EnergyEnergy

Chapter 13Chapter 13

Sections 1-4Sections 1-4

Question of the DayQuestion of the Day

Many energy experts believe that it will Many energy experts believe that it will not be the depletion of fossil fuels that not be the depletion of fossil fuels that will drive the projected transition to a will drive the projected transition to a solar-hydrogen energy age in the solar-hydrogen energy age in the United States and other parts of the United States and other parts of the world, but rather _______________.world, but rather _______________.

Answer of the DayAnswer of the Day

The need to use cleaner and less The need to use cleaner and less climate-disrupting (noncarbon) energy climate-disrupting (noncarbon) energy resources. P. 288resources. P. 288

Key ConceptsKey Concepts

Evaluating energy resourcesEvaluating energy resources

Advantages and disadvantages of fossil fuelsAdvantages and disadvantages of fossil fuels

Advantages and disadvantages of nuclear fission and Advantages and disadvantages of nuclear fission and fusionfusion

Improving energy efficiency and its advantagesImproving energy efficiency and its advantages

Advantages and disadvantages of renewable energyAdvantages and disadvantages of renewable energy

Transitions to a more sustainable energy futureTransitions to a more sustainable energy future

The Coming Energy-Efficiency and The Coming Energy-Efficiency and Renewable-Energy RevolutionRenewable-Energy Revolution

Energy-efficient homesEnergy-efficient homes

Solar cellsSolar cells

Hydrogen revolutionHydrogen revolution

Fuel cellsFuel cells

Less air pollutionLess air pollution

Rocky Mountain Institute, Rocky Mountain Institute, Snowmass, ColoradoSnowmass, Colorado

Fig. 13-1, p. 285

The Coming Energy-Efficiency and The Coming Energy-Efficiency and Renewable-Energy RevolutionRenewable-Energy Revolution

Fig. 13-1, p. 285

Evaluating Energy ResourcesEvaluating Energy Resources

Energy from the SunEnergy from the Sun

Indirect forms of renewable solar energy -Indirect forms of renewable solar energy - Wind, Falling and Flowing Water, BiomassWind, Falling and Flowing Water, Biomass

Commercial energyCommercial energy

Energy resources for the worldEnergy resources for the world

Energy resources for the USEnergy resources for the US

Fig. 13-2, p. 287

Mined coal

Pipeline

Pump

Oil well

Gas well

Oil storageCoal

Oil and Natural Gas

Geothermal Energy

Hot waterstorage

Contourstrip mining

PipelineDrillingtower

Magma

Hot rock

Natural gasOil

Impervious rock

Water

Water

Oil drillingplatformon legs

Floating oil drilling platform

Valves

Undergroundcoal mine

Water is heatedand brought upas dry steam orwet steam

Waterpenetratesdownthroughthe rock

Area stripmining

Geothermalpower plant

Coal seam

Nonrenewable Energy ResourcesNonrenewable Energy Resources

Fig. 13-3, p. 287

Commercial Energy for the Commercial Energy for the World and USWorld and US

Fig. 13-4, p. 288Year

21002025195018751800

0

20

40

60

80

100

Co

ntr

ibu

tio

n t

o t

ota

l en

erg

yco

nsu

mp

tio

n (

per

cen

t)

Wood

Coal

Oil

Nuclear

HydrogenSolar

Natural gas

Commercial Energy Use in US Commercial Energy Use in US Since 1800 Since 1800

Deciding Which Energy Deciding Which Energy Resources to UseResources to Use

We must plan aheadWe must plan ahead

Questions we need to ask about the future energy resource.Questions we need to ask about the future energy resource.

- What will be available in the future?- What will be available in the future?

- Net energy yield- Net energy yield

- Costs - Costs

- Level of government support- Level of government support

- Economic and military security issues- Economic and military security issues

- Vulnerability of the resource to terrorism- Vulnerability of the resource to terrorism

- Impacts on human health and the environment- Impacts on human health and the environment

Net EnergyNet Energy

High-quality energyHigh-quality energy

Laws of thermodynamics (p. 30-32) Laws of thermodynamics (p. 30-32)

Wasted energyWasted energy

Useful energyUseful energy

Net energy ratioNet energy ratio

Nuclear fuel cycleNuclear fuel cycle

Fig. 13-5a, p. 289

Space Heating

Passive solar

Natural gas

Oil

Active solar

Coal gasification

Electric resistance heating(coal-fired plant)Electric resistance heating (natural-gas-fired plant)

Electric resistance heating(nuclear plant)

0.3

0.4

0.4

1.5

1.9

4.5

4.9

5.8

Net Net Energy Energy Ratios Ratios

Fig. 13-5b, p. 289

High-Temperature Industrial Heat

Surface-mined coalUnderground-mined coalNatural gasOilCoal gasificationDirect solar (highlyconcentrated by mirrors, heliostats, or other devices)

0.91.5

4.74.9

25.8

28.2

Net Energy Ratios Net Energy Ratios

Fig. 13-5c, p. 289

Transportation

Natural gas

Gasoline (refined crude oil)

Biofuel (ethyl alcohol)

Coal liquefaction

Oil shale 1.2

1.4

1.9

4.1

4.9

Net Energy Ratios Net Energy Ratios

Crude Oil (Petroleum)Crude Oil (Petroleum)

Conventional (light) oilConventional (light) oil

ExtractionExtraction

TransportationTransportation

RefiningRefining

PetrochemicalsPetrochemicals

Major oil-supplying nations - 11 countries make up the Organization Major oil-supplying nations - 11 countries make up the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 78% of the crude oilof Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 78% of the crude oil

U.S. supplies -2.9%U.S. supplies -2.9%

How long will conventional oil last?How long will conventional oil last?

Fig. 13-6, p. 290

Diesel oil

Asphalt

Greaseand wax

Naphtha

Heating oil

Aviation fuel

Gasoline

Gases

Furnace

Heatedcrude oil

Refining Crude Oil Refining Crude Oil

Fig. 13-7, p. 292

Major Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal Deposits Major Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal Deposits in North America in North America

Fig. 13-7, p. 292MEXICO

UNITED STATES

CANADA

PacificOcean

AtlanticOcean

GrandBanks

Gulf ofAlaska

Valdez

ALASKA

BeaufortSea

Prudhoe Bay

Arctic Ocean

Coal

Gas

Oil

High potential areas

Prince WilliamSound

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

Trans Alaskaoil pipeline

Major Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal Deposits Major Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal Deposits in North America in North America

Gulf of Mexico

Fig. 13-8, p. 292

Oil

pr i

ce p

er b

arre

l

70

60

40

30

20

1950 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

50

2010

(1997 dollars)

10

19600

Inflation-Adjusted Price of Oil in Inflation-Adjusted Price of Oil in the USthe US

Ample supply for 42-93 years

Low cost (with huge subsidies)

High net energy yield

Easily transported withinand between countries

Low land use

Technology is welldeveloped

Efficient distribution system

Advantages

Trade-Offs

Conventional Oil

Disadvantages

Need to find substitute within 50 years

Artifically low price encourages waste and discourages search for alternative

Air pollution when burned

Releases CO2 when burned

Moderate water pollution

Fig. 13-9, p. 293

Tradeoffs of Conventional Oil UseTradeoffs of Conventional Oil Use

Carbon Dioxide Emissions Per Carbon Dioxide Emissions Per Unit Energy of Different FuelsUnit Energy of Different Fuels

Nuclear power

Natural gas

Oil

Coal

Synthetic oil and gasproduced from coal

Coal-firedelectricity

17%

58%

86%

100%

150%

286%

Fig. 13-10, p. 294

Oil sand92%

Oil Sand and Oil ShaleOil Sand and Oil Shale

Oil sandOil sand

BitumenBitumen

KerogenKerogen

Shale oilShale oil

Oil Shale and Shale OilOil Shale and Shale Oil

Fig. 13-11, p. 294

Advantages Disadvantages

Moderate cost (oil sand)

Large potential supplies, especially oil sandsin Canada

High cost (oil shale)

Low net energy yield

Large amount of water needed for processing

Severe land disruption from surface miningWater pollution from mining residues

Air pollution when burned

CO2 emissionswhen burned

Easily transported within and between countries

Efficient distributionsystem in place

Trade-OffsHeavy Oils from

Oil Shale and Oil Sand

Technology is well developed

Fig. 13-12, p. 295

Tradeoffs of Oil from Sands and ShalesTradeoffs of Oil from Sands and Shales

Natural GasNatural Gas

Not gasoline, but 50-90% methane (CHNot gasoline, but 50-90% methane (CH44) by volume) by volume

Conventional natural gasConventional natural gas

Unconventional natural gasUnconventional natural gas

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

Liquefied natural gas (LNG)Liquefied natural gas (LNG)

World supply of conventional natural gas: 62-125 yearsWorld supply of conventional natural gas: 62-125 years

Good fuel for fuel cells and gas turbines

Low land use

Easily transported by pipeline

Moderate environmental impact

Lower CO2 emissions thanother fossil fuels

Less air pollution than other fossil fuels

Low cost (with huge subsidies)

High net energy yield

Ample supplies (125 years)

Sometimes burned off andwasted at wells because of lowprice

Shipped across ocean as highlyexplosive LNG

Methane (a greenhouse gas) can leak from pipelines

Releases CO2 when burned

Nonrenewable resource

Difficult to transfer from one countryto another

Requires pipelines

Advantages

Trade-Offs

Conventional Natural Gas

Disadvantages

Fig. 13-13, p. 296

Tradeoffs of Natural GasTradeoffs of Natural Gas

CoalCoal

Stages of coal formationStages of coal formation

Sulfur, mercury, and radioactive pollutantsSulfur, mercury, and radioactive pollutants

Used in electricity and steel productionUsed in electricity and steel production

Abundant in the USAbundant in the US

US reserves should last about 300 yearsUS reserves should last about 300 years

Coal gasification and liquefaction (synfuels)Coal gasification and liquefaction (synfuels)

Fig. 13-14, p. 296

Increasing moisture content

Increasing heat and carbon content

Peat(not a coal)

Lignite(brown coal)

Bituminous Coal(soft coal)

Anthracite(hard coal)

Heat

Pressure Pressure Pressure

Heat Heat

Partially decayedplant matter in swampsand bogs; low heatcontent

Low heat content;low sulfur content;limited supplies inmost areas

Extensively usedas a fuel becauseof its high heat contentand large supplies;normally has ahigh sulfur content

Highly desirable fuelbecause of its highheat content andlow sulfur content;supplies are limitedin most areas

Stages in Coal FormationStages in Coal Formation

Low cost (with huge subsidies)

High net energy yield

Ample supplies(225–900 years)

Releases radioactive particles and mercury into air

High CO2 emissions when burned

Severe threat to human health

High land use (including mining)

Severe land disturbance, air pollution, and water pollution

Very high environmental impact

Mining and combustiontechnology well-developed

Air pollution can be reduced with improvedtechnology (but addsto cost)

Advantages

Trade-Offs

Coal

Disadvantages

Fig. 13-15, p. 297

Tradeoffs of CoalTradeoffs of Coal

Moderate cost (with large government subsidies)

Vehicle fuel

Large potential supply

High water use

Increased surface mining of coal

High environmental impact

Requires mining 50% more coal

Higher cost than coal

Low to moderate net energy yield

Lower air pollution when burned than coal

Advantages

Trade-OffsSynthetic Fuels

Disadvantages

High CO2 emissions when burned

Fig. 13-16, p. 298

Tradeoffs of Synthetic Fuels from CoalTradeoffs of Synthetic Fuels from Coal

Nuclear EnergyNuclear Energy

Nuclear fissionNuclear fission

Nuclear chain reaction (p. 28)Nuclear chain reaction (p. 28)

Light-water reactors (LWRs)Light-water reactors (LWRs)

Control rods and containment vesselsControl rods and containment vessels

On-site storage of radioactive wastesOn-site storage of radioactive wastes

Safety features of nuclear power plantsSafety features of nuclear power plants

Nuclear fuel cycleNuclear fuel cycle

Large amounts of very radioactive wastesLarge amounts of very radioactive wastes

Fig. 13-17, p. 299

Periodic removaland storage of

radioactive wastesand spent fuel assemblies

Periodic removaland storage of

radioactive liquid wastes

PumpPump

Steam

Small amounts of radioactive gases

Water

Turbine Generator

Electrical power

Hot water output

Condenser

PumpPump

PumpPumpWaste heat

Useful energy25 to 30%

Water source(river, lake, ocean)

Heat exchanger

Containment shellUranium fuel input

(reactor core)Control

rods

Moderator

Pressurevessel

ShieldingCoolantpassage

Coolant

Hot coolant

Light-Water Nuclear ReactorsLight-Water Nuclear Reactors

Waste heat

Cold water input

PumpPump

Fig. 13-18, p. 300

Decommissioning of reactor

Reactor

Fuel assemblies

Enrichment UF6

Conversion of U3 O8 to UF6

Fuel fabrication

(conversion of enrichedUF6 to UO2 and fabricationof fuel assemblies)

Uranium 235 asUF6 Plutonium-239as PuO2

Low level radiationwith long half-life

Spent fuelreprocessing

Temporary storageof spent fuel assemblies

underwater or in dry casks

Geologic disposal of moderateand high-level radioactive wastes

Open fuel cycle today

Prospective “closed” end of fuel cycle

Nuclear Fuel CycleNuclear Fuel Cycle

Decline of Nuclear PowerDecline of Nuclear Power

Optimism of 1950s is goneOptimism of 1950s is gone

Popularity of nuclear power is decliningPopularity of nuclear power is declining

Expensive source of powerExpensive source of power

Three Mile Island accident (1979)Three Mile Island accident (1979)

Chernobyl disaster (1986)Chernobyl disaster (1986)

Possible targets for terroristsPossible targets for terrorists

Low risk of accidents because of multiple safety systems (except in 35 poorly designed and run reactors in former Soviet Unionand Eastern Europe)

Moderate land use

Moderate land disruption and water pollution(without accidents)

Emits 1/6 as much CO2 as coal

Low environmentalimpact (without accidents)

Large fuel supply

Spreads knowledge andtechnology for building nuclear weapons

No widely acceptable solution for long-term storage of radioactive wastes and decommissioning worn-out plants

Catastrophic accidents can happen (Chernobyl)

High environmental impact (with major accidents)

Low net energy yield

High cost (even with large subsidies)

Subject to terrorist attacks

Advantages

Trade-Offs

Conventional Nuclear Fuel Cycle

Disadvantages

Fig. 13-19, p. 301

Tradeoffs of Nuclear PowerTradeoffs of Nuclear Power

Ample supply

High net energy yield

Very high air pollution

High CO2 emissions

High land disruption fromsurface mining

High land use

Low cost (with huge subsidies)

Ample supply of uranium

Low net energy yield

Low air pollution (mostly from fuel reprocessing)

Low CO2 emissions (mostly from fuel reprocessing)

Much lower land disruption fromsurface mining

Moderate land use

High cost (with hugesubsidies)

Coal

Trade-Offs

Coal vs. Nuclear

Nuclear

Fig. 13-20, p. 302

Coal vs. Nuclear PowerCoal vs. Nuclear Power

Dealing with Radioactive WastesDealing with Radioactive Wastes

High-level wastesHigh-level wastes

Safety of pool and dry cask storageSafety of pool and dry cask storage

Bury them deep underground?Bury them deep underground?

Shoot them into space?Shoot them into space?

Bury them in ice sheets?Bury them in ice sheets?

Dump them in subduction zones?Dump them in subduction zones?

Dump them in the deep ocean sediments?Dump them in the deep ocean sediments?

Somehow change them into less harmful isotopes?Somehow change them into less harmful isotopes?

Question of the DayQuestion of the Day

What are the fuels used inWhat are the fuels used in A) Light-water reactors (LWRs)A) Light-water reactors (LWRs) B) Breeder ReactorsB) Breeder Reactors C)What type of nuclear reaction is C)What type of nuclear reaction is

taking place to produce the energy.taking place to produce the energy.

Two of the three must be correct for one point

AnswersAnswers

A) Uranium - 235A) Uranium - 235

B) Uranium - 238B) Uranium - 238

C) Nuclear fissionC) Nuclear fission

Yucca MountainYucca Mountain

Permanent disposal site for US radioactive wastesPermanent disposal site for US radioactive wastes

Concerns over groundwater contaminationConcerns over groundwater contamination

Concerns over earthquakes and volcanoesConcerns over earthquakes and volcanoes

Difficulties in predicting future eventsDifficulties in predicting future events

Concerns over transportation accidents and terrorismConcerns over transportation accidents and terrorism

Other Nuclear IssuesOther Nuclear Issues

Decommissioning old nuclear power plantsDecommissioning old nuclear power plants

““Dirty” bombsDirty” bombs

High costs of nuclear powerHigh costs of nuclear power

Advanced light-water reactors (ALWRs)Advanced light-water reactors (ALWRs)

Passive safety featuresPassive safety features

Breeder nuclear fission reactorsBreeder nuclear fission reactors

Nuclear fusion (also see Fig. 2-7, p. 28)Nuclear fusion (also see Fig. 2-7, p. 28)

Future of nuclear power in the USFuture of nuclear power in the US

Improving Energy EfficiencyImproving Energy Efficiency

Energy lost by 2Energy lost by 2ndnd Law of Thermodynamics Law of Thermodynamics

Energy efficiencyEnergy efficiency

Reducing energy wasteReducing energy waste

Energy-wasting devicesEnergy-wasting devices

• Incandescent light bulb 95% WasteIncandescent light bulb 95% Waste

• Nuclear power plants 86 - 92% WasteNuclear power plants 86 - 92% Waste

• Internal combustion engine 75 - 80% WasteInternal combustion engine 75 - 80% Waste

• Coal-burning power plants 66% WasteCoal-burning power plants 66% Waste

Government policies to save energyGovernment policies to save energy

Fig. 13-21, p. 306

Energy Inputs System Outputs

U.S.economy

andlifestyles

86%

8%

3%

3%

9%

7%

41%

43%

Nonrenewable fossil fuels

Nonrenewable nuclear

Hydropower, geothermal,wind, solar

Biomass

Useful energy

Petrochemicals

Unavoidable energy wasteUnnecessary energy waste

Energy Energy Inputs and Inputs and Outputs in Outputs in

the USthe US

Prolongs fossil fuel supplies

Reduces oil imports

Very high net energy

Low cost

Reduces pollution and environmentaldegradation

Buys time to phase in renewable energy

Less need for military protection of Middle East oil resources

Improves local economy by reducing flow of money out to pay for energy

Creates local jobs

Solutions

Reducing Energy Waste

Fig. 13-22, p. 307

Advantages of Reducing Wasted Advantages of Reducing Wasted Energy Energy

Saving EnergySaving Energy

Cogeneration in industryCogeneration in industry

Energy-wasting electric motors in industryEnergy-wasting electric motors in industry

Use fluorescent lightingUse fluorescent lighting

Increase fuel efficiency in motor vehiclesIncrease fuel efficiency in motor vehicles

Connections, Connections, p. 308: p. 308: The Real Cost of Gasoline in the USThe Real Cost of Gasoline in the US

Fig. 13-23, p. 308Year

19201930

19401950

19601970

19801990

20002010

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

Do

llar

s p

er g

allo

n (

in 1

993

do

lla

rs)

Real Price of Gasoline in the US Real Price of Gasoline in the US (1993 Dollars) (1993 Dollars)

Hybrid and Fuel-Cell CarsHybrid and Fuel-Cell Cars

Hybrid-electric internal combustion engineHybrid-electric internal combustion engine

Fuel cellsFuel cells

Hydrogen fuelHydrogen fuel

Fig. 13-24, p. 309

Hybrid Gas-Hybrid Gas-Electric Car Electric Car

Regulator Fuel Tank

Trans-mission

Battery bank

Combustionengine

Electric motor

Fuel

Electricity

Fuel-cell stackConverts hydrogenfuel into electricity

Front crush zoneAbsorbs crash energy

Electric wheel motorsProvide four-wheel driveHave built-in brakes

Hydrogenfuel tanks

Air systemmanagement

Body attachmentsMechanical locksthat secure thebody to the chassis

Universal docking connectionConnects the chassis with the Drive-by-wire system in the body

Rear crush zoneabsorbs crash energy

Drive-by-wiresystem controls

Side mounted radiatorsRelease heat generatedby the fuel cell, vehicleelectronics, and wheelmotors

Cabin heating unit

Fig. 13-25a, p. 310

Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Car Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Car

© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson

Fig. 13-25b, p. 310

Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Car Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Car

Saving Energy in Buildings Saving Energy in Buildings Superinsulation and passive solar heatingSuperinsulation and passive solar heating

Strawbale housesStrawbale houses

Eco-roofs (green roofs)Eco-roofs (green roofs)

Insulate and plug leaks in existing buildingsInsulate and plug leaks in existing buildings

Energy-efficient windowsEnergy-efficient windows

Deal with heating and cooling losses in attics and basementsDeal with heating and cooling losses in attics and basements

More efficient heating of buildingsMore efficient heating of buildings

More efficient (tankless instant) water heatersMore efficient (tankless instant) water heaters

Energy-efficient appliances and lightingEnergy-efficient appliances and lighting

Fig. 13-26, p. 310

R-30 toR-43 insulation

Insulated glass,triple-paned orsuperwindows(passive solar gain)

R-30 to R-43insulation

Air-to-air heat exchanger

R-30 to R-43 insulation

Small or no north-facingwindows or superwindows

R-60 or higher insulation

Superinsulated House Superinsulated House

Strawbale House Strawbale House

Fig. 13-27, p. 311

Infrared Photo Showing Heat LossInfrared Photo Showing Heat Loss

Fig. 13-28, p. 311

Why So Much Wasted Energy?Why So Much Wasted Energy?

Relatively cheap gasolineRelatively cheap gasoline

Lack of government support and economic incentivesLack of government support and economic incentives

Lack of information about benefits of saving energyLack of information about benefits of saving energy