Energy Efficient Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks-1

7/28/2019 Energy Efficient Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks-1

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Energy Efficient Routing Protocols

for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks


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Introduction to Wireless Network

The wireless network can be defined as a collection ofmobile nodes forming a network without the aid of any

established infrastructure or any centralized

administration.

The wireless network operates in basically two modes:

- Infrastructured Wireless Mode.

- Ad hoc Wireless Mode.


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Routing Protocol

Routing protocols use several metrics to calculate thebest path for routing the packets to its destination.

Generally the routing protocols are classified as:

Table-driven Routing Protocol (Proactive Protocol) -

DSDV, OLSR .

On demand Routing Protocol (Reactive Protocol) -

AODV, AOMDV.


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Issues in Mobile Ad-hoc Network

Energy consumption is a crucial design concern inwireless networks since wireless nodes are typically

battery limited.

Energy consumption is one of the most important

performance metrics for wireless networks because it

directly relates to the operational lifetime of the

network.

Inefficient energy consumption of the network can

cause node failure and network partition.


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Neural Network Neural networks are composed of

simple elements operating in parallel.These elements are inspired bybiological nervous systems.

Neural networks are trained to performcomplex functions in various fields of

application. Advantages of using Neural Networks:

The system is developed throughlearning rather than programming.

They are flexible in a changingenvironment.

Neural networks can build informativemodels where more conventionalapproaches fail.

Neural networks now operate well withmodest computer hardware.


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Objective

Implementing a routing protocol MMRE-AOMDV [1] (avariant of AOMDV [2]), using Neural Network, in order

to balance the traffic load among the different nodes

according to their nodal residual battery and prolong the

individual nodes life time and hence the entire systemlifetime.

Use several criteria for routing to provide better network

operation.


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AOMDV Ad-hoc On-Demand Multi path Distance Vector Routing

(AOMDV) [2] protocol is an extension to the AODVprotocol [3]. The main idea in AOMDV is to computemultiple paths during route discovery.

It is designed primarily for highly dynamic ad hoc networkswhere link failures and route breaks occur frequently.

A noteworthy feature of the AOMDV protocol is the use ofrouting information already available in the underlying

AODV protocol as much as possible[2].

The AOMDV protocol has two main components:

A route update rule to establish and maintain multipleloop-free paths at each node.

A distributed protocol to find link-disjoint paths [2].


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Approach for Energy Efficiency

Modify MMRE-AOMDV protocol[1] which includesMinimum Residual Energy of each route to develop EE-

AOMDV and OP-AOMDV.

EE-AOMDV protocol which integrates the effect of

shortest path and maximal residual energy schemes using

neural networks.

OP-AOMDV considers shortest path, maximum residual

energy and the neural network based EE-AOMDV

routing procedure.


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EE-AOMDV Protocol Uses the residual energy of the intermediate nodes for

route selection.

EE-AOMDV protocol possesses following fundamentalelements:

1. Determining the minimal residual energy for eachroute during the route discovery.

2. Determining the routing factor using BackPropagation Neural Network.

3. Selecting the route with maximal routing factorfrom the available routes to forward the datapackets.


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1. Determining the minimal residual energy

for each route during the route discovery. The RREQ and RREP packet

include the minimum energy

(min-energy).

Min-energy is the ratio of the

current residual energy of the

node over the initial or themaximum energy of the node.

Min-energy is updated at every

intermediate node.


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2. Determining the routing factor using Back

Propagation Neural Network Input1 = Minimum Residual

Energy of the route.

Input2 = Hop Count for the

route.

Output = Routing Factor.

NN network prefers route with

higher residual energy and

smaller hop count.

Route with maximum value of

Routing factor is selected. This isthe 3rd step.


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OP-AOMDV Protocol

It uses the best available route on hopby hop basis and therefore provideshighly adaptively efficient routing.

It considers shortest path, maximumresidual energy and the neuralnetwork based EE-AOMDV routingprocedure.

min-energyMH, min-energyRE, min-energyEE represents minimumresidual energy of route based onshortest path criteria, maximum

residual energy criteria and EE-AOMDV respectively. We haveconsidered 1% as the leeway to selectthe optimum where 0.01 is thenormalized energy.


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Results

OP-AOMDV leads to a higher

throughput as compared to EE-

AOMDV and AOMDV.

At any given speed, EE-AOMDV and

OP-AOMDV enhances the

throughput of the data transfer

compared to AOMDV.


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As the speed increases, the average

end-to-end delay provided by OP-

AOMDV is less than the delay

provided by EE-AOMDV and

AOMDV.

The packet delivery ratio provided by

EE-AOMDV and OP-AOMDV is

higher than that of AOMDV.


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Features of EE-AOMDV and

OP-AOMDV Provides energy efficient routing using multiple criterias.

Provides longer network lifetime, higher average

throughput, reduced end-to-end delay and better packet

delivery ratio compared to AOMDV [2].

Little increase in routing overhead due to an additional

field in route discovery packet prolongs the individual

nodes lifetime and hence the entire system lifetime.


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References

[1]Yumei Liu, Lili Guo, Huizhu Ma, Tao Jiang,Energy Efficient ondemand Multipath Routing

Protocol for Multi-hop Ad Hoc Networks, IEEE,

2008, pp. 572 - 576.

[2]M.K. Marina, S.R. Das, On-demand MultipathDistance Vector Routing in Ad Hoc Networks, in

Proc.: International Conference for Network

Protocols, IEEE, 2001, pp 14 23.

[3]C. E. Perkins and E. M. Royer, "Ad-Hoc On-

demand Distance Vector Routing", in Proc.: 2nd

IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems

and Applications, IEEE, 1999, pp. 99 - 100.

Energy Efficient Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks-1

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