Energy Efficiency in the Japanese Building Stock · Energy Efficiency in the Japanese Building...

Energy Efficiency in the Japanese Building Stock

15 June 2016, EU Sustainable Energy Week (Brussels) Ikuo Hamanaka Energy Efficiency and Conservation Division, Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

1.Energy Efficiency and Conservation Policies

2.Building Stocks in Japan

3.Policies to Improve Energy Efficiency of Buildings

• Top Runner Program

• BEMS

• ZEB (Net Zero Energy Buildings)

• Introduction of the New Act: Mandatory Requirements for New Buildings, Voluntary Labeling System

Agenda

Trends in Final Energy Consumption

(millions kL of crude oil equivalent)

Final energy

consumption

1973→2013

1.3-times

Tra

nsp

orta

tion

19732013

1.8-time

19732013

2.5-tims

Bu

sin

ess a

nd

Consu

mer

Co

mm

erc

ial

19732013

2.9-tims

Resid

entia

l

19732013

2.0-tims

industry

19732013

0.8-tims

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008 2013

65.5%

9.2%

16.4%

8.9%

43.0% （158 million

kL）

20.6% （76 million kL）



Real GDP 1973→2013

2.5 Times Transportation sector

Commercial sector

Industry sector

Residential sector

(JPY trillion)

Sources: “Comprehensive Energy Statistics” and “Annual Report on National Accounts.” ※Value of 2013 are preliminary.

Target for Improvement of Energy Efficiency in 2030

60

70

80

90

100

110

0 5 10 15 20

1970-1990

1990-2010

2012-2030

Energy efficiency and conservation = Final energy consumption/ Real GDP

35% improvement

[Improvement of energy efficiency and conservation]

(Year)

4

Energy Efficiency and Conservation Measures

<Major energy efficiency and conservation measures in each sector>

Industrial Sector <approx. -10.42 million kL> Commercial Sector <approx. -12.26 million kL>

Residential Sector <approx. -11.60 million kL>

Transportation Sector <approx. -16.07 million kL>

Major 4 industries (steel, chemical, cement, and paper/pulp)

Promotion of commitment to a low-carbon society

Strengthened energy management in factories

Improvement of energy efficiency and conservation by making production lines

observable

Development and introduction of innovative technology

Introduction of environment-conscious iron manufacturing

process (COURSE50)

(CO2 reduction by approx. 30% by hydrogen reduction of iron ore and CO2 separation from blast furnace gas)

Introduction of technologies to use CO2 as raw material etc. (CO2 and water are used with solar energy to produce major chemicals.)

Introduction of highly efficient facilities across several types of

industries

Low-carbon industrial furnace, high-performance boiler,

cogeneration, etc.

Diffusion of next-generation automobiles and improvement of fuel

efficiency.

One out of two cars are to be next-generation cars.

Fuel cell vehicle: Maximum annual sale of 100,000 or more

Traffic flow control

Energy efficiency and conservation in buildings

Mandating energy efficiency and conservation standards for

newly constructed buildings

Realization and Promotion of ZEB (Net Zero Energy Building)

Introduction of High-efficiency Equipment

Promotion of efficient light including LED etc.

Making energy consumption visible by BEMS; Energy

management

Introduction to about half of the buildings

Promotion of national movement

Energy efficiency and conservation in houses

Mandating energy efficiency and conservation standards for

newly constructed houses

Promotion of ZEH (Net Zero Energy House)

Introduction of High-efficiency Equipment

Promotion of efficient light including LED etc.

Making energy consumption visible by HEMS; Energy management

Introduction to all houses

Promotion of national movement

5

Agenda





• BEMS



0

20.000

40.000

60.000

80.000

100.000

120.000

140.000

160.000

19

88

19

91

19

94

19

97

20

00

20

03

20

06

20

09

20

12

20

15

0 - 4 yr

5 - 9 yr

10 - 14 yr

15 - 19 yr

20 - 24 yr

25 - 29 yr

30 - yr

0

1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

5.000

6.000

7.000

8.000

- 700 m2700-

2,000m2 2,000-3,000m2 3,000-

5,000m2 5,000-7,000m2 7,000-

10,000m2 10,000m2-

Building Stock in Japan

(Million m2)

Total Floor Area (Million m2)

<Trend in numbers of newly constructed buildings>

2015 Approx. 60 000

(# of buildings)

(fiscal year)

7

<Distribution of Building Stock by Size and Age>

(Sources) Based on Statistics by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan

Including buildings constructed according to former standard for earthquake resistant design (Current standard introduced in 1981)

Agenda





• BEMS



Top Runner Program

<Equipment subject to Top Runner Program according to Act on the Rational Use of Energy>

Energy conservation standards according to the Top Runner Program have been implemented for automobiles, household electrical appliances and building materials according to Act on the Rational Use of Energy as amended in 1998.

31 equipment and materials are subject to these standards.

Specified equipment (31equipment and materials)

22. Routing equipment

23. Switching equipment

24. Multifunction Devices

25. Printers

26. Heat Pump Water Heater

27. AC motors

28. LED lumps

29. Heat insulating materials

30. Sash

31. Multilayer glazing

Fuel

economy

(km/L)

Energy Conservation Standards according to Top Runner Program

When standards are set Target fiscal year

19km/L

18km/L

17km/L

15km/L 15km/L

14km/L

13km/L

12km/L

16

Judgment made with weighted average

for each product category.

Example of Top Runner Program

1. Passenger cars

2. Trucks

3. Air conditioners

4. Television receivers

5. Video tape recorders

6. Lighting apparatuses

7. Copying machines

8. Computers

9. Magnetic disk devices

10. Electrical refrigerators

11. Electrical freezers

12. Heaters

13. Gas cooking appliances

14. Gas water heating appliances

15. Oil water heaters

16. Electric toilet seats

17. Vending machines

18. Power transformers

19. Jar rice cookers

20. Microwave ovens

21. DVD recorders

9

Product name Improvement in energy efficiency (performance data)

Air conditioning units (room air conditioners) 67.8％（FY1997→2004 (industry fiscal year)） 16.3%（FY2005→2010）（4.0kW or less ） 15.6%（FY2006→2010）（4.0kW greater）

Fluorescent lighting* 35.7%（FY1997→2005） 14.5% (FY2005→2012) (Other than Bulb type) 6.6% (FY2005→2012) (Bulb type)

Gas water heaters (gas boilers & gas bath water heaters) 7.9%（FY2002→2008）

Oil water heaters 4.0%（FY2000→2006）

Gas heaters 1.9%（FY2000→2006）

Oil heaters 5.4%（FY2000→2006）

Electric refrigerators 55.2％（FY1998→2004）, 43.0%（FY2005→2010）

Electric freezers 29.6%（FY1998→2004）, 24.9%（FY2005→2010）

Computers 99.1%（FY1997→2005）, 80.8%（FY2001→2007）, 85.0%（FY2007→2011）

Magnetic disc devices 98.2%（FY1997→2005）, 85.7%（FY2001→2007）, 75.9%（FY2007→2011）

Copiers 72.5%（FY1997→2006）

Electric toilet seats 14.6%（FY2000→2006）

Television sets (LCD & plasma TV) 29.6%（FY2004→2008）, 60.6% (FY2008→2012)

Transformers 13.1%（FY2003→2008）

Routers 40.9％（FY2006→2010）

Switching devices 53.8％（FY2006→2011）

Appliances marked with asterisks (*) have energy efficiency standard based on per-unit energy efficiency rate (e.g., km/l). Those without have standards based on energy

consumption levels (e.g., kWh/year). "Improvement in energy efficiency" above shows the improvement rate based on their respective standards (e.g., improvement from 10 km/liter

to 15 km/liter means 50% improvement; it is not based on the approach in assessing fuel efficiency in the form of gas consumption when driving 100 km improving from 10 liters to 7

liters, or 33% improvement). Improvement from 10 kWh/year to 5 kWh/year translates to 50% improvement.

Examples of Achievement of the Top Runner Program

10

Examples of unified energy conservation label and simplified version label

(primarily displayed by retailers)

(simplified version label)

(Unified energy conservation label)

Examples of energy conservation labels

(primarily displayed by manufacturers)

・Mark of energy efficiency equipment ・Accomplishment ratio for energy efficiency target per equipment ・Energy efficiency ratio for energy consumption ・Targeting year of achievement for energy efficiency

Labeling under Top Runner Program

11

Agenda





• BEMS



Use of Energy Management System

Energy Management Business, such as ESCO, Energy Service Company, is becoming more common. ESCO provides various service such as advice about replacement of facility, visualization of electricity consumption, control of connected devices and comparison to the past results, for small enterprises, and small and medium-sized building, which don`t have enough energy-saving methods .

In addition, the energy management business including the multi-base package management for two or more consumers and demand watch and control, is also expanding.

Registration system for energy management service provider is established and program in which they achieve more efficient and effective energy-saving by introduction of Energy Management System (EMS),was added to object program in Subsidies for Supporting Business Operators Strive to Rationalize Their Energy Use in FY 2014 budget.

Main Service Contents

Visualization service Give electricity consumption in real time(at 30minutes interval)

Demand Response service Reduce the load on power grids

Diagnostic service Provide continuous energy-saving advice and make a proposal about renewal of facilities and systems.

Energy-saving service Provide Energy-saving service such as energy-saving advice, tuning and ESCO

13

Introduction of energy-saving facilities

Energy Management Service Provider

Management by

EMS

Information of

energy use

Consumer

Energy Management Business

GE GE

ZEH - Net zero energy house

ZEB - Net zero energy building

Smart community HEMS

BEMS GE GE

Cooperate by buying equipment such as efficient air conditioners and lighting, and controlling them with HEMS or BEMS.

Installation of energy management equipment Optimize houses and buildings

“Net zero energy” means that net annual primary energy consumption is approximately zero.

Regional or cross-regional optimization

Next step in Energy Management

Handle electricity supply-demand problem with promotion of introduction of HEMS / BEMS, high efficient air conditioners, lighting and hot-water supply.

Pursue energy efficiency of entire systems by managing entire houses and buildings. In addition, more efficient energy management can be realized by cross-management of houses

and buildings, or regional management.

14

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Agenda





• BEMS



ZEB (Net Zero Energy Building)

Japan’s Strategic Energy Plan (adopted at the Cabinet Council in April 2014) establishes the following goals to realize and promote of ZEBs:

• Realize ZEBs in newly constructed public buildings by 2020 • Realize ZEBs in average newly constructed public and private buildings by 2030

Definition of ZEB has been established in 2015.

* The calculation method should be consistent with the Energy Saving Standard. However, the 50%-higher energy saving rule applies to air-conditioning, hot water supply, ventilation, lighting, and elevators. In addition, reduction due to renewable energy should not be taken into consideration.

ZEB Ready

Ordinary buildings

Elevators

Hot water supply

Air-conditioning

Ventilation

Lighting

Elevators

Hot water supply

Air-conditioning

Ventilation

Lighting

50% reduction

High-efficiency air-conditioning

High-efficiency hot water supply

High-efficiency ventilation

High-efficiency elevators

High-efficiency lighting

Efficient use of energy

Solar shading

Use of natural ventilation and daylight

Requiring a minimal amount of energy

＋

Improving heat insulation

Definition of ZEB

The goal is to achieve net zero energy consumption by creating energy (e.g., via solar power) while fulfilling the higher than 50% energy saving (ZEB Ready).

However, the evaluation method should take into account that high-rise and large-scale buildings have limited rooftop areas, and consequently, limited energy production capabilities.

If energy savings of at least 75% is achieved the Nearly ZEB status is granted.

If energy savings of 100% or more is achieved, the ZEB status is granted. * The method to determine 100% or 75% energy savings should follow the Energy Saving Standard. This rule should apply to air-conditioning,

hot water supply, ventilation, lighting, and elevators. In addition, the production of renewable energy on site (inside the premises), including the part of electricity sold (only the surplus power sold), should be taken into account.

ZEB (Net energy saving of 100% or more)

Nearly ZEB (Net energy saving of 75% or more)

Elevators

Hot water supply

Air-conditioning

Ventilation

Lighting

50% reduction

ZEB Ready (Energy saving of 50% or more)

ZEB in Japan

18

During 2015, 17 ZEBs (more than 50% reduction of energy consumption) were built under a subsidy programme of METI.

6 of them are renovation of existing buildings.

<Example of ZEB>

Envelope (Thermal

Insulation) Equipment

Power Gen. (Re.

Energy)

Internal Heat Gen.

Air

Conditioner Ventilation Lighting Hot Water

Supply

Cooling Sys. Misc. Power Gen.

Energy Consumption (Before)

Reduction (GJ/yr) Incl. Power Gen.

Excl. Power Gen.

Reduction (%)

Incl. Power Gen.

Incl. Power Gen.

Excl. Power Gen.

Envelope Performance (PAL Improvement)

Energy Consumption Per Fl. Area (Before)

Energy Consumption Per Fl. Area (After)

Points Measured/Controlled by BEMS

GJ/yr

GJ/yr

GJ/yr

MJ/m2yr

MJ/m2yr

Reduction in Energy Consumption 116.1 %

Others Air Con. Ventilation Lighting Hot Water Supply Power Gen.

Office NB Kanto Region 3 Floors

Floor Area

Systems

Automatically Controlled Outer Blinds

Multipaned Glazings (Low-E), Saches with High-performance Insulation

High-performance Insulation for Envelope

Green Roof High-effiiciency Air Conditioner Utizing Ground

Thermal + Optimal Control for Each Areas

Sensor Controlled Lighting System

for Task and Ambient Lighting

High-efficiency Transformer

Solar-thermal Water Heater

Optimized Natural Ventilation

Security Lighting Powered by PV, WInd

PV Panels (Capacity=18.57 kW)

Agenda





• BEMS



Mandatory Energy Efficiency Standard for Houses and Buildings

For further promotion of energy saving at houses and buildings, the Cabinet decided to mandate energy

efficiency standards for newly constructed buildings/houses by 2020.

Japan Revitalization Strategy (Cabinet decision on June 14, 2013) Phased obligation to comply with energy-saving standards for housing and buildings

• By 2020, the government will introduce phased obligation to comply with energy-saving standards for newly constructed housing and buildings with

careful consideration to the regulation necessity, regulation level and balance with other sectors. To achieve this goal, the government will address

necessary measures to create an environment for smooth implementation with careful consideration to improving construction techniques of carpenters

and small- and medium-sized building firms regarding energy-saving houses and a position of traditional wooden housing.

Mid- and short-term process sheet of Japan Revitalization Strategy

Strategic Energy Plan (Cabinet Decision on April 11, 2014) By 2020, the government will introduce phased obligation to comply with energy-saving standards for newly constructed housing and

buildings with careful consideration to the regulation necessity, regulation level and balance with other sectors.

FY2016 FY2013 FY2014 FY2015 FY2017-

Rea

lizat

ion

of a

soc

iety

that

wis

ely

cons

umes

ene

rgy

(1)

Ordinary diet session

<Phased obligation to comply with energy-saving

standards for housing and buildings>

• Introduction of primary energy consumption standards to the energy

saving standards. (Enacted in April and October, 2013)

• Introduction of primary energy consumption class to the house

performance evaluation standards (February 2014); Start of “Building

energy-efficiency labeling system (BELS) (April 2014).

• Promotion of energy saving of houses and buildings by the

Environment and Stock Use Promotion Project, etc.

• Energy saving technology training sessions for carpenters and

builders. Realization of ZEB and accelerated penetration of ZEH

Phased obligation to

comply with energy-

saving standards for

housing and buildings

(starting with large non-

residential buildings)

(Houses and buildings)

• The conformity rate of

new houses and

building to the energy

saving standards is to

be made 100% (in 2020).

(Houses)

• ZEH will be realized on

average for new houses

in 2030.

(Buildings)

• ZEB will be realized on

average for new

buildings in 2030.

Budget request, tax system

revision request, etc. Autum

n Year

end Ordinary diet

session

20

New Act “Act for the improvement of the energy consumption performance of buildings” has been adopted by the Diet in 2015. Mandatory requirements for new buildings with more than 2 000 m2 of total floor area will enter into force in 2017.

Labeling System for Energy Consumption Performance

21

BELS (Building-housing Energy-efficiency Labeling System) – 3rd party certification

BEI (Building Energy Index) = (Design primary energy consumption) / (Reference primary energy consumption)

* Excludes appliance energy consumption after completion of building Ratings

Building BEI (Office, School, Factory etc.)

Building BEI (Hotel, Hospital, Department Store, Restaurant etc.)

House BEI

☆☆☆☆☆ 0.6 0.7 0.8

☆☆☆☆ 0.7 0.75 0.85

☆☆☆ 0.8 0.8 0.9

☆☆ (Standards for New Buildings)

1.0 1.0 1.0

☆ (Standards for Existing Buildings)

1.1 1.1 1.1

(Source) Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Japan

Thank you for your attention.

Ikuo Hamanaka Tel: +81 3 35019726 Mail: [email protected]

22

機密性○ Companies U

sag

e

Energy saving countermeasures

Already

introduced

Forecast of

introduction and

penetration

Saved energy

10,000 kL

Breakdown Remarks

2012FY 2030FY 2030FY Electricity Fuel

Bu

ildin

g

Promotion of observation of the energy

saving standards for new buildings

(Energy saved on the primary energy base is

converted to energy saved on the secondary

energy base.) 22% 39%

332.3 162.3 170.0

A measure of successively making it obligatory for new buildings to conform to the energy saving standards by 2020 is taken.

Highly energy efficient buildings are promoted by promoting low-carbon buildings and taking measures to realize ZEB (Net

zero energy building).

Introduction of building materials with high thermal insulation performance and highly efficient air conditioners, water heaters,

and lights is promoted.

(The penetration level is the percentage of the buildings that have a certain level of energy saving performance such as

thermal insulated external walls and windows.)

Energy saving of buildings (remodeling)



energy base.)

41.1 16.8 24.3 Promotion of reforming the existing buildings to energy saving ones.

(The saved energy is calculated by estimating the effect of renovating air conditioners)

Ho

t w

ater

sup

ply

Introduction of professional-use water heater

Latent heat collection water heater

Professional-use heat pump water heater

Highly efficient boiler

7% 44% 61.1 10.3 50.8

Promotion of introducing highly efficient water heater such as heat pump water heater and latent heat collection water heater

*1. The effect (54 thousand kl) of the introduction of water heater for promoting the conformity of new houses to the energy

saving standards is not included in the saved energy.

Lig

ht

Introduction of highly efficient light 9% About 100% 228.8 228.8 －

Energy saving is promoted by bright lighting technologies using highly efficient light such as LED and organic EL.

*2. The effect (202 thousand kl) of the introduction of light facilities for promoting the conformity of new buildings to the energy


Air

con

dit

ion

er

Introduction of refrigerant control technology

(CFC) 0% 83% 0.6 0.6 －

Appropriate and convenient facility inspection manual necessary for appropriate control of refrigerant in a freezer and air

conditioner is created and human resource cultivation is made to improve the control technology.

Po

wer

Improvement of energy saving performance

of equipment by the top runner system －－ 278.4 278.4 －

The performance of the following products continues to be improved with the top-runner standards. (2012→FY2030)

•Copy machine Electricity consumption 169kWh/unit-year → 106kWh/unit-year

Number of units: 3.42 million units → 3.70 million units

•Printer Electricity consumption 136kWh/unit-year → 88kWh/unit-year


•Highly efficient router Electricity consumption 6083kWhunit-year → 7996kWh/unit-year


•Server Electricity consumption 2229kWh/unit-year → 1492kWh/unit-year


•Storage Electricity consumption 247kWh/unit-year → 131kWh/unit-year


•Refrigerator and freezer Electricity consumption 1390kWh/unit-year → 1239kWh/unit-year


•Vending machine Electricity consumption 1131kWh/unit-year → 770kWh/unit-year


•Transformer Electricity consumption 4820kWh/unit-year → 4569kWh/unit-year


*3. For highly efficient router and server, the energy saving effect is calculated also by taking account of future technological

progress responding to increase in the electricity consumption due to future increase of communication traffic.

23

(Ref)

機密性○ Companies U

sag

e

Energy saving countermeasures Already introduced

Forecast of

introduction and

penetration

Saved energy

10,000 kL

Breakdown Remarks


Peo

ple

’s m

ove

men

t,

Bu

sin

ess

ener

gy

man

agem

ent

Thorough energy management in the

company sector with BEMS and

energy saving diagnosis.

6% 47% 235.3 129.4 105.9

The energy consumption is suppressed by constant monitoring of data of air conditioners and lights in buildings,

by energy-saving technology of optimal operation depending on the demand, and by other operational

improvement.

(The penetration rate is the percentage of using BEMS.)

Efficient use of light 15% About 100% 42.3 42.3 － Lighting per floor area is reduced by updating the brightness standard and through promotion of energy-saving

actions.

Promotion of people’s movement

(in company sector) －－ 6.6 6.6 －

For the promotion of people’s movement, the following measures are taken, more information is provided to the

people, and their behavior related to the energy saving is changed.

Through promotion of wearing lighter clothes in summer and warmer clothes in winter

The percentage of people wearing lighter clothes (75%) or warmer clothes (70%) is increased to close to

100%.

Energy-saving buildings of local community government

Renovation or reconstruction of the local government buildings to energy saving buildings is promoted. As an

advanced regional example of energy saving cases, the local energy saving is realized with a ripple effect to

other areas (400 thousand kl).

* The effect of energy saving of the local government buildings is all included in the measures in the other

company sector.

Expansion of shared use of energy －－ 7.8 －－ Use of energy by multiple business offices would improve the energy use efficiency.

Company sector: Total 1,234.3 875.5 351.0

*

All or part of the countermeasures with * are not included in the reduction of the final energy consumption but the equivalent is included in the reduction of the primary energy consumption in the energy

conversion sector.

Contribution from reduction of final energy consumption 1,226.5

Contribution from reduction of primary energy consumption 7.8

24

(Ref)

機密性○ Houses U

sag

e


Forecast of

introduction and

penetration

Saved energy

10,000 kL

Breakdown Remarks


Ho

use

Promotion of observation of the energy

saving standards for new houses



energy base.) 6% 30%

314.2 78.6 235.6

A measure of successively making it obligatory for new houses to conform to the energy saving standards by 2020 is taken. Highly

energy efficient houses are promoted by using ZEH (Net zero energy house).

Introduction of building materials with high thermal insulation performance and highly efficient air conditioners, water heaters, and

lights is promoted.

(The penetration level is the percentage of the houses that have a certain level of energy saving performance such as thermal

insulated external walls and windows.)

Promotion of thermal insulation renovation of

existing houses



energy base.)

42.5 11.0 31.5 Promotion of reforming existing houses to energy-saving houses and promotion of introducing building materials with high thermal

insulation performance.

Ho

t w

ater

sup

ply

Introduction of highly efficient water heater

CO2 refrigerant HP water heater

Latent heat collection water heater

Fuel cell

Solar water heater

4 million units 14 million units

268.6 -26.3 294.9

Promotion of introducing highly efficient water heater such as heat pump water heater (upper left), latent heat collection water heater

(middle left), and home fuel cell battery (lower left)

*1. The effect (359 thousand kl) of the introduction of water heater for promoting the conformity of new houses to the energy saving

standards is not included in the saved energy.

3.4 million units 27 million units

55 thousand units 5.3 million units

Lig

ht

Introduction of highly efficient light 9% About 100% 201.1 201.1 －

Energy saving is promoted by bright lighting technologies using highly efficient light such as LED and organic EL.

*2. The effect (269 thousand kl) of the introduction of light facilities for promoting the conformity of new houses to the energy saving

standards is not included in the saved energy.

Air

co

nd

itio

ner

Improvement of energy saving performance

of equipment by the top runner system, etc. －－ 133.5 104.8 28.7

The performance of the following products continues to be improved with the top-runner standards. (2012→FY2030)

•Air conditioner

(Ex.: Cooler) Electricity consumption 229kWh/unit-year → 188kWh/unit-year

Number of units: 2.71 unit/household → 2.79 unit/household

•Gas stove Gas consumption 5823Mcal/unit-year → 5565Mcal/unit-year


•Oil stove Oil consumption 720L/unit-year → 716L/unit-year


•TV

(Ex.: 32V or larger) Electricity consumption 79kWh/unit-year → 63kWh/unit-year


•Refrigerator

(Ex.: 300L or larger) Electricity consumption 337kWh/unit-year → 271kWh/unit-year


•DVD recorder Electricity consumption 40kWh/unit-year → 35kWh/unit-year


•Computer Electricity consumption 72kWh/unit-year → 72Wh/unit-year


•Magnetic disk unit Electricity consumption 0.005W/GB → 0.005W/GB


•Router Electricity consumption 31kWh/unit-year → 26kWh/unit-year

Number of units: 0.5 unit/household → 1 unit/household

•Microwave oven Electricity consumption 69kWh/unit-year → 69kWh/unit-year


•Rice cooker Electricity consumption 85kWh/unit-year → 82kWh/unit-year


•Stove burner Gas consumption 570Mcal/unit-year → 546Mcal/unit-year


•Warm water toilet seat Electricity consumption 151kWh/unit-year → 109kWh/unit-year


*3. The effect (53 thousand kl) of the introduction of air conditioners and gas-oil stoves in new houses to conform to the energy


Po

wer

25

(Ref)

機密性○ Houses U

sag

e


Forecast of

introduction and

penetration

Saved energy

10,000 kL

Breakdown Remarks


Peo

ple

’s m

ove

men

t,

Ho

use

en

erg

y m

anag

emen

t

Thorough energy management in

houses with HEMS and other smart

meters

0.2% About 100% 178.3 178.3 －

The energy consumption is suppressed by constant monitoring and visualization of data of air conditioners

and lights in houses and by introduction of HEMS (Home Energy Management System) which controls

optimal operation depending on the demand.

Promotion of people’s movement

(in house sector) －－ 22.4 10.7 11.7

For the promotion of people’s movement, the following measures are taken, more information is provided to

the people, and their behavior related to the energy saving is changed.

Through promotion of wearing lighter clothes in summer and warmer clothes in winter

The percentage of people wearing lighter clothes (80%) or warmer clothes (81%) is increased to close to

100%.

Diagnosis on ecological performance of home appliance

Awareness of home eco-friendliness diagnosis is increased by 2030 to 3.94 million households.

Promotion of replacement of old equipment with new one

Replacement with energy-saving electric dehumidifier (compression type) and automatic washing

machine with drier is promoted.

Electricity consumption(2012 FY2030)

• Electric dehumidifier (compression type) 93.7kWh/unit-year 72.5kWh/unit-year

• Automatic washing machine with drier 66.0kWh/unit-year 36.9kWh/unit-year

House sector: Total 1,160.7 558.3 602.4

26

(Ref)

＜Breakdown of Energy Consumption in Typical Buildings by Usage＞

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

病院店舗事務所

空調３０

照明・コンセント

１４

給湯４２

その他１４

４６

１４

３１

９

ホテル

４０

３４

１１

１５

空調５０

３

１４

照明・コンセント

３３

27

Energy Consumption in the Japanese Buildings

(Source) Workshop Report on the Realization and Development of the ZEB (Net Zero Energy Building) (Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, November 2009)

Hotel Store Office Hospital

Others

Lighting and Power Outlets

Air-conditioning

Hot Water Supply

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Agency for Natural Resources and Energy

*1. Estimated by the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (IEEJ), based on the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy's FY2009 Residential and Commercial Sector Energy Data Survey (10,040 valid responses) and Supplementary Survey concerning Appliance Use(?) (1448 valid responses)

*2. This survey is based on tabulation and analysis of each energy source, with values unified and converted on megajoule (MJ) basis. Electric power in secondary conversion value.

Appliances & Equipment covered by the Top Runner Program

70% is covered by the program

2009, Energy consumption level per household 34,905MJ/Year

“Top Runner Program” is implemented in about 70% of the energy consumption in households.

Cover Ratio of Top Runner program for Building Material

Top Runner program for building material covers around 80% of heat loss in the case of the typical house in Tokyo.

Breakdown of Heat Loss from Houses

29

Loss from wall, ceiling

and floor 31%

Loss from open space,

50%

Loss by ventilation,

19%

Covered by Top Runner program for Insulation used in envelopes

（Dec 2013）

Covered by Top Runner program for glass and frames used in windows

（Nov 2014） Cover 81% of heat loss

※Example of normal residential building in Tokyo area

(1) Target standard value (standard energy consumption efficiency): Target standard value concerning “energy consumption efficiency” of equipment which manufacturers, etc. should

achieve

(2) Classification: Product classification where the same target standard value should be achieved (product group)

(3) Target fiscal year: Set approximately 3 to 10 years in the future taking into account the period for developing equipment, forecast of

technical development in the future, period for model change, etc.

(4) Method for judging achievement of standard value: The judgment if the target standard value is achieved or not for each manufacturer, etc. and for each classification by

weighted average method

(5) Measurement method: JIS standard mainly used as the method of measurement

(6) Indication: Energy consumption efficiency value indicated in catalogues, on equipment main body, etc.

Main Stipulations of Top Runner Standard

Improvement of Efficiency by Top Runner Program

○Manufacturers, etc. shall calculate the weighted average of the energy consumption

efficiency of products shipped and the number of products shipped in the target year

set for each equipment and achieve the standard value set for each product classification.

Energy consumption efficiency of each product

En

erg

y c

on

su

mp

tio

n

eff

icie

ncy

↑Better

↓ Worse

Classification (1)

Target standard value

Image

Even if products below the target

standard value are shipped, it is

acceptable if the energy

consumption efficiency of the

products within the same

classification calculated by the

weighted average of the number of

products shipped is better than the

target standard value.



Classification (2)

Classification (3)


Product name Improvement in energy efficiency (performance

data)

Breakdown

Air conditioning units (room air conditioners) 67.8％（FY1997→2004 (industry fiscal year)）

16.3%（FY2005→2010）（4.0kW or less ）

15.6%（FY2006→2010）（4.0kW greater）

COP （3.01→5.05）

APF（4.9→5.7）

APF（4.5→5.2）

Electric refrigerators 55.2％（FY1998→2004）

43.0%（FY2005→2010）

Annual power consumption (647.3kWh/year →290.3kWh/year)

Annual power consumption (572kWh/year →326kWh/year)

Electric freezers 29.6%（FY1998→2004）

24.9%（FY2005→2010）


Annual power consumption (482kWh/year →362kWh/year)

Gasoline-engine passenger cars 48.8%（FY1995→2010） Fuel efficiency （12.3km/l→18.3km/l）

Diesel-engine freight vehicles 21.7%（FY1995→2005） Fuel efficiency （13.8km/l→16.8km/l）

Vending machines 37.3%（FY2000→2005） Annual power consumption (2617kWh/year →1642kWh/year)

Fluorescent lighting 35.7%（FY1997→2005） Lumen/watt （63.1lm/W→85.6lm/W）

Computers 99.1%（FY1997→2005）

80.8%（FY2001→2007）

85.0%（FY2007→2011）

Watt/mega calculation （0.17→0.0015）

Watt/mega calculation （0.012→0.0023）

Watt/giga calculation （1.87→0.281）

Magnetic disc devices 98.2%（FY1997→2005）

85.7%（FY2001→2007）

75.9%（FY2007→2011）

Watt/gigabyte （1.4→0.0255）



Copiers 72.5%（FY1997→2006） Electric power consumption （155Wh→42.7Wh）

Electric toilet seats 14.6%（FY2000→2006） Annual power consumption (281kWh/year →240kWh/year)

Gas water heaters (gas boilers & gas bath water heaters) 5.5%（FY2000→2006） Thermal efficiency （77.7%→82.0%）

Oil water heaters 4.0%（FY2000→2006） Thermal efficiency （82.0%→85.3%）

Gas cooking appliances (cooktop burners) 15.7%（FY2000→2006） Thermal efficiency （48.3%→55.9%）

Improvements in Energy-Efficiency with Top Runner Program(1)


Product name Improvement in energy efficiency (performance

data)

Breakdown

Gas heaters 1.9%（FY2000→2006） Thermal efficiency （80.9%→82.4%）

Oil heaters 5.4%（FY2000→2006） Thermal efficiency （78.5%→82.7%）

Television sets (LCD & plasma TV) 29.6%（FY2004→2008） Annual power consumption (179.7kWh/year →126.5kWh/year)

Video tape recorders 73.6%（FY1997→2003） Watt（4.55W→1.20W）

DVD recorders (noncompliant with terrestrial digital

broadcasting)

DVD recorders (with terrestrial digital broadcasting)

40.9%（FY2004→2008）

45.2%（FY2006→2010）



Microwave ovens 10.5%（FY2004→2008） Annual power consumption (77.2kWh/year →69.1kWh/year)

Electric rice cookers 16.7%（FY2003→2008） Annual power consumption (119.2kWh/year →99.3kWh/year)

Transformers 13.1%（FY2003→2008） Watt（818W→711W）

Routers 40.9％（FY2006→2010） Watt（6.09W→3.60W）

Switching devices 53.8％（FY2006→2011） Watt/gigabit/second（6.36W/Gbit/s→2.94W/Gbit/s）

Improvements in Energy-Efficiency with Top Runner Program(2)

Cooling

2.2% Heating

24.6%

Hot water

supply

34.6%

Cooking

9.0%

Power,

lighting,

etc.

29.5% FY1990 43,104ＭＪ /household

Cooling

2.5% Heating

25.3%

Hot water

supply

27.6%

Cooking

8.5%

Power,

lighting,

etc.

36.1% FY2013

38,013ＭＪ /household

(Note) (Sources) Prepared on the basis of the Handbook of Japan's & World Energy & Economic Statistics issued by the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan.

Energy consumption in the residential sector can be classified into five categories: Cooling, Heating, Hot water supply, Cooking, Power and lighting (e.g., house electric appliances)

In FY 2013, the proportion of each category was: Power and lighting (36.1%), Hot water supply (27.6%), Heating (25.3%), Cooking (8.5%), and Cooling (2.5%).

Evolution of energy consumption per unit and energy consumption per household

Cooling

0.5%

Heating

30.7%

Hot

water

supply

33.8%

Cooking

16.0%

Power,

lighting,

etc.

19.0%

FY1965 18,159ＭＪ

/household

Increased

about

1.7-fold

Cooling

1.3%

Heating

29.9%

Hot water

supply

31.7%

Cooking

14.1%

Power,

lighting,

etc.

23.0% FY1973

30,952ＭＪ /household

34

Current status of energy consumption in the residential sector

Increased

about

1.4-fold

Decreased about 0.9-fold

Information: Comparison of residential energy consumption

Ref: International Comparison of Household Energy Consumption and Its Indicator, 2008 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings

In Japan, energy consumption regarding space heating which is affected by the thermal resistance of a house is much less than other industrial countries.

Housing Market in Japan

1.090 554

118 334

171

5.156

711 594

14%

90%

86%

64%

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

0

1.500

3.000

4.500

6.000

Japan '08 US '09 UK '09 France '09

Resale

New Build

Share of Resale

Share of Resale in Japanese Housing Market

(Thousand)

No Compliance of any Standard（39％）

‘80 Standard （37％）

‘92 Standard （19％）

’99 Standard （5％）

Thermal Insulation Quality of Japanese House Stock (n=approx. 50 million)

ZEH (Net Zero Energy House)

A ZEH is a house with an annual net energy consumption around zero (or less) by saving as much energy as possible while maintaining comfortable living environment. This can be achieved through better heat insulation, high-efficiency equipment, and creating energy with photovoltaic power generation.

＋

Reduction

More efficient use of energy

＋

Create energy Require as little energy

as possible (Cool in summer and warm in winter)

Net annual energy consumption in the house is around zero or below

Heating

Cooling Ventilation

Lighting

Hot water

supply

Heating Cooling

Ventilation Lighting

Hot water supply

ZEHs are receiving a lot of attention as a residential building that can minimize energy consumption and operate independently in terms of energy even during a disaster.

Japan’s Strategic Energy Plan (adopted at the Cabinet Council in April 2014) sets the following goals to realize and promote ZEHs.

– Achieve zero emission in standard newly-constructed houses by 2020

– Achieve average zero emission in newly-constructed houses by 2030

To achieve the above goals, the ZEH Roadmap Examination Committee, which is composed of university professors, house builders, and building contractors has been created to establish (1) the definition and evaluation method of ZEHs, and (2) measures to popularize ZEHs.

Goals of ZEHs

Definition and evaluation methods of ZEH

To achieve energy savings in the housing sector for the next two to five decades and to create an excellent housing stock, it is important to improve the efficiency of the building envelope, which is difficult to fundamentally improve after completion.

Therefore, the high insulation standard, which is the reinforced version of the Energy Saving Standard, is adopted as the ZEH standard.

Highly insulated windows

High-performance insulating material

Solar shading

Table: Standards for the average heat transmission coefficient of the envelope (UA value)

Region category Region 1

(Asahikawa,

etc.)

Region 2

(Sapporo,

etc.)

Region 3

(Morioka,

etc.)

Region 4

(Sendai, etc.)

Region 5

(Tsukuba,

etc.)

Region 6

(Tokyo, etc.)

Region 7

(Kagoshima,

etc.)

Region 8

(Naha, etc.)

ZEH Standard ０．４０．４０．５０．６０．６０．６０．６－

Energy Saving Standard ０．４６０．４６０．５６０．７５０．８７０．８７０．８７－

※ It conforms to the Energy Saving Standard for the value ηA, airtightness, and dew-proofing performance.

Suppression of ultraviolet

rays

Suppression of dew

condensation Noise

prevention

Low-E multilayered glass

Combined sash of aluminum

and resin

Definition and evaluation methods of ZEH – Cont’d

It is important to improve the efficiency of air-conditioning, ventilation, lighting, and hot water supply equipment to effectively use energy while realizing the “high insulation standard” of the ZEH and maintaining comfortable living spaces.

The ZEH standard requires energy savings of more than 20% higher than the Energy Saving Standard via better insulation of the building envelope and higher equipment performance.

Energy savings greater than 20%

＜ZEH＞＜Ordinary house＞ High-efficiency air-conditioning

High-efficiency ventilation equipment

High-efficiency lighting

High-efficiency hot water supply equipment

* The calculation method should be consistent with the Energy Saving Standard. However, the 20%-higher energy saving rule applies to air-conditioning, hot water supply, ventilation, and lighting equipment. Although the reduced volume with renewable energy should not be taken into consideration, the reduced volume with fuel cells should be considered if the effect due to the fuel cells (consumption) has been separately calculated.

Heating

Cooling Ventilation

Lighting

Hot water

supply

Heating Cooling

Ventilation Lighting

Hot water supply

The goal is to achieve a net zero energy consumption by generating energy through photovoltaic power production while adopting “better insulation” and “higher equipment performance” set forth for ZEHs to achieve 20% energy savings.

For evaluation purposes, houses with small roofs or poor sunshine should be considered in the evaluation even though the potential for energy production is limited.

If energy savings of 75% of the net value is achieved, the Nearly ZEH status is granted. If energy savings of 100% or more is achieved, the ZEH status is granted.

ZEH (Net energy savings

of 100% or more)

Nearly ZEH (Net energy savings of 75% or more)

* Small and thin houses in urban area

* The method to determine 75% or 100% energy savings should follow the Energy Saving Standard. This rule should apply to air-conditioning, hot water supply, ventilation, and lighting. In addition, while only the part of self-consumption is counted in the Energy Saving Standard, the electricity sale should also be taken into consideration. (However, this is limited to the sale of surplus power in the system of surplus electricity purchase.)

Definition and evaluation methods of ZEH – Cont’d

Image of the ZEH definition

Volume of energy consumption

Vo

lum

e o

f en

ergy

su

pp

ly

Reference House

Benchmark primary energy consumption

ZEH

Nearly ZEH

Reduction of 20% or more

Energy saving (1) Load reduction (improved heat insulation and

solar shading, etc.) (2) Use of natural energy (except renewable energy) (3) Equipment and systems with improved efficiency

Reduction of 100% or more (Net Zero)


(4) Introduction of renewable energy (Any capacity OK)

Energy independence

Goal of ZEHs

To ensure that “standard newly-constructed houses will be ZEH” by 2020, over half of newly-constructed houses by house-builders or building contractors must be ZEHs.

Targets for “newly-constructed detached houses” include:

– Evaluation during the “design phase”.

– Although it is important to improve the energy saving performance of housing complexes (including apartments), achieving the ZEH status is more difficult due to the limited roof area compared to consumption. (This does not mean that we do not aim to promote ZEHs for housing complexes.)

<Targets of the ZEH goal>

The ZEH roadmap

Based on the discussions in the Examination Committee, the following measures are proposed for ZEHs.

Establishment of the definition

Subsidies for companies

Training of engineers

Public relations

Technology development

Goal setting

Popularization of ZEHs

Adopt ZEH as a standard specification

Definition established Revise the definition (if necessary)

FY2015 FY2018 FY2016 FY2017

Priv

ate

com

panie

s, busin

esse

s org

aniz

atio

n

Natio

nal g

overn

ment

FY2019 FY2020

Goals Autonomously popularize ZEHs/ More than half of newly-constructed houses will be ZEHs

Subsidies for construction

Promote/brand the ZEH

Establish know-how for small and medium building contractors

Collect data, monitor progress, and report regularly based on the voluntary action plan

Limited extension (if necessary)

ZEH in Japan

45

METI promote bulders committed to achieve the national target as a ”ZEH Builder”.

All ZEH Builders (approx. 1,300 builders as of 13 March 2016) are to publish their own target for the diffusion of ZEH into market. (List of the ZEH Builders -> https://sii.or.jp/zeh28/builder/search/ )

(Sources) Translated from Sekisui House’s Material

Target

Target and Achievement (# of NB houses)

<One of the top runner’s achievement>

Green-first Zero

Green-first

https://sii.or.jp/zeh28/builder/search/



The ZEB Roadmap

Based on the discussions in the Examination Committee, these measures have are proposed for ZEBs.

Establishment of the definition

Design of the ZEB Preparation of guidelines

Technology development

Measures in newly constructed public buildings

Public relations

Training of engineers

Goal setting

Realization and popularization of ZEBs

Definition established Revise the definition (if necessary)

FY 2015 FY 2018 FY 2016 FY 2017

Priv

ate

com

panie

s,

busin

esse

s org

aniz

atio

n

Natio

nal g

overn

ment

FY 2019 FY 2020

Goals

Realize and autonomously popularize ZEBs

Collect data, monitor progress, and report regularly based on the voluntary action plan

Demonstration project ⇒ Preparation of guidelines

Promote/brand ZEBs

Technology development to reduce costs

Train ZEB engineers

Implement active measures in newly constructed public buildings (including schools).

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1,0

1,1

1,2

1,3

1,4

1,5

1,6

1,7

1,8

1,9

2,0

1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008 2013

Trends in Final Energy Consumption (Cont’d)

47

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

19

73

19

77

19

80

19

83

19

86

19

89

19

92

19

95

19

98

20

01

20

04

20

07

20

10

20

13

Evolution of energy consumption and floor area in the commercial sector

Improved by

around 40%

Evolution of energy efficiency in Japan (volume of energy supply/real GDP)

(Sources) Comprehensive Energy Statistics, Annual Report on National Accounts

Million kl COE/trillion yen

【Real GDP】

Energy efficiency (volume of energy supply/real GDP)

（Unit: trillion yen, price in 2005）

(The vertical line showing the indices using the value for 1973 is taken as 1.)

(Sources) Prepared on the basis of the Handbook of Japan's & World Energy & Economic Statistics issued by the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan.


Floor area

Energy consumption/floor area

Energy Demand and Primary Energy Supply

2030

(After energy

conservation measures)

2013

(Actual result)

Energy demand

Final energy consumption

Heat,

gasoline,

town gas, etc.

75%

Electric

power 25%

361 million kl

Thorough energy efficiency and

conservation

50.3 million kL

13% lower than before the

implementation of the energy

conservation measures

Electric

power

28%

Heat,

gasoline,

town gas, etc.

72%

Economic growth

1.7%/year

326 million kl

Primary energy supply

2030

Coal

25%

Natural gas

18%

Petroleum

30%

Renewable energy

13 to 14%

Nuclear power

10 to 11%

489 million kL

LPG 3%

Self-

sufficiency

rate

24.3%

* Values are approximate. 48

Summary of the definition of ZEB


Vo

lum

e o

f en

ergy

su

pp

ly

Reference Building

Benchmark primary energy consumption

ZEB

Nearly ZEB


Energy savings ① Load reduction (improving heat insulation and solar shading, etc.) ② Use of natural energy ③ Equipment and systems with improved efficiency of the equipment


(Net Zero)


ZEB Ready

④ Introduction of renewable energy

Energy independence


49

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