Energy from wet biomass waste -...
Transcript of Energy from wet biomass waste -...
Jan Zeevalkink
An assessment of existing and novel technologies
Energy from wet biomass waste
Energy from wet biomass, 6 May 20082
Energy from wet biomass
• Large potential of biomass/organic wastes with high water content (>50 %)
• Traditional, mature energy technology• Combustion: water content high• Anaerobic digestion: partial conversion of organics
• HydroThermal technology under development:• HTU® (HydroThemal Liquefaction) : diesel• Supercritical water gasification (SWG): H2/CH4
• Second generation option with no competition for food
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Acknowledgment
• The evaluation was performed in the framework of the EMINENT 2 project, TREN/05/FP6EN/S07.56209/019886, funded by the European Community under the 6-th Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development
• More information on www.eminentproject.com
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Content• Introduction• Wet biomass• Technology for energy from wet biomass• Hydro thermal processes
• The HTU process• Supercritical water gasification
• Alternatives• Combustion• Anaerobic digestion
• Processing chains• Results• Discussion• Concluding remarks
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Wet biomassExamples
• Wet solids, slurries with 10 to 50 % dry solids
• Organic fraction household waste (NL) `1.5 Mton/a (50 % dm)
• Road side grass (NL) 0.6 Mton/a (50 % dm)• Food and agro wastes (NL) 4.8 Mton/a (avrg 10 % dm)• Olive waste (EU) 3-5 Mton/a (dm)• Bagasse (world) 100 Mton/a (dm)
• Sustainable feedstock!
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SUFFICIENT RESOURCES?(HTU® opportunities at < 2€/GJ)
EUROPE• Agricultural / Industrial Residues 200 Mton dm/a (Olive Oil Waste 3-5 Mton dm/a)
•WORLD• Agricultural and industrial residues 5,000 Mton dm/a(Bagasse 100 Mton dm/a)
Total = 70 EJ/a
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POTENTIAL FOR ENERGY FROM BIOMASS
FROM POTENTIALLY AVAILABLE 250 EJ/YRLAND AREA
BIOMASS RESIDUES 70 EJ/YR
SHELL WORLD ENERGY SCENARIOS(spirit of the coming age) Biofuels 110 EJ/YR
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Energy from wet biomass
• Existing mature technology• Combustion water content high• Anaerobic digestion partial conversion of organics
• Technology in development• HTU® (HydroThemal Liquefaction) : biocrude (comparable
with an heavy oil) for diesel production,..• Supercritical water gasification (SWG): H2/CH4
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Hydrothermal Processing
• Processing in hot compressed water, liquid or supercritical
• Developments:1. biomass pre treatment for cellulose hydrolysis: production of
sugars (200 °C , 20 bar) without acid addition2. HTU®: proces for diesel, kerosine production (330 °C, 150 bar)3. SWG: Supercritical water gasification for production of methane
and/or hydrogen (600 ° C, 300 bar)
• No feedstock drying required!• Fit very well in biorefinery schemes: residual biomass processing
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Hydrothermal Upgrading
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HTU®
• Hydrothermal Upgrading/liquefaction
• Conversion at approx. 330°C en 150 bar to biocrude and CO2
• Raw materials: • wide variety of (wet) organic materials
sugar beet pulp, road side grass and others• Wood (residues)
• Biocrude: • High calorific value: 30 GJ/ton• Immiscible with water• Liquid above 80 °C• 10 – 15 % O2• Raw material for diesel fuel: hydrogenation
• Aim: production of renewable fuel
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HTU PRODUCT FLEXIBILITY
• Direct combustion as a liquid(replacement of fossil fuels)
• Combustion as a solid fuel (cofiring with coal)
• Emulsified fuel (type “Orimulsion”)
• Refinery feedstock
• Upgraded product
TP T
Heating
AutoclaveCollection vessel
Injector
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PROCESS DESIGN CASE STUDY
Basic process design by Jacobs Engineering Nederland
Case study:Feedstock: Sugar beet pulp, 22 %w dry matterIntake Capacity: 130,000 tonnes/year (dry basis)
Focus on heat integration, thermal efficiency and cost:
energy efficiency 75 % - 80 %
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Energy from wet biomass, 6 May 200815
HTU: business time line
Demonstration plant• 20 kton/a db (3 ton/hr db)• 17 Meuro capital investment
First commercial plant • 200 kton/a db (30 ton/hr db)• 32 Meuro capital investment
Pilot plant• 3 week trial run• 2 Meuro capital investment
Roll out in The Netherlands• 6 HTU plants 1,5 Mton/a db• 300 kton/a diesel (5 % of consumption)
First HTU consortium
New HTU consortium• Total, Paris• HVC, Alkmaar
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
Lay out of demonstration plant (Jacobs Engineering)
Pilot plant at TNO Apeldoorn
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Hydrothermal Processing
Pilot plant 100kg/hr dry matter
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Supercritical Water GasificationConversion at approx. 600°C en 300 bar to H2, CH4 and CO2
• EC and national reseach projects with different feedstock• Ethanol, biodiesel, glycerol• Greenhouse waste (15 % slurry)• Diesel, gasoline
• Product gas: hydrogen, up to 60 % methane carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide C2-C4
• No tar, coke formation
• Very rapid reaction, mildly endothermic
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Process scheme SWG
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Supercritical Water Gasification• Aims
• development of multi-fuel processor
• production of high-pressure hydrogen as transportation fuel
• production of energy rich gas or SNG
• Specific advantage for• Wet feedstock
• Greenhouse waste• Household waste
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Supercritical Water Gasification
Continuouspilot
5 l/hr
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Economic perspective• 10 MWth output
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Case organic household waste
• Typical mass flow 35.000 ton/a dry matter
• Feedstock composition:• water content 50 %• ash content 30 % of dm• organics 40 % dm basis;
• of which: volatile organics 50 %, digestible forbiogas formation
• Low Heating value 11,3 MJ/kg (dm)
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Processing chainsShort name Step 1 2 3 4
Supercritical gasification SWG
Washing Wet milling SWG conversion
Gas combustion for power production
Hydrothermal liquefaction HTU®
Washing Wet milling HTU®
conversionCo
combustion for power production
Anaerobic digestion
Milling Anaerobic digestion
Gas engine for power production
Combustion Combustion Power generation
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Energy outputs and products
ProductInterme
diateIntermediate
Electricity
Cost indication
MW MWe M€/a
SWGhydrogen,
methane 10.5 gas 3.1 4.3*
HTU®
liquid fuel for
transport 10.5 crude 4.1 3.9*
Digestion SNG 6.6 gas 2.0 2.5*
Combustion 10.1 heat 2.8*** 5.6**
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Electricity output vs. water content
50 % water 70 % water 80 % water
SWG 3.1 3,1 3.1
HTU® 4.1 4.1 4.1
Digestion 2.0 2.0 2.0
Combustion 2.8*** 1.8 0.7
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Discussion• HTU® and SWG perform better than the existing mature technologies
anaerobic digestion and combustion.
• Power production of the combustion technology is for a feedstock containing 50 % water not inferior
• Advantage of the novel technology is more evident with higher water content.This underpins the definition for “wet biomass” slurries to have more than 50 % water
• Electricity production also depends on selected conversion process. SWG has a higher conversion factor to electricity when co combusted in power station or if fuel cells could be applied.
• Anaerobic digestion results in compost, HTU® in an alternative liquid fuel, SWG in an energy rich gas or hydrogen or methane. It also depends on the anticipated applications of the product which conversion technology to select.
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Conclusions• Hydrothermal processes provide efficient technology for the
conversion of sustainable biomass/organic wastes with a high water content
• HTU and SWG fit very well in biorefinery schemes for the processing of residual organic matter to obtain complete use of energy crops
• But: much R&D has to be done• HTU demonstration and product research• Research and development on SWG
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AVAILABILITY OF ORGANIC RESIDUES IN THE NETHERLANDS
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
wood waste
food ind. waste
verge grasswood cuttings
beet leaves
houshold waste
potato leavesstraw
energy farming(NL)
Cumulativekton/year (db)
Price ( $/GJ )
Gasification,PyrolysisHTU
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SHELL WORLD ENERGY SECNARIOSspirit of the coming age
(in Exajoules/year) YEAR 2000 2050
WORLD PRIMARYENERGY DEMAND 400 1200
FOSSIL FUELS, 370 900Incl.Trad. Biomass & Nuclear
RENEWABLES 30 300
-HYDROPOWER 25 60
-BIOFUELS - 110
-OTHER RENEWABLES, INCL. BIOMASS POWER 5 130