 0.18 272.67 0.27 202.87


N Window 16.56 2 520.05 0.52 386.91

NE Window 7.02 2 220.43 0.22 164.00

NW Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Window 18.18 2 570.85 0.57 424.71

W Window 15.21 2 477.59 0.48 355.33

SE Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Window 9.36 2 293.90 0.29 218.66

SW Window 3.51 2 110.21 0.11 82.00

N Doors 4.78 3 225.33 0.23 167.64

NE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

NW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Doors 3.37 3 158.71 0.16 118.08

W Doors 9.19 3 433.02 0.43 322.17

SE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Doors 2.45 3 115.60 0.12 86.01

SW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ceilling 999.17 0.13 2345.20 2.35 1744.83

Floors 999.17 0.15 2353.05 2.35 1750.67

Total 8904.54 32056.33 6624.98

21 5.3 15.7

21 10.7 10.3

80

Nov


(W/m2/K)

Indoor

temperature (˚C)

Outdoor

temperature (˚C)

Difference in


N Exterinal Wall 93.37 0.18 337.83 0.34 243.24



E Exterinal Wall 71.90 0.18 260.14 0.26 187.30

W Exterinal Wall 89.75 0.18 324.70 0.32 233.79


S Exterinal Wall 96.49 0.18 349.08 0.35 251.34


N Window 16.56 2 665.79 0.67 479.37

NE Window 7.02 2 282.20 0.28 203.19

NW Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Window 18.18 2 730.84 0.73 526.20

W Window 15.21 2 611.44 0.61 440.24

SE Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Window 9.36 2 376.27 0.38 270.92

SW Window 3.51 2 141.10 0.14 101.59

N Doors 4.78 3 288.48 0.29 207.70

NE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

NW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Doors 3.37 3 203.19 0.20 146.29

W Doors 9.19 3 554.37 0.55 399.15

SE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Doors 2.45 3 148.00 0.15 106.56

SW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ceilling 999.17 0.13 3002.46 3.00 2161.77

Floors 999.17 0.15 3012.50 3.01 2169.00

Total 11400.08 41040.27 8208.05

Dec


(W/m2/K)

Indoor

temperature (˚C)

Outdoor

temperature (˚C)

Difference in


N Exterinal Wall 93.37 0.18 388.25 0.39 288.86



E Exterinal Wall 71.90 0.18 298.96 0.30 222.43

W Exterinal Wall 89.75 0.18 373.17 0.37 277.64


S Exterinal Wall 96.49 0.18 401.19 0.40 298.48


N Window 16.56 2 765.16 0.77 569.28

NE Window 7.02 2 324.32 0.32 241.30

NW Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Window 18.18 2 839.92 0.84 624.90

W Window 15.21 2 702.70 0.70 522.81

SE Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Window 9.36 2 432.43 0.43 321.73

SW Window 3.51 2 162.16 0.16 120.65

N Doors 4.78 3 331.53 0.33 246.66

NE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

NW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Doors 3.37 3 233.51 0.23 173.73

W Doors 9.19 3 637.12 0.64 474.01

SE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Doors 2.45 3 170.09 0.17 126.55

SW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ceilling 999.17 0.13 3450.58 3.45 2567.23

Floors 999.17 0.15 3462.12 3.46 2575.82

Total 13101.58 47165.69 9747.58

13101.58 47165.69 9747.58

0.9 20.121

21 -2.1 23.1

81

Jan


(W/m2/K)

Indoor

temperature (˚C)

Outdoor

temperature (˚C)

Difference in


N Exterinal Wall 93.37 0.18 438.67 0.44 326.37



E Exterinal Wall 71.90 0.18 337.79 0.34 251.31

W Exterinal Wall 89.75 0.18 421.63 0.42 313.69


S Exterinal Wall 96.49 0.18 453.29 0.45 337.25


N Window 16.56 2 864.54 0.86 643.22

NE Window 7.02 2 366.44 0.37 272.63

NW Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Window 18.18 2 949.00 0.95 706.05

W Window 15.21 2 793.96 0.79 590.71

SE Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Window 9.36 2 488.59 0.49 363.51

SW Window 3.51 2 183.22 0.18 136.32

N Doors 4.78 3 374.59 0.37 278.69

NE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

NW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Doors 3.37 3 263.84 0.26 196.30

W Doors 9.19 3 719.86 0.72 535.58

SE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Doors 2.45 3 192.18 0.19 142.98

SW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ceilling 999.17 0.13 3898.71 3.90 2900.64

Floors 999.17 0.15 3911.75 3.91 2910.34

Total 14803.08 53291.10 11013.49

Fed


(W/m2/K)

Indoor

temperature (˚C)

Outdoor

temperature (˚C)

Difference in


N Exterinal Wall 93.37 0.18 435.31 0.44 302.98



E Exterinal Wall 71.90 0.18 335.20 0.34 233.30

W Exterinal Wall 89.75 0.18 418.40 0.42 291.20


S Exterinal Wall 96.49 0.18 449.82 0.45 313.07


N Window 16.56 2 857.91 0.86 597.11

NE Window 7.02 2 363.64 0.36 253.09

NW Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Window 18.18 2 941.72 0.94 655.44

W Window 15.21 2 787.88 0.79 548.36

SE Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Window 9.36 2 484.85 0.48 337.45

SW Window 3.51 2 181.82 0.18 126.55

N Doors 4.78 3 371.72 0.37 258.71

NE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

NW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Doors 3.37 3 261.82 0.26 182.23

W Doors 9.19 3 714.34 0.71 497.18

SE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Doors 2.45 3 190.71 0.19 132.73

SW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ceilling 999.17 0.13 3868.84 3.87 2692.71

Floors 999.17 0.15 3881.78 3.88 2701.72

Total 14689.65 52882.74 10224.00

21 -4.9 25.9

21 -5.1 26.1

82

Mar


(W/m2/K)

Indoor

temperature (˚C)

Outdoor

temperature (˚C)

Difference in


N Exterinal Wall 93.37 0.18 389.93 0.39 290.11



E Exterinal Wall 71.90 0.18 300.26 0.30 223.39

W Exterinal Wall 89.75 0.18 374.78 0.37 278.84


S Exterinal Wall 96.49 0.18 402.92 0.40 299.78


N Window 16.56 2 768.48 0.77 571.75

NE Window 7.02 2 325.73 0.33 242.34

NW Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Window 18.18 2 843.55 0.84 627.60

W Window 15.21 2 705.74 0.71 525.07

SE Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Window 9.36 2 434.30 0.43 323.12

SW Window 3.51 2 162.86 0.16 121.17

N Doors 4.78 3 332.97 0.33 247.73

NE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

NW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Doors 3.37 3 234.52 0.23 174.49

W Doors 9.19 3 639.87 0.64 476.07

SE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Doors 2.45 3 170.83 0.17 127.09

SW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ceilling 999.17 0.13 3465.52 3.47 2578.35

Floors 999.17 0.15 3477.11 3.48 2586.97

Total 13158.30 47369.87 9789.77

Apr


(W/m2/K)

Indoor

temperature (˚C)

Outdoor

temperature (˚C)

Difference in


N Exterinal Wall 93.37 0.18 297.49 0.30 214.19



E Exterinal Wall 71.90 0.18 229.07 0.23 164.93

W Exterinal Wall 89.75 0.18 285.93 0.29 205.87


S Exterinal Wall 96.49 0.18 307.40 0.31 221.33


N Window 16.56 2 586.29 0.59 422.13

NE Window 7.02 2 248.51 0.25 178.93

NW Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Window 18.18 2 643.57 0.64 463.37

W Window 15.21 2 538.43 0.54 387.67

SE Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Window 9.36 2 331.34 0.33 238.57

SW Window 3.51 2 124.25 0.12 89.46

N Doors 4.78 3 254.03 0.25 182.90

NE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

NW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Doors 3.37 3 178.93 0.18 128.83

W Doors 9.19 3 488.18 0.49 351.49

SE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Doors 2.45 3 130.33 0.13 93.84

SW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ceilling 999.17 0.13 2643.95 2.64 1903.65

Floors 999.17 0.15 2652.80 2.65 1910.01

Total 10038.87 36139.94 7227.99

3.3

21 -2.2 23.2

17.721

83

Calculation 12 Total heat loss by transmittance. Note that the months of September and May are divide by two and then


May


(W/m2/K)

Indoor

temperature (˚C)

Outdoor

temperature (˚C)

Difference in


N Exterinal Wall 316.76 0.18 701.30 0.70 521.77



E Exterinal Wall 241.52 0.18 534.73 0.53 397.84

W Exterinal Wall 208.78 0.18 462.23 0.46 343.90


S Exterinal Wall 498.68 0.18 1104.08 1.10 821.44


N Window 47.72 2.00 1173.92 1.17 873.40

NE Window 8.30 2.00 204.16 0.20 151.90

NW Window 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Window 37.35 2.00 918.72 0.92 683.53

W Window 37.35 2.00 918.72 0.92 683.53

SE Window 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Window 39.42 2.00 969.76 0.97 721.50

SW Window 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

N Doors 28.34 3.00 1045.78 1.05 778.06

NE Doors 4.72 3.00 174.30 0.17 129.68

NW Doors 0.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Doors 4.72 3.00 174.30 0.17 129.68

W Doors 9.45 3.00 348.59 0.35 259.35

SE Doors 0.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Doors 23.62 3.00 871.49 0.87 648.39

SW Doors 0.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ceilling 2441.04 0.13 4488.71 4.49 3339.60

Floors 2441.04 0.15 4503.73 4.50 3350.77

Total 6976.17 25114.20 5190.27

21 8.7 12.3


Heat loss

(kWh/month)4206.12 6624.98 8208.05 9747.58 11013.49 10224.00 9789.77 7227.99 5190.27 67534.05

84


Calculation 13 Solar gains from months to September to May.

Sep

Windows


solar gains

(Wh/m2/day )

Correction factor

for shading

Correction factor

for absorption

Total solar gains

(Wh/day )

Total solar gains

(kWh/month)

N 16.56 900 6224.66 186.74

NE 7.02 2200 6449.41 193.48

NW 0.00 2200 0.00 0.00

E 18.18 3520 26723.73 801.71

W 15.21 3520 22357.97 670.74

SE 0.00 4820 0.00 0.00

S 9.36 6130 23960.55 718.82

SW 3.51 4820 7065.04 211.95

Total 92781.37 2783.44

Oct

Windows


solar gains

(Wh/m2/day )

Correction factor

for shading

Correction factor

for absorption

Total solar gains

(Wh/day )

Total solar gains

(kWh/month)

N 16.56 510 3101.60 96.15

NE 7.02 1010 2603.52 80.71

NW 0.00 1010 0.00 0.00

E 18.18 2110 14085.72 436.66

W 15.21 2110 11784.59 365.32

SE 0.00 3570 0.00 0.00

S 9.36 5620 19315.90 598.79

SW 3.51 3570 4601.27 142.64

Total 55492.59 1720.27

Nov

Windows


solar gains

(Wh/m2/day )

Correction factor

for shading

Correction factor

for absorption

Total solar gains

(Wh/day )

Total solar gains

(kWh/month)

N 16.56 200 1001.67 30.05

NE 7.02 270 573.17 17.20

NW 0.00 270 0.00 0.00

E 18.18 840 4618.01 138.54

W 15.21 840 3863.58 115.91

SE 0.00 1910 0.00 0.00

S 9.36 3480 9850.01 295.50

SW 3.51 1910 2027.32 60.82

Total 21933.77 658.01

Dec

Windows


solar gains

(Wh/m2/day )

Correction factor

for shading

Correction factor

for absorption

Total solar gains

(Wh/day )

Total solar gains

(kWh/month)

N 16.56 80 410.21 12.72

NE 7.02 90 195.61 6.06

NW 0.00 90 0.00 0.00

E 18.18 350 1969.98 61.07

W 15.21 350 1648.16 51.09

SE 0.00 1060 0.00 0.00

S 9.36 2030 5882.65 182.36

SW 3.51 1060 1151.90 35.71

Total 11258.50 349.01

Jan

Windows


solar gains

(Wh/m2/day )

Correction factor

for shading

Correction factor

for absorption

Total solar gains

(Wh/day )

Total solar gains

(kWh/month)

N 16.56 130 697.59 21.63

NE 7.02 160 363.92 11.28

NW 0.00 160 0.00 0.00

E 18.18 550 3239.68 100.43

W 15.21 550 2710.42 84.02

SE 0.00 1440 0.00 0.00

S 9.36 2710 8218.45 254.77

SW 3.51 1440 1637.63 50.77

Total 16867.69 522.90

0.45 0.72

0.58 0.72

0.51 0.72

0.42 0.72

0.43 0.72

85

Calculation 14 Total Solar gains. Note that the months of September and May are divided by two and then all months are


Feb

Windows


solar gains

(Wh/m2/day )

Correction factor

for shading

Correction factor

for absorption

Total solar gains

(Wh/day )

Total solar gains

(kWh/month)

N 16.56 370 2161.94 62.70

NE 7.02 640 1585.06 45.97

NW 0.00 640 0.00 0.00

E 18.18 1550 9941.55 288.30

W 15.21 1550 8317.44 241.21

SE 0.00 2900 0.00 0.00

S 9.36 4880 16114.78 467.33

SW 3.51 2900 3591.15 104.14

41711.91 1209.65

Mar Total

Windows


solar gains

(Wh/m2/day )

Correction factor

for shading

Correction factor

for absorption

Total solar gains

(Wh/day )

Total solar gains

(KWh/month)

N 16.56 730 5048.89 156.52

NE 7.02 1720 5042.27 156.31

NW 0.00 1720 0.00 0.00

E 18.18 3050 23155.50 717.82

W 15.21 3050 19372.67 600.55

SE 0.00 4520 0.00 0.00

S 9.36 6320 24703.21 765.80

SW 3.51 4520 6625.31 205.38

Total 83947.86 2602.38

Apr

Windows


solar gains

(Wh/m2/day )

Correction factor

for shading

Correction factor

for absorption

Total solar gains

(Wh/day )

Total solar gains

(kWh/month)

N 16.56 1350 9336.99 280.11

NE 7.02 3320 9732.75 291.98

NW 0.00 3320 0.00 0.00

E 18.18 4750 36061.85 1081.86

W 15.21 4750 30170.56 905.12

SE 0.00 5850 0.00 0.00

S 9.36 6410 25055.00 751.65

SW 3.51 5850 8574.79 257.24

Total 118931.94 3567.96

May

Windows


solar gains

(Wh/m2/day )

Correction factor

for shading

Correction factor

for absorption

Total solar gains

(Wh/day )

Total solar gains

(kWh/month)

N 16.56 2350.00 17654.43 547.29

NE 7.02 4460.00 14201.85 440.26

NW 0.00 4460.00 0.00 0.00

E 18.18 5630.00 46427.50 1439.25

W 15.21 5630.00 38842.81 1204.13

SE 0.00 6150.00 0.00 0.00

S 9.36 5730.00 24327.84 754.16

SW 3.51 6150.00 9791.64 303.54

Total 151246.07 4688.63

0.49 0.72

0.63 0.72

0.58 0.72

0.58 0.72


Heat gain (kWh) 2783.44 1720.27 658.01 349.01 522.90 1209.65 2602.38 3567.96 4688.63 14366.22

86



Calculation 16 Calculated Airflow in m3/s.


Calculation 17 Heat loss due to ventilation from September to May.

Internal surface

area Volume (m3) q

Infiltration rate

(m3/h)

0.05 999.17 2997.51 5 0.083

Month Infiltration rate

(m3/h)Volume (m3)

Internal temperature

(°C)

External

temperature

(°C)

Difference in

temperature (°C)Qv (w) Qv (kWh) Qv (kWh/month)

sep 10.7 10.3 857.62 0.86 617.49

oct 5.3 15.7 1307.25 1.31 972.59

nov 0.9 20.1 1673.61 1.67 1205.00

dec -2.1 23.1 1923.40 1.92 1431.01

jan -5.1 26.1 2173.19 2.17 1616.86

feb -4.9 25.9 2156.54 2.16 1500.95

mar -2.2 23.2 1931.73 1.93 1437.21

apr 3.3 17.7 1473.78 1.47 1061.12

may 8.7 12.3 1024.15 1.02 761.97

Total 14521.27 52276.57 10604.19

1/3 0.083 2997.51 21

Calculated average air flow (m/s) Width (m) Height (m) Airflow in (m3/s)4.46 0.7 0.44 1.37



Air volume

flow (qv)

Inside air temperature

(ti)

Outside door

temperature (to)

Diference in

temperature (∆t)

Ventliation heat

loss (HV)


Sep 10.70 10.30 3481.86

Oct 5.30 15.70 5307.30

Nov 0.90 20.10 6794.70

Dec -2.10 23.10 7808.83

Jan -5.10 26.10 8822.97

Feb -4.90 25.90 8755.36

Mar -2.20 23.20 7842.64

Apr 3.30 17.70 5983.39

May 8.70 12.30 4157.95

1.225 1.37291 21

AHU Number

Month

ff1.1 80 1005

87

Calculation 18 Total heat loss due to ventilation.

Formula 7 on page 23 and formula 8 on page 24 was used for the following calculation.

Calculation 19 Internal gains for a 24 hour period. Note that the table was broken down into section so the data could be

read.

Month Total heat loss (kWh) Month total working hours (h) Total heat loss per month (kWh)

Sep 3.48 113 393.45

Oct 5.31 188 997.77

Nov 6.79 181 1229.84

Dec 7.81 198 1546.15

Jan 8.82 180 1588.13

Feb 8.76 181 1584.72

Mar 7.84 198 1552.84

Apr 5.98 180 1077.01

May 4.16 86 357.58

Total 10327.50


(W/Person)

Lighting

Area (m2)

Heat Gain from lighting

(W/m2)


01:00:00-02:00:00 0 10 0 999.17 14 #NAME?


Heat gains (w) 03:00-04:00 0 10 0 999.17 14 #NAME?

05:00-:06:00 0 10 0 999.17 14 #NAME?

07:00-08:00 1 10 1400 999.17 14 13988.38

08:00-09:00 1 10 1400 999.17 14 13988.38

Heat gains (w) 09:00-10:00 1 10 1400 999.17 14 13988.38

10:00-11:00 1 10 1400 999.17 14 13988.38

11:00-12:00 1 10 1400 999.17 14 13988.38

12:00-13:00 1 10 1400 999.17 14 13988.38

Heat Gains (w) 13:00-14:00 1 10 1400 999.17 14 13988.38

14:00-15:00 1 10 1400 999.17 14 13988.38

15:00-16:00 1 10 1400 999.17 14 13988.38

16:00-17:00 1 10 1400 999.17 14 13988.38

Heat gains (w) 17:00-18:00 0 10 0 999.17 14 #NAME?

18:00-19:00 0 10 0 999.17 14 #NAME?

19:00-20:00 0 10 0 999.17 14 #NAME?

20:00-21:00 0 10 0 999.17 14 #NAME?

Heat Gains (w) 21:00-22:00 0 10 0 999.17 14 #NAME?

22:00-23:00 0 10 0 999.17 14 #NAME?

23:00-24:00 0 10 0 999.17 0 #NAME?


70

125

Select printer size

Select copier size

300

Select type of work

been carried out

140


8

65


usage by PC

88


pcs (W)

Number

monitors

Heat gains from

Monitors (W)

Number of

printers

Heat gain from

printers (W)

6.00 0.00 7.00 0.00 1.00 0.00

6.00 0.00 7.00 0.00 1.00 0.00

6.00 0.00 7.00 0.00 1.00 0.00

6.00 0.00 7.00 0.00 1.00 0.00

6.00 0.00 7.00 0.00 1.00 0.00

6.00 390.00 7.00 490.00 1.00 125.00

6.00 390.00 7.00 490.00 1.00 125.00

6.00 390.00 7.00 490.00 1.00 125.00

6.00 390.00 7.00 490.00 1.00 125.00

6.00 390.00 7.00 490.00 1.00 125.00

6.00 390.00 7.00 490.00 1.00 125.00

6.00 390.00 7.00 490.00 1.00 125.00

6.00 390.00 7.00 490.00 1.00 125.00

6.00 390.00 7.00 490.00 1.00 125.00

6.00 390.00 7.00 490.00 1.00 125.00

6.00 0.00 7.00 0.00 1.00 0.00

6.00 0.00 7.00 0.00 1.00 0.00

6.00 0.00 7.00 0.00 1.00 0.00

6.00 0.00 7.00 0.00 1.00 0.00

6.00 0.00 7.00 0.00 1.00 0.00

6.00 0.00 7.00 0.00 1.00 0.00

6.00 0.00 3.00 0.00 1.00 0.00

Number of

copiers

Heat gains from

copiers (W)

Total internal

gains (W)

Total internal

gains (kW)

Total internal

gains (kWh )

1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.00 300.00 16693.38 16.69 16.69

1.00 300.00 16693.38 16.69 16.69

1.00 300.00 16693.38 16.69 16.69

1.00 300.00 16693.38 16.69 16.69

1.00 300.00 16693.38 16.69 16.69

1.00 300.00 16693.38 16.69 16.69

1.00 300.00 16693.38 16.69 16.69

1.00 300.00 16693.38 16.69 16.69

1.00 300.00 16693.38 16.69 16.69

1.00 300.00 16693.38 16.69 16.69

1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hand calculation of

internal gains 0.00 0.00


89

Calculation 20 Total internal gains.


Calculation 21 Estimated hot water consumption.

Month Total gains for 24

hr period (kWh)

Number of

working days in

each month


(kWh)

Sep 13.00 2170.14

Oct 22.00 3672.54

Nov 21.00 3505.61

Dec 23.00 3839.48

Jan 21.00 3505.61

Feb 21.00 3505.61

Mar 23.00 3839.48

Apr 21.00 3505.61

May 10.00 1669.34

Total 29213.42

166.93

Volume of cold

water (m3)

Difference in


0.33 303 1.163 50 5873.15

90

8.5 Appendix E: Inputs and calculations Centralgatan 12 building.


Table 50 Floor, ceiling and lighting area


Orientation Structure Area (m2)

N Wall 303.474

NE Wall 0

NW Wall 0

E Wall 222.446

W Wall 173.91

SE Wall 0

S Wall 127.238

SW Wall 61.8

N Windows 37.8

NE Windows 0

NW Windows 0

E Windows 67.014

W Windows 52.764

SE Windows 0

S Windows 69.39

SW Windows 5.4

N Doors 1.926

NE Doors 0

NW Doors 0

E Doors 8.8

W Doors 16.446

SE Doors 0

S Doors 12.652

SW Doors 0

Element Area (m2)

Ceiling, floor 1468.23

Lighting area 2936.46

Volume (m3) 8809.38

91

Table 52 U-values



Month Number of days Number of hours per month Operation time (hrsper month)

Sep 30 720 113

Oct 31 744 188

Nov 30 720 181

Dec 31 744 198

Jan 31 744 180

Feb 29 696 181

Mar 31 744 198

Apr 30 720 180

May 31 744 86

92


Table 56 Calculation factors for windows according to cloudy days.

Table 57 Correction factor for absorption.

Windows


N 900 510 200 80 130 370 730 1350 2350

NE 2200 1010 270 90 160 640 1720 3320 4460

NW 2200 1010 270 90 160 640 1720 3320 4460

E 3520 2110 840 350 550 1550 3050 4750 5630

W 3520 2110 840 350 550 1550 3050 4750 5630

SE 4820 3570 1910 1060 1440 2900 4520 5850 6150

S 6130 5620 3480 2030 2710 4880 6320 6410 5730

SW 4820 3570 1910 1060 1440 2900 4520 5850 6150

93

Table 58 Air flow measurements in AHU. (m/s)

Table 59 Required data for heat loss due to ventilation

Table 60 Required data for heat loss due to infiltration

Ahu ff 2.1

3.19 3.1 2.96 2.5

2.39 2.6 2.63 2.8

2.07 2.08 2.28 2.46

1.67 1.71 1.91 2.09

Ahu ff 2.5

3.6 5.5 5.9 5.7

3.58 5.1 7.1 5.65

3.8 4.98 7.6 6.1

2 3 5 6.4

Ahu ff 2.3

2.82 3.48 4.4 4.9

3 4.26 4.24 4.27

3.01 4.6 4.21 4.3

2.5 3.47 2.96 3.96

Ahu ff 2.4

4.29 4.43 4.11 4

5.75 5.59 5.5 5.35

5.9 6 5.65 5.95

5.25 4.69 4.34 4.67

Ahu ff 2.2

2.17 3.5 4.04 3.4

4 4.29 3.75 2.5

3.7 3.9 4.33 2.9

3 3.7 4.3 3.3






Heat recover (ᵦ) Specific heat (cp) Density of air (r) Air volume flow (qv)

% kJ/kg/K kg/m3 m3/s

ff 2.1 80 1005 1.225 0.5766

ff 2.5 80 1005 1.225 1.22

ff 2.3 80 1005 1.225 1.21

ff 2.4 80 1005 1.225 2.04

ff 2.2 80 1005 1.225 0.85

AHU Number



1 1005 1.225 0.25 8809.38

Room number

94







Table 61 Cold water usage. (m3)

m1 m2 m3 m4 total

sep 42 43 63 34 182

oct 44 45 65 35 189

nov 35 34 17 -34 52

dec 42 43 63 34 182

jan 83 84 109 67 343

feb 43 -84 128 57 144

mar 41 42 55 34 172

apr 43 44 56 35 178

may 0 0 0 0

Total 1442

95


Total

Total

Total

Total


Other equipment:




13-15 inch0

Date of inspection

Centralgatan 12 Skutskär

Kieran Crowley

7/10/2016

Monitors size

0

16-18 inch 1+1+1+1+1+1 6


Small desktop 0 0

Desktop 0 0

Office 0 0

Small office 0 0

Large office 3 3


Desktop 0 0

Small Desktop 0 0


Desktop 20+20+15 55




96



Calculation 22 Heat loss by transmittance from September to May.

97

Oct


(W/m2/K)

Indoor

temperature (˚C)

Outdoor

temperature (˚C)

Difference in


N Exterinal Wall 303.47 0.18 857.62 0.86 638.07



E Exterinal Wall 222.45 0.18 628.63 0.63 467.70

W Exterinal Wall 173.91 0.18 491.47 0.49 365.65


S Exterinal Wall 127.24 0.18 359.57 0.36 267.52


N Window 37.80 2 1186.92 1.19 883.07

NE Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

NW Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Window 67.01 2 2104.24 2.10 1565.55

W Window 52.76 2 1656.79 1.66 1232.65

SE Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Window 69.39 2 2178.85 2.18 1621.06

SW Window 5.40 2 169.56 0.17 126.15

N Doors 1.93 3 90.71 0.09 67.49

NE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

NW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Doors 8.80 3 414.48 0.41 308.37

W Doors 16.45 3 774.61 0.77 576.31

SE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Doors 12.65 3 595.91 0.60 443.36

SW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ceilling 1468.23 0.13 3446.16 3.45 2563.94

Floors 1468.23 0.15 3457.68 3.46 2572.52

Total 18587.84 66916.24 13829.36

Nov


(W/m2/K)

Indoor

temperature (˚C)

Outdoor

temperature (˚C)

Difference in


N Exterinal Wall 303.47 0.18 1097.97 1.10 790.54



E Exterinal Wall 222.45 0.18 804.81 0.80 579.46

W Exterinal Wall 173.91 0.18 629.21 0.63 453.03


S Exterinal Wall 127.24 0.18 460.35 0.46 331.45


N Window 37.80 2 1519.56 1.52 1094.08

NE Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

NW Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Window 67.01 2 2693.96 2.69 1939.65

W Window 52.76 2 2121.11 2.12 1527.20

SE Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Window 69.39 2 2789.48 2.79 2008.42

SW Window 5.40 2 217.08 0.22 156.30

N Doors 1.93 3 116.14 0.12 83.62

NE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

NW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Doors 8.80 3 530.64 0.53 382.06

W Doors 16.45 3 991.69 0.99 714.02

SE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Doors 12.65 3 762.92 0.76 549.30

SW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ceilling 1468.23 0.13 4411.96 4.41 3176.61

Floors 1468.23 0.15 4426.71 4.43 3187.23

Total 23797.18 85669.84 17133.97

0.9 20.121

21 5.3 15.7

98

Dec


(W/m2/K)

Indoor

temperature (˚C)

Outdoor

temperature (˚C)

Difference in


N Exterinal Wall 303.47 0.18 1261.84 1.26 938.81



E Exterinal Wall 222.45 0.18 924.93 0.92 688.15

W Exterinal Wall 173.91 0.18 723.12 0.72 538.00


S Exterinal Wall 127.24 0.18 529.06 0.53 393.62


N Window 37.80 2 1746.36 1.75 1299.29

NE Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

NW Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Window 67.01 2 3096.05 3.10 2303.46

W Window 52.76 2 2437.70 2.44 1813.65

SE Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Window 69.39 2 3205.82 3.21 2385.13

SW Window 5.40 2 249.48 0.25 185.61

N Doors 1.93 3 133.47 0.13 99.30

NE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

NW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Doors 8.80 3 609.84 0.61 453.72

W Doors 16.45 3 1139.71 1.14 847.94

SE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Doors 12.65 3 876.78 0.88 652.33

SW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ceilling 1468.23 0.13 5070.46 5.07 3772.42

Floors 1468.23 0.15 5087.42 5.09 3785.04

Total 27348.99 98456.38 20347.65

Jan


(W/m2/K)

Indoor

temperature (˚C)

Outdoor

temperature (˚C)

Difference in


N Exterinal Wall 303.47 0.18 1425.72 1.43 1060.74



E Exterinal Wall 222.45 0.18 1045.05 1.05 777.52

W Exterinal Wall 173.91 0.18 817.03 0.82 607.87


S Exterinal Wall 127.24 0.18 597.76 0.60 444.74


N Window 37.80 2 1973.16 1.97 1468.03

NE Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

NW Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Window 67.01 2 3498.13 3.50 2602.61

W Window 52.76 2 2754.28 2.75 2049.18

SE Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Window 69.39 2 3622.16 3.62 2694.89

SW Window 5.40 2 281.88 0.28 209.72

N Doors 1.93 3 150.81 0.15 112.20

NE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

NW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Doors 8.80 3 689.04 0.69 512.65

W Doors 16.45 3 1287.72 1.29 958.07

SE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Doors 12.65 3 990.65 0.99 737.04

SW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ceilling 1468.23 0.13 5728.96 5.73 4262.35

Floors 1468.23 0.15 5748.12 5.75 4276.60

Total 30900.81 111242.92 22990.20

21 -5.1 26.1

21 -2.1 23.1

99

Feb


(W/m2/K)

Indoor

temperature (˚C)

Outdoor

temperature (˚C)

Difference in


N Exterinal Wall 303.47 0.18 1414.80 1.41 984.70



E Exterinal Wall 222.45 0.18 1037.04 1.04 721.78

W Exterinal Wall 173.91 0.18 810.77 0.81 564.29


S Exterinal Wall 127.24 0.18 593.18 0.59 412.86


N Window 37.80 2 1958.04 1.96 1362.80

NE Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

NW Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Window 67.01 2 3471.33 3.47 2416.04

W Window 52.76 2 2733.18 2.73 1902.29

SE Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Window 69.39 2 3594.40 3.59 2501.70

SW Window 5.40 2 279.72 0.28 194.69

N Doors 1.93 3 149.65 0.15 104.16

NE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

NW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Doors 8.80 3 683.76 0.68 475.90

W Doors 16.45 3 1277.85 1.28 889.39

SE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Doors 12.65 3 983.06 0.98 684.21

SW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ceilling 1468.23 0.13 5685.06 5.69 3956.80

Floors 1468.23 0.15 5704.07 5.70 3970.04

Total 30664.02 110390.48 21342.16

Mar


(W/m2/K)

Indoor

temperature (˚C)

Outdoor

temperature (˚C)

Difference in


N Exterinal Wall 303.47 0.18 1267.31 1.27 942.88



E Exterinal Wall 222.45 0.18 928.93 0.93 691.13

W Exterinal Wall 173.91 0.18 726.25 0.73 540.33


S Exterinal Wall 127.24 0.18 531.35 0.53 395.32


N Window 37.80 2 1753.92 1.75 1304.92

NE Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

NW Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Window 67.01 2 3109.45 3.11 2313.43

W Window 52.76 2 2448.25 2.45 1821.50

SE Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Window 69.39 2 3219.70 3.22 2395.45

SW Window 5.40 2 250.56 0.25 186.42

N Doors 1.93 3 134.05 0.13 99.73

NE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

NW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Doors 8.80 3 612.48 0.61 455.69

W Doors 16.45 3 1144.64 1.14 851.61

SE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Doors 12.65 3 880.58 0.88 655.15

SW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ceilling 1468.23 0.13 5092.41 5.09 3788.75

Floors 1468.23 0.15 5109.44 5.11 3801.42

Total 27467.39 98882.60 20435.74

21 -2.2 23.2

21 -4.9 25.9

100

Calculation 23 Total heat loss by transmittance. Note that the months of September and May are divide by two and then


Apr


(W/m2/K)

Indoor

temperature (˚C)

Outdoor

temperature (˚C)

Difference in


N Exterinal Wall 303.47 0.18 966.87 0.97 696.15



E Exterinal Wall 222.45 0.18 708.71 0.71 510.27

W Exterinal Wall 173.91 0.18 554.08 0.55 398.94


S Exterinal Wall 127.24 0.18 405.38 0.41 291.87


N Window 37.80 2 1338.12 1.34 963.45

NE Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

NW Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Window 67.01 2 2372.30 2.37 1708.05

W Window 52.76 2 1867.85 1.87 1344.85

SE Window 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Window 69.39 2 2456.41 2.46 1768.61

SW Window 5.40 2 191.16 0.19 137.64

N Doors 1.93 3 102.27 0.10 73.63

NE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

NW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Doors 8.80 3 467.28 0.47 336.44

W Doors 16.45 3 873.28 0.87 628.76

SE Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Doors 12.65 3 671.82 0.67 483.71

SW Doors 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ceilling 1468.23 0.13 3885.16 3.89 2797.31

Floors 1468.23 0.15 3898.15 3.90 2806.67

Total 20955.72 75440.60 15088.12

May


(W/m2/K)

Indoor

temperature (˚C)

Outdoor

temperature (˚C)

Difference in


N Exterinal Wall 303.47 0.18 671.89 0.67 499.89



E Exterinal Wall 222.45 0.18 492.50 0.49 366.42

W Exterinal Wall 173.91 0.18 385.04 0.39 286.47


S Exterinal Wall 127.24 0.18 281.70 0.28 209.59


N Window 37.80 2.00 929.88 0.93 691.83

NE Window 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

NW Window 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Window 67.01 2.00 1648.54 1.65 1226.52

W Window 52.76 2.00 1297.99 1.30 965.71

SE Window 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Window 69.39 2.00 1706.99 1.71 1270.00

SW Window 5.40 2.00 132.84 0.13 98.83

N Doors 1.93 3.00 71.07 0.07 52.88

NE Doors 0.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

NW Doors 0.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

E Doors 8.80 3.00 324.72 0.32 241.59

W Doors 16.45 3.00 606.86 0.61 451.50

SE Doors 0.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

S Doors 12.65 3.00 466.86 0.47 347.34

SW Doors 0.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ceilling 1468.23 0.13 2699.85 2.70 2008.69

Floors 1468.23 0.15 2708.88 2.71 2015.41

Total 14562.45 52424.82 10834.46

21 3.3 17.7

21 8.7 12.3


Heat loss

(kWh/month)8780.09 13829.36 17133.97 20347.65 22990.20 21342.16 20435.74 15088.12 10834.46 140974.47

101


Calculation 24 Solar gains from September to May.

102

Calculation 25 Total solar gains. Note that the months of September and May are divided by two and then all months are


103



Calculation 27 Airflow in m3/s


Calculation 28 Heat loss due to ventilation from September to May.

Internal surface

area Volume (m3) q

Infiltration rate

(m3/h)

0.05 1468.23 8809.38 5 0.042

Month Infiltration

rate (m3/h)Volume (m3)

Internal

temperature

(°C)

External

temperature (°C)

Difference in

temperature (°C)Qv (w) Qv (kWh) Qv (kWh/month)

sep 10.70 10.30 1260.23 1.26 907.37

oct 5.30 15.70 1920.93 1.92 1429.18

nov 0.90 20.10 2459.29 2.46 1770.69

dec -2.10 23.10 2826.34 2.83 2102.80

jan -5.10 26.10 3193.40 3.19 2375.89

feb -4.90 25.90 3168.93 3.17 2205.58

mar -2.20 23.20 2838.58 2.84 2111.90

apr 3.30 17.70 2165.64 2.17 1559.26

may 8.70 12.30 1504.94 1.50 1119.67

Total 21338.28 76817.79 15582.32

0.33 0.04 8809.38 21.00

Ahu Calculated average air flow (m/s) Width (m) Height (m) Airflow in (m3/s)

ff 2.1 2.40 0.60 0.40 0.58

ff 2.5 5.06 0.6 0.4 1.22

ff 2.3 3.77 0.8 0.4 1.21

ff 2.4 5.09 0.8 0.5 2.04

ff 2.2 3.55 0.6 0.4 0.85

Sep



Air volume flow

(qv)

Inside air

temperature (ti)

Outside door

temperature (to)

Diference in

temperature (∆t)

Ventliation heat

loss (HV)


ff 3.1 80 1005 1.225 0.58 10.30 1462.33

ff 3.2 80 1005 1.225 1.22 10.30 3081.76

ff 3.3 80 1005 1.225 1.21 10.30 3062.62

ff 3.4 80 1005 1.225 2.04 10.30 5165.44

ff 3.5 80 1005 1.225 0.85 10.30 2160.01

Total 14932.15

Oct



Air volume flow

(qv)

Inside air

temperature (ti)

Outside door

temperature (to)

Diference in

temperature (∆t)

Ventliation heat

loss (HV)


ff 2.1 80 1005 1.225 0.58 15.70 2228.98

ff 2.5 80 1005 1.225 1.22 15.70 4697.44

ff 2.3 80 1005 1.225 1.21 15.70 4668.26

ff 2.4 80 1005 1.225 2.04 15.70 7873.53

ff 2.2 80 1005 1.225 0.85 15.70 3292.44

Total 22760.66

AHU Number

AHU Number

5.3021.00

10.7021.00

104

Nov



Air volume flow

(qv)

Inside air

temperature (ti)

Outside door

temperature (to)

Diference in

temperature (∆t)

Ventliation heat

loss (HV)


ff 2.1 80 1005 1.225 0.58 20.10 2853.66

ff 2.5 80 1005 1.225 1.22 20.10 6013.93

ff 2.3 80 1005 1.225 1.21 20.10 5976.56

ff 2.4 80 1005 1.225 2.04 20.10 10080.13

ff 2.2 80 1005 1.225 0.85 20.10 4215.17

Total 29139.44

Dec



Air volume flow

(qv)

Inside air

temperature (ti)

Outside door

temperature (to)

Diference in

temperature (∆t)

Ventliation heat

loss (HV)


ff 2.1 80 1005 1.225 0.58 23.10 3279.58

ff 2.5 80 1005 1.225 1.22 23.10 6911.53

ff 2.3 80 1005 1.225 1.21 23.10 6868.58

ff 2.4 80 1005 1.225 2.04 23.10 11584.62

ff 2.2 80 1005 1.225 0.85 23.10 4844.30

Total 33488.61

Jan



Air volume flow

(qv)

Inside air

temperature (ti)

Outside door

temperature (to)

Diference in

temperature (∆t)

Ventliation heat

loss (HV)


ff 2.1 80 1005 1.225 0.58 26.10 3705.50

ff 2.5 80 1005 1.225 1.22 26.10 7809.13

ff 2.3 80 1005 1.225 1.21 26.10 7760.61

ff 2.4 80 1005 1.225 2.04 26.10 13089.12

ff 2.2 80 1005 1.225 0.85 26.10 5473.43

Total 37837.78

Feb



Air volume flow

(qv)

Inside air

temperature (ti)

Outside door

temperature (to)

Diference in

temperature (∆t)

Ventliation heat

loss (HV)


ff 2.1 80 1005 1.225 0.58 25.90 3677.11

ff 2.5 80 1005 1.225 1.22 25.90 7749.29

ff 2.3 80 1005 1.225 1.21 25.90 7701.14

ff 2.4 80 1005 1.225 2.04 25.90 12988.82

ff 2.2 80 1005 1.225 0.85 25.90 5431.48

Total 37547.84

Mar



Air volume flow

(qv)

Inside air

temperature (ti)

Outside door

temperature (to)

Diference in

temperature (∆t)

Ventliation heat

loss (HV)


ff 2.1 80 1005 1.225 0.58 23.20 3293.78

ff 2.5 80 1005 1.225 1.22 23.20 6941.45

ff 2.3 80 1005 1.225 1.21 23.20 6898.32

ff 2.4 80 1005 1.225 2.04 23.20 11634.77

ff 2.2 80 1005 1.225 0.85 23.20 4865.27

Total 33633.59

21 -4.9

21 -2.2

AHU Number

AHU Number

AHU Number

AHU Number

21.00 -2.10

21 -5.1

AHU Number

21.00 0.90

105

Calculation 29 Total heat loss due to ventilation.

Apr



Air volume flow

(qv)

Inside air

temperature (ti)

Outside door

temperature (to)

Diference in

temperature (∆t)

Ventliation heat

loss (HV)


ff 2.1 80 1005 1.225 0.58 17.7 2512.93

ff 2.5 80 1005 1.225 1.22 17.7 5295.85

ff 2.3 80 1005 1.225 1.21 17.7 5262.94

ff 2.4 80 1005 1.225 2.04 17.7 8876.53

ff 2.2 80 1005 1.225 0.85 17.7 3711.86

Total 25660.11

May



Air volume flow

(qv)

Inside air

temperature (ti)

Outside door

temperature (to)

Diference in

temperature (∆t)

Ventliation heat

loss (HV)


ff 2.1 80 1005 1.225 0.58 12.3 1746.27

ff 2.5 80 1005 1.225 1.22 12.3 3680.16

ff 2.3 80 1005 1.225 1.21 12.3 3657.30

ff 2.4 80 1005 1.225 2.04 12.3 6168.43

ff 2.2 80 1005 1.225 0.85 12.3 2579.43

Total 17831.60

AHU Number

AHU Number

21 3.3

8.721

Month Total heat loss (kWh) Month total working hours (h) Total heat loss per month (kWh)

Sep 14.93 113 1687.33

Oct 22.76 188 4279.00

Nov 29.14 181 5274.24

Dec 33.49 198 6630.75

Jan 37.84 180 6810.80

Feb 37.55 181 6796.16

Mar 33.63 198 6659.45

Apr 25.66 180 4618.82

May 17.83 86 1533.52

Total 44290.07

106

Formula 7 page 23 and forumla 8 page 24 were used in the following calculations. Calculation 30 Internal gains for a 24 hour period. Note that the table was broken down into section so the data could be

read.


(W/Person)

Lighting

Area (m2)

Heat Gain from

lighting (W/m2)


01:00:00-02:00:00 0 60 0 2936.46 14 #NAME?


Heat gains (w) 03:00-04:00 0 60 0 2936.46 14 #NAME?

05:00-:06:00 0 60 0 2936.46 14 #NAME?

07:00-08:00 0 60 0 2936.46 14 #NAME?

08:00-09:00 0 60 0 2936.46 14 #NAME?

Heat gains (w) 09:00-10:00 1 60 8400 2936.46 14 41110.44

10:00-11:00 1 60 8400 2936.46 14 41110.44

11:00-12:00 1 60 8400 2936.46 14 41110.44

12:00-13:00 1 60 8400 2936.46 14 41110.44

Heat Gains (w) 13:00-14:00 1 60 8400 2936.46 14 41110.44

14:00-15:00 1 60 8400 2936.46 14 41110.44

15:00-16:00 1 60 8400 2936.46 14 41110.44

16:00-17:00 0 60 0 2936.46 14 #NAME?

Heat gains (w) 17:00-18:00 0 60 0 2936.46 14 #NAME?

18:00-19:00 0 60 0 2936.46 14 #NAME?

19:00-20:00 0 60 0 2936.46 14 #NAME?

20:00-21:00 0 60 0 2936.46 14 #NAME?

Heat Gains (w) 21:00-22:00 0 60 0 2936.46 14 #NAME?

22:00-23:00 0 60 0 2936.46 14 #NAME?

23:00-24:00 0 60 0 2936.46 0 #NAME?

Select copier size

300

Select type of work

been carried out

140


8

65


usage by PC


70

125

Select printer size


pcs (W)

Number

monitors

Heat gains from

Monitors (W)

Number of

printers

Heat gain from

printers (W)

55 0 1 0 4 0

55 0 1 0 4 0

55 0 1 0 4 0

55 0 1 0 4 0

55 0 1 0 4 0

55 0 1 0 4 0

55 0 1 0 4 0

55 3575 1 70 4 500

55 3575 1 70 4 500

55 3575 1 70 4 500

55 3575 1 70 4 500

55 3575 1 70 4 500

55 3575 1 70 4 500

55 3575 1 70 4 500

55 0 1 0 4 0

55 0 1 0 4 0

55 0 1 0 4 0

55 0 1 0 4 0

55 0 1 0 4 0

55 0 1 0 4 0

55 0 1 0 4 0

55 0 1 0 4 0

107

Calculation 31 Total internal gains


Calculation 32 Estimation of hot water usage.

Number of

copiers

Heat gains from

copiers (W)

Total internal

gains (W)

Total

internal

gains (kW)

Total internal

gains (kWh )

1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.00 300.00 53955.44 53.96 53.96

1.00 300.00 53955.44 53.96 53.96

1.00 300.00 53955.44 53.96 53.96

1.00 300.00 53955.44 53.96 53.96

1.00 300.00 53955.44 53.96 53.96

1.00 300.00 53955.44 53.96 53.96

1.00 300.00 53955.44 53.96 53.96

1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hand calculation of

internal gains 0.00 0.00


Month

Total internal

gains (kWh)

Number of

working days in

each month


(kWh)

Sep 13 4909.95

Oct 22 8309.14

Nov 21 7931.45

Dec 23 8686.83

Jan 21 7931.45

Feb 21 7931.45

Mar 23 8686.83

Apr 21 7931.45

May 10 3776.88

Total 66095.41

377.69

Volume of cold

water (m3)

Difference in


0.33 1442 1.163 50 27950.77

108

8.6 Appendix F: Heating input by heating system. Note that the summer months of June, July and August were add to hot water loss as the heating

system is turned off for this months.

Calculation 33 Energy input by heating system.

Jan 71433

Feb 61395

Mar 56147

Apr 36192

May 25404

Jun 13210

Jul 8820

Aug 8801

Sep 16296

Oct 42526

Nov 53513

Dec 64137

Total 457874

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