Good Afternoon!

TODAY

• Please pick up the packet on trench warfare from the front of the class. Read the instructions on the first page.

• Then, you have two options. You may either:• Create a detailed, colored diagram of a trench, per the instructions,

being sure to include barbed wire, duck-boards, listening posts, etc.• OR you may create your own propaganda poster on a topic of your

choice using what you learned in class yesterday. It must have color, be both verbal and visual, and contain an engaging or interesting message.

• You MUST complete the writing task at the bottom of the trench warfare handout. These activities will be turned in and graded. They should take you at least the whole period. If you do not finish, they will be assigned as homework.

OPTIONS!

BUT FIRST!

• Tumblr: www.pogallagher.tumblr.com

• The following is a scene from the 1958 film Paths of Glory by director Stanley Kubrick (The Shining, Full Metal Jacket, A Clockwork Orange, etc.)

• The film revolves around the story of Colonel Dax, a French officer in World War 1 who refuses to condemn soldiers for “cowardice” in the trenches.

• Often, soldiers were executed for “cowardice” if they refused to carry out an order on the Front.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPtVNDvwGMo&safe=active

TODAY!

• Grab a study guide from the table.

• We’ll be looking at factors that led to the end of World War One.

• Housekeeping• Tumblr:

barlowglobal.tumblr.com

• Twitter: @barlowglobal• Quiz tomorrow• Poster/Trench diagram and

letter due tomorrow.

“This is not peace. It is a twenty year armistice.” -

Foch

World War I: The End

“Gassed” by John Singer Sargent, 1919. Image courtesy of the Wikipedia Paintings Project.

So why did the Allies win?

• Three big factors in 1917:• British naval blockade of German ports• No ports = No food• Over 424,000 German civilians die as a result of the blockade.• German underestimation of naval influence in the War.

• Russia’s withdrawal from the War• Newly installed Bolsheviks sign a peace treaty with Germany• Germany can now focus entire effort on the Western Front• Central powers hope for a quick decisive offensive into France

• Amurrrrica enters the War• Zimmerman note• Fed up with German assaults on merchant ships, Wilson declares war

on Central powers• Summer of 1918: America sends 10,000 fresh soldiers to France every

month.

British Naval Blockade

• Purpose: To restrict the maritime supply of food and material goods to Germany.• Lasted from 1914-1919• By 1915, imports have fallen 55%• Gets back to idea of Total War – Britain knew

they were killing civilians. A good way to sow discontent.• Food shortages cause riots and looting

British cutter on patrol in the North Sea during the Royal Naval Blockade, 1917. Image courtesy of Flickr Commons.

Russia Withdraws

• Russian Revolutions of 1917: A series of revolutions led by Vladimir Lenin that dismantle the Tsarist monarchy and bring about an era of Communism.• February Revolution • March, 1917. • Provisional government takes over along with

Socialists. Unstable, lots of protests.• Russian army suffered a series of defeats in

the War, widespread mutiny.

• October Revolution• Bolsheviks unhappy with provisional

government. Lenin leads an overthrow.• Bolsheviks assume power in October, 1917.• They soon sign Treaty of Brest-Litovsk,

ending Russian aggression

Who are the Bolsheviks?

• Bolshevik in Russian means “majority.”• A faction of the Russian Socialist Democratic Labour

Party that split from another faction, the Mensheviks, in 1903.

• By the February and October Revolutions, they claim to represent the interests of the laborers.

• Membership = very young. In 1907:• 22% are under 20• 37% are 20-24• 16% are 25-29

• In 1952, they will abandon the name “Bolsheviks” and take up the name “Communist Party of the Soviet Union” under Stalin.

Bolshevik, 1920. By Boris Kustodiev. Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

Storming of the Winter Palace

• Located in St. Petersburg (formerly Petrograd), the Winter Palace from 1732 to 1917 was the residence of Russian Monarchy until the Storming of the Winter Palace by the Bolshevik Red Guard during the October Revolution.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EuKK1Sfolng

“The Pogrom of the Winter Palace” by Ivan Vladimirov, 1917.

America Enters the War

• Two reasons:• Germany declares all-out submarine war on any ships

heading towards Britain. They know this means war with the U.S.

• The Zimmerman Telegram outlines a German scheme to involve Mexico in the war, promising the return of lost territories like Texas, New Mexico, and parts of California. The telegram outrages the American public.

• April 2, 1917: Wilson asks Congress for a declaration of war

• April 6, 1917: Congress declares war on Germany • Senate vote: 82-6• House vote: 373-50

U.S. Troops in Europe

• U.S. mobilizes over 4 million troops to send overseas to bolster the weary Allied forces in Europe.• U.S. forces arrive in April, 1918. For the next eight

months, U.S. troops will continue to pour in to France all along the Western Front.

General Pershing arrives in France. Image courtesy of the National Library of Scotland, 1917.

The Spring Offensive

• The Spring Offensive (also known as the Ludendorff Offensive) was a last-ditch set of offensives by German forces beginning in March, 1918. The offensive was meant to knock out the Allies before U.S. enters the war.

• Despite eventual outcome, offensive very successful. Operation Michael, the first campaign of the Offensive, results in 20,000 British deaths and 35,000 wounded in the first day. To compare, the U.S. will suffer 110,000 deaths in the entirety of the war, 43,000 due to the influenza pandemic.

• Why was it successful?• Stormtroopers• Creeping barrages• Allied war fatigue• Influx of troops from Eastern Front

between 50-150k

Stormtroopers taking a tank. Image courtesy of www.firstworldwar.com

Hundred Days’ Offensive and Armistice

• August, 1918: Allies counter-attack. The German lines are spread too thin, and they cannot maintain the pace of their offensive despite gaining the most ground of any side during the war.

• The Allies’ Hundred Days Offensive begins in August and lasts through November, at which point Germany capitulates and surrenders.• Why was it successful?

• Tanks• Reinforcements

• Armistice signed November 11, 1918, at 11 am. Now known as Armistice Day in Europe.

Allied victory parades in New York City, 1918. Images courtesy of U.S. National Archives.

Quiz Tomorrow!

• What you need to know:• Everything from the two study guides is fair game• Think about your propaganda analysis. If you need help,

check the Tumblr and review some of the images.• Expect ~20 multiple choice questions and one or two

short answer questions

• What you need to turn in:• Either your propaganda poster or trench diagram• A letter describing the conditions of the trench addressed

to either Commander Kirstein or Gallagher