Energy-efficient refigeration - Cold Chain Management

B O S C H U N D S I E M E N S H A U S G E R Ä T E G R U P P E

Energy – efficient refrigeration

Household Refrigerating Appliances

IEC 62552-1,-2,-3 Edition 1

5th International Cold Chain Management Workshop, 10th to 11th June 2013

Universität Bonn

June 10th 2013

Friedrich Arnold

Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte

GmbH

B O S C H U N D S I E M E N S H A U S G E R Ä T E G R U P P E 5 th International Cold Chain Management Workshop, 10° to 11° June 2013, Folie: 2

Household Refrigerating Appliances - Characteristics and Test Methods

Performance standards currently used

Energy Labels

Revision of the EN 62552 (Europe)

New global performance standard (IEC 62552-1,-2,-3)

▪ History

▪ Shortcomings of the current standard

▪ Most important modifications within the new standard

▪ Part 1 General requirements

▪ Part 2 Performance requirements

▪ Part 3 Energy consumption and volume


Performance Standards, Current situation

Europe EN ISO 15502 / IEC 62552

USA ANSI/AHAM HRF 1-2007

Japan JIS C9801: 2006

Australia / New Zealand AS/NZS 4474

Different test conditions

- Ambient temperature

- Compartment temperatures

- Load

- Door openings

Different energy consumption values (Labels are not comparable)

Different energy efficiency schemes


Europe

Turkey

USA Australia China

Japan South Korea

Energy labels

Europe new


EU Energy- Label (introduction 1995)

EEI Thresholds

A+++ < 22 %

A++ < 30 %

A+ < 42 % 1.7.2014 EEI < 42

A < 55 % 1.7.2010 EEI < 55

B < 75 %

C < 90 %

D < 100 % 1999 EEI < 100

E < 110 %

F < 125 %

G > 125 %


New global performance standard – History (1)

According the introduction of different appliance types several standards were defined

ISO 7371 Household refrigerating appliances

(Refrigerators with/without low-temperature compartment)


(Frozen food storage cabinets and food freezer)


(Refrigerator – freezers)

ISO 8561 Household frost-free refrigerating appliances

(Refrigerators, refrigerator-freezers, frozen food storage

cabinets and food freezers cooled by internal forced air circulation)

These standards were used in Europe as EN ISO xxxx standards

ISO 15502 was available in 2005 (summarization and revision of these 4 standards)

EN ISO 15502 currently used for EU Energy Label and Eco Design Regulation

Responsibility for household refrigerating appliances changed from ISO (ISO15502) to IEC (IEC62552)


New global performance standard – History (2)

Basic idea was to develop one performance standard for household cooling

appliances which will be used worldwide for energy efficiency classes (label) and

minimum efficiency performance limits

Within IEC TC59M a working group was established

Delegates from Germany, Italy, UK, The Netherlands, USA, Japan, Australia, New

Zealand, Brazil, China and other countries joined this working group

All appliance types currently on the market were analysed and tested to define a

robust procedure for the determination of the energy consumption

The draft of the new global standard was finished in March 2013

In May 2013 start of CDV is planned


Shortcomings of the current standard

▪ A relatively large uncertainty is present in the energy consumption test (Cold appliance European Ring Test, report TNO-MEP R2001/108)

▪ The energy consumption is measured at a single ambient temperature (25°C) (Significant differences between products at other temperatures are not taken into consideration)

▪ The fresh food target temperature is relatively high (5°C)

▪ Circumvention is relatively easily possible and not prevented by the standard

▪ Volume measurements are sensitive to interpretation differences

▪ The storage temperature tests are very lengthy

▪ The test procedures are not suited for frost-free appliances with variable

defrosting algorithms

▪ The freezing capacity determination is complicated and can take an

extreme amount of time

▪ No performance test defined for the cooling capacity of refrigerators

▪ Testing costs are relatively high


New global performance standard – modifications (1)

Complete rewrite of the current standard IEC 62552

Correction or elimination of numerous weak or ambiguous points

Many additions and changes over time and new features in the appliances are taken into

consideration

Modification energy consumption testing

Appliance is tested in empty condition (currently loaded with packages)

- Already current praxis in other standards (e.g. in USA, Australia/New Zealand)

- Various experiments have shown a reasonable agreement between loaded an unloaded tests

- As a result a significant reduction of the uncertainty in the test results is expected

- Test time will be shortened since the thermal capacity of the frozen food compartment is

very much reduced

- The thermal capacity itself has only a minor impact to the energy consumption



Modification to energy consumption testing

Tests are to be performed at two ambient temperatures (16°C and 32°C instead of 25°C only)

- Circumvention is significantly more difficult

- It will automatically lead to a better ranking of products which control their compartments

well at all ambient temperatures

- The rated energy consumption will be calculated by a combination of that 16°C and 32°C

- The weighting factor between these two results is not defined in the standard and can

be different depending on the region

The fresh food compartment temperature is reduced to 4°C



Modification to energy consumption testing

A new adaptive test algorithm is introduced

- This adaptive test algorithm defines the time needed for a stable and reproducible test

- Algorithm achieves very short test times for regular behaving products

- Test time for appliances with irregular control behaviour will be automatically increased

- Algorithm is also applicable to frost-free appliances. Incremental energy resulting from

a defrost is separately measured and added to the stationary result

- This new procedure will reduce the uncertainty and the costs of the tests

Modification of the temperature performance testing

Storage temperature tests are still performed with packages

- Warmest package must meet the -18°C criterion at all ambient temperatures rated

- Load scheme is drastically simplified. Only 0.5 kg packages used

- Reproducibility problems between test labs concerning interpretation issues are reduced



Modification of the temperature performance testing

New cooling capacity performance test is introduced for fresh food compartments

- Addresses a general consumer concern that efficient appliances could not have the

cooling capacity to refrigerate a reasonable load within a certain time

The freezing capacity test has been converted to a freezing time test

- Time needed to freeze a predefined load is registered

- The typical trial and error process is eliminated

- The new test time algorithm reduces the time required for a storage temperature test to

typically two or three days (current standard requires several more days)



Other relevant modifications

Volumes measurement will be based what we call the “cooled volume”

- Net volume of current standard is prone to interpretation differences

- Fundamental problem is that net or usable volume is very difficult to define

Appliance can be used with various configurations

- Simplification in volume determination will lead to a reduced uncertainty in the

measurement and les reproducibility issues between test labs


New global performance standard – structure

IEC 62552-1,-2,-3

Part 1: General requirements

Scope, definitions, instrumentation, test room and set up

Part 2: Performance requirements

Performance tests and requirements

Part 3: Energy consumption and volume

Energy consumption and volume determination


Part 1: General Requirements

Definitions and general aspects

1 Scope

2 Normative references

3 Terms, definitions and symbols

4 Classification

5 Marking

6 Technical and commercial product information

7 Instructions (informative)

Annex A (normative) Test room and instrumentation

Annex B (normative) Preparation of an appliance for testing and general measurement procedures

Annex C (normative) Test packages

Annex D (normative) Determination of compartment average air temperature

Annex E (normative) Details of identification symbols

Annex F (normative) Items to be included in the test report

Annex G (normative) Wine Storage Appliances

8 Bibliography


Part 1: New / changed modifications

Pantry compartment 14°C – 20°C, 17°C

Zero star compartment ≤ 0°C, 0°C

Wine storage compartment 5°C – 20°C, 12°C

Only one test package size used, 500g (50x100x100mm)

Location of temperature sensors

▪ Storage test: with / without packages

location of M-packages predefined

▪ Energy test: without packages

number and location of sensors is predefined for all compartments


Part 1: Symbols


Part 1: Operating cycle definitions


Part 1: Location of temperature sensors (example)


Part 2: Location of freezer test packages, including M packages


Part 1: Standard bottle, wine storage appliances


Part 1: Temperature measurement points, wine storage appliances


Part 2: Performance Requirements

1 Scope

2 Performance requirements and tests covered in this part

3 General test conditions

4 Storage test

5 Cooling capacity test - new

6 Freezing capacity test

7 Automatic ice-making capacity test

Annex A (normative) Pull-down test - new

Annex B (normative) Wine storage appliances and compartments; Storage test

Annex C (normative) Temperature rise test

Annex D (normative) Water vapour condensation test


Part 2: New / changed modifications

Loading requirements are simplified

New analysis procedure for determination of stable operating conditions and

energy consumption

-> independent from the operator,

-> exactly described for the various tests and test condition

-> tool (Excel file) will be available to determine stable operation conditions

-> optimization of test time (tested for all existing appliance types)

Freezing capacity

-> predefined mass (criteria 3,5 kg/100 l), load to be cooled from 25°C to -18°C

-> the specific freezing capacity in [kg/12 h] will be calculated

Cooling capacity

-> predefined mass (criteria 4,5 kg/100 l), load to be cooled from 25°C to 10°C

Pull down

-> determine the time taken to meet pull-down temperatures for all compartments


Part 2: Compartment temperatures, storage test


Part 2: Test and M packages, cooling capacity test


Part 2: Pull-down temperatures


Part 3: Energy consumption and volume (1)

Definitions and general aspects

1 Scope

2 Definitions

3 Appliance test steps for determination of energy and volume

4 Target temperatures for energy determination

5 Determination of energy consumption

6 circumvention

7 Uncertainty of measurement

8 Test report

Annex A (normative) Set up for energy testing

Annex B (normative) Determination of stable power and temperature

Annex C (normative) Defrost and recovery energy and temperature change

Annex D (normative) Defrost interval

Annex E (normative) Interpolation of results

Annex F (normative) Energy consumption of specified auxiliaries

Annex G (normative) Determination of load processing energy efficiency


Part 3: Energy consumption and Volume (2)

Annex H (normative) Determination of volume

Annex I (informative) Worked examples of energy consumption calculations

Annex J (informative) Development of the IEC global test method for refrigerating appliances

Annex K (normative) Analysis of an refrigerating appliance without steady state between defrosts

Annex L (informative) Verification issues and application of this standard for regulatory purposes

Annex M (informative) Derivation of ambient temperature correction formula


Part 3: Energy consumption – most important modifications

Ambient temperatures 16°C and 32°C (currently 25°C only)

Freezer compartment

-> Unloaded

-> At least 5 temperature measuring points are placed inside the freezer compartment

-> Position of the temperature measuring points are predefined

-> Average compartment temperature has to be considered

Target temperatures for the different compartment types

Pantry 17 °C new zero star 0 °C new

Wine storage 12 °C new 1 star - 6 °C

Cellar 12 °C 2 star - 12 °C

Fresh food 4 °C (5°C) 3 and 4 star - 18 °C

Chill 2 °C (3°C)


Part 3: Energy consumption – determination of stable temperature

Case SS1: No defrost control cycle or where stability is established for a period between defrosts

Determination of the

temperature slope and

temperature spread:

Comparison of 3 successive

blocks, covering at least

5 temperature control

cycles.

Acceptance criteria

-Total test period ≥ 6 h

- Spread of temperature < 0.25K

- Slope of temperature < 0.025K/h

- Spread of power

total test period < 12h => < 1%

total test period 12 to 36h => f(time)

total test period > 36h => < 3%

- Slope of power < 0.25 %/h


Part 3: Energy consumption – determination of stable power

Case SS1: No defrost control cycle or where stability is established for a period between defrosts

Determination of the

power slope and

power spread:

Comparison of 3 successive

blocks, covering at least

5 temperature control

cycles.

Acceptance criteria

-Total test period ≥ 6 h


- Slope of temperature < 0.025K/h

- Spread of power

total test period < 12h => < 1%

total test period 12 to 36h => f(time)

total test period > 36h => < 3%

- Slope of power < 0.25 %/h


Part 3: Determination of defrost and recovery energy and temperature change

Blocks D and F need to be compared

and have to fulfil the steady state criteria

Acceptance criteria

- D and F ≥ 3 temperature control cycles

- D and F ≥ 3 h length


- Spread of power < 2% or 1 W

- additional requirements ...


Part 3: Energy consumption

Evaluation of the energy consumption

Energy consumption =

Steady state energy consumption + defrost and recovery energy consumption

Measuring methods are specified as well for:

- specified auxiliaries

- processing efficiency

specified mass of water have to be cooled to a steady state condition

Total energy consumption

E total = f { E annual 16°C, E annual 32°C }

f is a regional factor evaluating the annual energy at 16°C and 32°C. This factor is not

defined by the standard and may vary by region (in connection with the regional energy label)


Part 3: Energy consumption, refrigerator with a defrost control cycle

if stability can not be established using case SS1

Acceptance criteria for X

and Y:

▪ ≥ 4 temperature control

cycles (same number)

▪ ≥ 4 h in length

▪ ratio of length 0.8 to 1.25

▪ spread of temperature for

< 0.5K (per compartment)

▪ spread of power < 2% or

1 W

▪ initial defrost and recovery

period is valid acc. AnnexC


Part 3: Energy consumption

Required test time

Due to the fact, that freezer compartments will be tested unloaded, the test time for

fridge- freezers and freezers will be significantly shorter (adjustment of temperatures).

Whereas the test time for simple fridges especially high efficient appliances, will be longer,

mainly due to the strict requirements for the determination of steady state conditions.

The test time will range between about 10 and 40 hours, according the complexity and

efficiency of the appliance.


Part 3: Determination of volume

The volume determination is compared to the current procedure simplified.

New principle: The cooled volume will be considered


Part 3: Circumvention


Influence of the New Standard to Energy Labels and Energy Efficiency Limits

Since the test procedure and test conditions for the determination of the energy consumption

are quite different compared to the currently used standards the values for energy

consumption will be different for all existing energy labels

All energy label systems need to be adjusted to the new test procedure

All energy efficiency limits must be adjusted to the new test procedure

China distributed already a draft for the their new energy label which includes the maost

important definitions of the new standard (freezer unloaded, 16°C and 32°C ambient

temperature, etc.)

Australia announced via an official paper that it is planned to use the new standard in line with

the revision of their energy label in 2015


List of references

Drafts and standards:

59M/33/CD: IEC 62552-1 Ed.1, Household refrigerating appliances - Characteristics and test methods - Part 1: General requirements

59M/45/CD: IEC 62552-2 Ed.1, Household refrigerating appliances - Characteristics and test methods - Part 2: Performance requirements

59M/46/CD: IEC 62552-3 Ed.1, Household refrigerating appliances - Characteristics and test methods - Part 3: Energy consumption

and volume

IEC 62552, Edition 1.0, 2007-12

CECED / Brussels and test institut Re/Gent ,Helmond, The Netherlands

Re/gent Note: 12320 / CE10 / V2, 21/11/2012

Energy-efficient refigeration - Cold Chain Management

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