ENDOCARDITIS The Etiology and the Laboratory Studies
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Transcript of ENDOCARDITIS The Etiology and the Laboratory Studies
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ENDOCARDITISThe Etiology and the Laboratory
Studies
Reşat Özaras, MD, Professor,
Infectious Diseases Dept.
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Definition
• Endocarditis: it is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium.
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Clinical Features
• Whom to consider IE– Injection drug users– Prostethic heart valve– Prior IE– Bacteremia– Hemodialysis– HIV infection
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Clinical Features
• Wide spectrum of signs&symptoms– Fatigue– Anorexia– Weight loss– Prolonged fever– Dizziness– Dyspnea– …..
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PE
• Murmur
• Splenomegaly
• Findings of complications (emboli etc..)
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IE: Clinical Classification
• Acute IE
Main etiology: S. aureus
Mortality (untreated) : < 2 months, 100%
• Subacute—chronic IE
Main etiology: Viridans streptococci
Mortality (untreated) : < 1 year, 100%
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Classification According to the Valve
• Native Valve Endocarditis
• Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis
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• Clinical criteria Using specific definitions :
– 2 major criteria OR– 1 major and 3 minor criteria OR– 5 minor criteria
• Possible IE• 1 major criterion and 1 minor criterion
OR 3 minor criteria
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Major Diagnostic Criteria
• Positive blood culture for typical infective endocarditis
• Echocardiography findings – with oscillating intracardiac mass – abscess
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Search Google for echo videos!
• http://www.echojournal.org/video/379/Aortic-valve-vegetation-1-of-2
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Minor Diagnostic Criteria
• Predisposing heart condition or intravenous drug use • Temp > 38.0° C • Vascular phenomena: arterial emboli, pulmonary
infarcts, mycotic aneurysms, intracranial bleed, conjunctival hemorrhages, Janeway lesions
• Immunologic phenomena: glomerulonephritis, Osler nodes, Roth spots, rheumatoid factor
• Microbiological evidence: positive blood culture but does not meet a major criterion
• Echocardiographic findings: consistent with endocarditis but do not meet a major criterion
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• Clinical criteria Using specific definitions :
– 2 major criteria OR– 1 major and 3 minor criteria OR– 5 minor criteria
• Possible IE• 1 major criterion and 1 minor criterion
OR 3 minor criteria
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IE: Etiology NV PV
1-Streptococci: ~%50 ~40%
2-S. aureus: 3-Enterococci: 4-Coagulase-neg Staph: ~%5 ~70% 5-Gram-Neg Bacilli:6-Fungus (Candida): 7-Diphteroids: 8-Polymicrobial: 9-Culture-neg./HACEK:
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Our cases with IE
1-Viridans streptococci (8) (40%) 2-S. aureus (MSSA) (4) (20%) 3-Enterococci (2) (10%) 4-MSSE (1) (5%) 5-Anaerobs (1) 6-S. typhi (1) 7-Brucella (1) 8-Culture-negative (2)
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IE: Streptococci
• Viridans streptococci (-hemolytic) (the most frequent ones)
1-S. sanguis
2-S. mutans
3-S. mitis• S. bovis (non-hemolytic)
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Staphylococci
• S. aureus • S. epidermidis
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DiagnosticsClinical Samples
• Blood• Serum (for serology)• Embolus, abscess, or removed infected valve
(for microbiological and histolgical studies)
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IE: S. aureus
• Fever+S.aureus: consider IE (echo.)• Fever+S.aureus in injection drug user:
consider right side (tricuspid) IE (echo.)
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Culture-negative IE
• Failure to yield any m.o. with automated blood culture systems within 7 days
• ~5%• Use of antibiotics• Coxiella burnetii and Bartonella
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IE: Serology
1-Brucella
2-Coxiella burnetii
3-Bartonella
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Treatment
• Antibiotics• Surgery may be needed
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IE: Mortality is ~30
Major systemic emboli
Heart Failure
Septic shock
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Complications
• Cardiac • Septic • Embolic • Neurologic • Musculoskeletal • Renal • Associated with medical treatment
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Complications
• Embolic (eg, cerebral infarct)
• Local spread of infection (eg, heart valve destruction)
• Metastatic infection (eg, vertebral osteomyelitis)
• Immune-mediated damage (eg, glomerulonephritis
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