Enclave Sub/Urbanism:The Spatial Configuration of Metro Manila’s

Centers of Exclusion and their Surrounding Fabric

Leandro Nicholas Rañoa Poco

0002821

1. Research Context and Methodology

2. Space Syntax Introduction

3. Metro Manila’s Colonial / Historic Spatial Configuration

4. Metro Manila’s Present Day Spatial Configuration

5. Simulation / Experimentation

6. Summary/Recap

Presentation Outline:

By Noel Celis/AFP/Getty Images. from: Irish Times. accessed 20 August 2019Source: < https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/asia-pacific/residents-of-manila-

s-happyland-slum-put-faith-in-duterte-1.2707230>

by Anton Zelenov, from Wikimedia Commons. accessed 12 August 2019, source: < https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Manila_Aerial.jpg>

By: Institute for Economics and Peace. Accessed: 21 June 2019, Source:

<https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/GPI-2019-Briefingweb-2.pdf>

By Michael Varcas/Philippine Star. from: Philippine Star. accessed 12 August 2019 Source:<https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/03/07/17944

50/palace-part-mrt-maintenance-money-went-political-

machinery>

Source: https://www.carguide.ph/2013/02/edsa-rehab-project-

gets-green-light.html accessed 2 February 2019 Source:<https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/content/3838

20/burnham-s-century-old-ideas-can-still-be-used-to-improve-

manila-architect/story/>

Source: <https://www.rappler.com/nation/190698-duterte-manila-dead-city-

decentralization-Philippines>

Source: <https://www.rappler.com/nation/236046-

duterte-metro-manila-traffic-solution-sona-2019>

Source:<https://www.rappler.com/nation/236095-

ano-wants-open-gated-subdivisions-during-rush-

hours>

1. What are the underlying historic patterns of spatial configuration and social

exclusion that lead to Metro Manila’s current enclave urbanism?

2. What impact did the Burnham Plan have on the historical and present-day

centralities of Manila’s spatial network?

3. How does Metro Manila’s current form of commercial and residential

enclave sub/urbanism affect its spatial configuration?

4. What are the effects of opening the gates of selected residential enclaves

on the spatial accessibility of their adjacent commercial enclaves?

Research Questions:

Layered Literature Review and Methodology:

Philippine Discourse:Spanish Period: Armengol, 1958; Doeppers, 1972; Quirino, 1971; Shioda et al,

2012; Goma, 2012; and Jimenez Verdejo et al, 2015

American Period: Duque, 2009; Morley, 2014; Vernon, 2014; Kirsch, 2017; Morley,

2018

Post War: Pante, 2017; Pante, 2018; Connel, 1999; Garrido, 2013

Historical Consolidation: Ocampo, 1992; Murphy & Hogan, 2012

Current Themes: Shatkin, 2004; Recio, 2013, Garrido, 2013; Garrido, 2019;

Shatkin, 2007; Michel, 2010; Roderos, 2013; Kleibert, 2014; Kleibert and Kippers,

2016; Ortega, 2016; Ortega, 2018; and Kleibert, 2018

Global Discourse:Enclaves and Social Correspondence: Luymes, 1997; Mohammed et al., 2015;

Hapsariniaty et al., 2013; Durkheim, 1893; Hillier & Hanson, 1984)

Social Reproduction: Hillier, 2001; Oramas-Dorta, 2012; Hillier, 1999

Suburbanisation: Bourne, 1996; Forsyth, 2012; Vaughan et al, 2009;

Edge Cities and Big Box Developments: Garreau, 1992; Sultana, 2011; Gruen &

Smith, 1960; Gruen, 1964;

Induced Road Demand: WSP, 2018

Globalisation and Privatisation: Sassen, 1990; Urry, 2016; Durham-Jones &

Williamson, 2008; Theodore et al., 2011; Corpus, 2000; Smith, 2002

Space Syntax Discourse and Methodology:Hanson, 1989; Karimi, 2012; Hillier et al., 1993; Hillier, 1996; Hillier, 1999; Hillier &

Vaughan, 2007; Turner, 2000; Turner, 2001; Turner, 2005; Dalton, 2001; Turner,

2007; Charalambous, N. & Mavridou, M., 2012; Hillier et al., 2012; Yang, 2015

What is Space Syntax?

Methods pioneered by Bill Hillier and

Julienne Hanson of UCL in the 1980s

Used to uncover the spatial

causes of social decay and

disorder of England’s Social

Housing Estates

It is Spatially-applied

Network and Graph TheoryStreets and spaces

are represented

as nodes in a

network graph for

analysis

What is Space Syntax?

Network Science Terminology | Space Syntax Terminology | Practical Use

High Closeness Centrality High Spatial Integration Capacity to generate activity

High Betweenness Centrality Route Choice Capacity to generate traffic

High Clustering Coefficient Co-Location Density of activities

Applied Graph/Network Theory Centralities. From: Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS224W: Social and Information

Network Analysis, accessed 11 August 2019. Source: <http://cs224w.stanford.edu

https://web.stanford.edu/class/cs224w/handouts/15-centrality.pdf>

What is Space Syntax?

It is Spatially-applied

Network and Graph Theory

Spatial Logic influences

Social Networking Logic

Family

and

Village

Friends

Contractors

Suppliers

Sample Social Network Analysis of a Facebook Network, www.fmsasg.com/socialnetworkanalysis/facebook, accessed 2 October 2019

Workplace School

What is Space Syntax?

Key Concepts: Natural MovementMorphological transformation of historical cetnres in Tianjin, Y. Shen, K. Karimi, Q. Xia, 2013

People and Vehicles naturally move through the most accessible portions

of the spatial network.

Key Concepts: Movement Economies

Because of Natural Movement, Businesses, Transactions and Exchange

naturally occur along accessible pathways

The Spatial Culture of Mass Consumption: An Analytical Spatial Study of the Fast Food Chain Stores and Commercial Retail Network in London, Genevieve Shaun Lin, UCL, 2017

Key Concepts: Foreground vs. Background Networks

Because of Natural Movement and Movement Economies,

2 types of networks naturally occur:

1. Active Foreground Network (Generative / Urban) –

WARM GRADIENT / Reds to Yellows

2. Passive Background Network (Conservative / Residential or Suburban) –COOL GRADIENT / Greens to Blues

Key Concepts: Order vs. Structure

“Axial analysis of six historic cities in Iran (c. 1800). The measure of global integration creates a very revealing picture of an urban grid which has no trace of geometric order.” - but of an underlying structure from: Karimi, K. (2012). A reflection on’Order and Structure in Urban Design’. The Journal of

Space Syntax, 3(1), p. 43.

Imposed Order is about localized conformance/uniformity

Inherent Structure is the underlying global flow and legibility of space

Metro Manila’s Core within Circumferential Road 5Private enclaves: Voids in Manila’s Urban Fabric

Ortigas-Pioneer-Greenhills Enclave Cluster

Makati – BGC Enclave Cluster

Intramuros (within the walls) is Spanish Manila, European Fortress Town in the Tropics

Diccionario Geografico-Estadistico-Historico De Las Islas Filipinas.

Madrid 1851. accessed: 1 August 2019. source:

<https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/manila_1851.jpg>

1898 Manila and its surrounding suburbs / Plano de Manila y sus Arrabales 1898 (showing reducciones mission areas outside Intramuros) from: Perry Castaneda Library Map Collection. accessed 20 February 2019

Source: <https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/philippines.html>

Oil painting on the inside of a wooden chest, circa 1640-50. Art Museum Jose

Luis Bello, Puebla. Mexico., accessed: 1 August 2019. source:

<https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:City_of_Manila_old_painting.jpg>

Locally IntegratedMission Churches

ReduccionesChurch Plazas

Seville,

Spain

Quiapo,

ManilaSocial Reproduction

Quiapo Church/Plaza, one of the original Reducciones sites during the Spanish period. Showing the feast day of the Black Nazarene every 9th of January from: Getty Images.

Accessed 7 May 2019. Source: <https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/ asia/philippines-from-

coconuts-to-christianity-let-the-celebrations-begin-8919077.htmljohntewell/5281876897>

Entrance gate toward Seville Cathedral, during the Feast of Corpus Christi, every 30th of May. Accessed 7 May 2019. Source: <https://notjustatourist.com/the-ultimate-guide-cor-

pus-christi-seville/?c=063a94a77840>

Calle de Escolta, Binondo, Manila. 4 July 1899 (Manila’s premiere shopping address, a year after Spanish-American turnover) Accessed 3 February 2019. Source:

<https://i.pinimg.com/originals/25/a3/bc/25a3bcddcc800a4f2293912e0b45cef1.jpg>

Intramuros: Ordered Centre vsBinondo: Structural Centre and Trading District

Calle Escolta: (named after Royal Escorts) Binondo’s Premiere Shopping Address, and Manila’s 1st Secured Shopping Mall

Encomienda System(aka Repartimiento and Hacienda)

The Spanish divided control of land

and labour rights amongst their

preferred colonial elite.

Intramuros

New

Luneta

Park

Government

Center

Supreme

Court

Museums

Post

Office

Casino

Governor’s

Residence and

Social Clubs

Railway

Station

Hospitals Asylums and

Parks / Institutions

Parks and Playfields

Railway

Station

Shore

Drive

New Port

Manila

Hotel

Pasig

River

Parks and Playfields

Parks and Playfields

America’s Benevolent Assimilation, Accessed 3

February 2019. Source:

<http://dartmouth.edu/~hist32/History/19th%20Cent

ury.htm>

World-renowned, American Architect-Planner Daniel H. Burnham, on the terrace of his Evanston, IL home. early 1900s from: Graf, John, Chicago’s

Parks Arcadia Publishing, 2000. Accessed 3

February 2019.

source:<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Burnh

am#/media/File:Daniel_Burnham.jpg>

USA’s Benevolent Assimilation

and Daniel Burnham’s 1905

City Beautiful Plan for Manila

Binondo &

Intramuros

Proposed

New Port District

Proposed

New Government

Centre

Parks, Playfields &

Institutions

Parks &

Playfields

Manila

Cemetery

Parks &

Playfields

Ermita, Malate, Paco

South Integration Core

Sampaloc & Santa Cruz North

Integration Core

Burnham’s Grid pushes integration away from Intramuros, Binondo

and the new Civic Core

Burnham’s Radial Grid to emanate from a unifying Government Centre

Washington DC’s

National Mall:

MLK speech

Manila’s Luneta:

Cory Aquino’s

Inauguration

Social Reproduction of American Democracy

Accessed 3 February 2019. from https://burnhampi.wordpress.com/2010/06/06/the-plan-manila

Washington DC, National Mall, looking toward the Lincoln Memorial, during Martin Luther King’s “I have a dream” speech 28 August 1963. Accessed 3 February 2019.

from:<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_

on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom#/

media/File:IhaveadreamMarines.jpg>

Rizal Park from Quirino Grandstand, during the inauguration of President Corazon C. Aquino, elected to replace dictator Ferdinand Marcos. Accessed 3

February 2019.

from:

<http://philippinecommentary.blogspot.co

m/2009/07/let-us-pray-for-cory.html>

Parks &

Playfields

Parks &

Playfields

Parks &

Playfields

American Land Reform fails as Encomiendas are bought by the same Land Grantees.

Burnham’s Parks and Open Spaces on Manila’s edges overlap with these privatised estates, which are outside of Manila’s planning control.

Integration 2500 starts

fracturing away from

Binondo

Manila 1945 - composited from North and South artillery

and air ordnance maps of US Army / US Army Air Force from: Perry Castaneda Library

Map Collection. accessed 20 February 2019. Source:

<https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/philippines.html>

Industrial Zoning along Pasig River compounds North-South network fragmentation

1945 Manila: the adapted Burnham Plan leads to decentralisation and fragmentation

Harrison Park

National Mall

Estero de Paco

(Paco Creek)

0.65000

0.75000

0.85000

0.95000

1.05000

1.15000

1.25000

1.35000

NAIN0600 NAIN0800 NAIN1000 NAIN1200 NAIN1500 NAIN2000 NAIN2500 NAIN3000 NAIN3500 NAIN4000 NAIN4500 NAIN5000 NAIN Rn

1945 Point of Interest Averages

1945 Systemwide Average 1945 Extramuros Average 1945 Intramuros Average 1945 American Grid Average

NA

IN V

alu

e (

Inte

gra

tio

n/C

loseness C

entr

alit

y)

Range of Movement in meters (m)

Burnham’s Southern Integration Core becomes Manila’s new enclave: America’s Bayfront District. Manila’s premiere address in that period.

Intramuros leveled by the US during recapture from Japan at the end of World War 2. accessed 5 February 2019. from

https://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/actvssurgconvol2/ chapter13figure341.jpg

World War 2’s destruction triggers the rapid suburban development of

Manila’s adjacent haciendas. New districts are subdivided without central

planning control.

Integration 2500

fracturing into two

halves

Quezon City

(New Capital)

Makati

(Edge City)

Binondo

Bayfront Ermita

Avenida Rizal

EDSA-Magallanes

South to provinces

EDSA-Makati

EDSA-Pioneer

EDSA-Quezon

Avenue

EDSA-Balintawak

North to provinces

EDSA-Araneta

EDSA-

Camp Aguinaldo

& Camp Crame

Metropolitan Manila 1967 – Land-use and Road Networks overlaid onTopography. North and south halves of Metro Manila. Published by: Board

of Technical Surveys and Maps, Republic of the Philippines from: British

Library Map Room. accessed 23 July 2019.

1967 Metro Manila: The rise of C4/EDSA and continued North-South fragmentation

Quezon City’s Government Blocks become segregated enclaves

Proposed Plan for the Capital City (Quezon City) – by Harry Frost et al. accessed 21 July 2019.

from: < https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/71703-revisiting-quezon-city-master-plans>

Quezon Elliptical Circle, 1960s accessed 6 August 2019.

from: < https://retroscope.ph/1000/01/01/quezon-memorial-

circle/ >

Quezon Memorial Shrine by Federico Illustre. accessed 6

August 2019. from:

<

http://malacanang.g

ov.ph/76249-visit-

the-quezon-

memorial-shrine-

and-museum-

online/ >

Land for the new Capital, Quezon City is

acquired by law from the Tuason Hacienda

EDSA gives rise to Privatised Edge Cities, developed from the privatised encomienda/hacienda estates

Ayala’s

Makati

Edge CityAyala’s Makati

Ortigas Centre

Greenhills

Nielson Airport, Makati, Manila, Philippines, 27 Sept. 1937. WarDepartment, Army Air Forces, US National Archives accessed 12

August 2019. from: <

https://www.flickr.com/photos/johntewell/42293772602>

Ayala Triangle, 2019. Annotated Satellite Photo by

Google Maps. accessed 12 August 2019. from:

<https://www.google.com/maps/@14.5563576,121.

0236428,706m/data=!3m1!1e3>

Araneta Centre, Cubao, Quezon City, showing the Araneta Coliseum, site of Muhammad Ali vs. Joe Frazier “Thrilla in Manila,” 1 October 1975. by Evaristo F.

Nievera, Sunday Times Magazine: “Quezon City Boom Town,” 29 September

1963. accessed 12 August 2019. from: <

https://www.flickr.com/photos/johntewell/4

2293772602>

Greenhills Shopping Centre, late 1970s.accessed 12 August 2019. from:

<https://oldmanila.org/2018/02/12/old-

greenhills-memories/>

Araneta Centre

Ortigas Centre, Meralco Building, late 1970s. accessed 12 August 2019. from: <

https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/841469511

602519794/?lp=true>

2019 Metro Manila

Outsourcing / Offshoring (call centres and common

services) drives conversion of edge cities (Makati,

Ortigas, etc.) into 24-7 Mixed-Use CBDs.

Privatisation of reclaimed areas and former

Government Property/Armed Forces Bases creates

new vertical enclaves.

Metro Manila’s CBDs (red line graph) are spatiallyconfigured for vehicles, and not for pedestrians whencompared to 2019 average values (in white)

0.80000

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1.10000

NAIN0400 NAIN0600 NAIN0800 NAIN1000 NAIN1200 NAIN1500 NAIN2000 NAIN2500 NAIN3000 NAIN3500 NAIN4000 NAIN4500 NAIN5000 NAIN Rn

NAIN Mixed-Use Enclaves/CBDs vs 2019 System Average

2019 System Average 2019 Mixed-Use CBD Enclave Averages

Mixed-Use

CBDs/Enclaves are less

integrated for

Pedestrians/locals…

But are much more

integrated for

Vehicles/global

circulation…

NA

IN V

alu

e (

Inte

gra

tio

n/C

losen

ess C

en

tra

lity)

Range of Movement in

meters (m)

EDSA and Circumferential Road network

already above designed capacity

by Almec Corporation. accessed 2 February 2019Source: <http://www.neda.gov.ph/roadmap-transport-

infrastructure-development-metro-manila-

surrounding-areas-region-iii-region-iv/>

Consumption (Catering/F&B and Retail/Services)

Points-of-Interest (POIs) clustering occurs in Metro

Manila’s commercial enclaves.

With the Biggest/Hottest Clusters in its most

dominant Private CBDs

Correlations for Retail/Service and Catering/F&B POIs outside the enclaves with their corresponding location’s NAIN Values. This showsstatistically significant, weak to moderate positive correlations with both local/pedestrian and global/vehicular NAIN values for these POIsrepresenting urban consumption. NAIN values analysed using Depthmap X by depthmap X development team, UCL, and processed using

IBM SPSS Statistics 25, by IBM.

Consumption POIs outside commercial enclaves moderately correlate with natural movement (in red) in accordance to Hillier’s movement economies (1996)

Range of Movement in meters (m)

whilst Consumption POIs inside the commercial enclaves have low accessibility values (in blue)

“Unnatural Movement”

A look at Manila’s building footprint

areas provides a clue…

with Manila’s commercial enclaves

having larger building footprints (in

yellow)

Correlations for Retail/Service and Catering/F&B POIs inside the enclaves with their corresponding location’s Building Footprint area.This shows statistically significant, weak to moderate positive correlations with the size of the Building Footprints containing thesePOIs representing urban consumption. Building Footprint values analysed using QGIS, and processed using IBM SPSS Statistics

25, by IBM.

Consumption POIs inside commercial enclaves instead moderately correlate with building footprint areas (in yellow)

POIs within large airconditioned shopping malls, BPO offices with large floorplates, buildings with large parking podiums and basements, and parking garages

By RioHondo. from: Wikipedia. accessed 12 August 2019.Source:<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_Megama

ll#/media/File:The_Megamall_at_Ortigas_Center_Manila

.jpg>

By Romeo Gacad/AFP from: Rappler File Photos. accessed 12 August 2019 Source: <https://www.rappler.com/nation/231114-senate-third-final-

reading-bill-flexitime-alternative-work-arrangements>

By Mark Heinrich Go from: BluPrint Magazine. accessed 12 August 2019 Source: <https://bluprint.onemega.com/grading-

green-berde/>

Resident-Only Gate (1x2 Lanes)

Public Access Gate (2x2 Lanes)

Permanently-Closed Gate

Potential Pass-through

Typical Public Access Gate (Dasmarinas Village-Arnaiz Gate) with 2 lanes aech way. Outer lane for residents (with boom gate). Inner lane for public visitors to leave their ID) accessed 12 August 2019, source: Google Street View <https://www.google.com/maps/@14.5458599,121.0273775>

Typical Resident-only Access Gate (Dasmarinas Village-McKinley Gate) with 1 lane each way (with boom gates) accessed 12 August 2019, source: Google Street View <https://www.google.com/maps/@14.5484727,121.0326157 >

Typical Permanently-Closed Gate (Bel-Air-Makati Avenue Gate) accessed 12August 2019, source: Google Street View<https://www.google.com/maps/@14.5632603,121.0287424,3a,75y,321.22h,

85.68t/ >

Typical Walled-Off, Potential Pass-through (Wack Wack Subdivision-OrtigasAvenue) accessed 12 August 2019, source: Google Street View<https://www.google.com/maps/@14.5940713,121.0573027,3a,21.3y,220.39h

,79.61t/ >

Exclusive Villages: Typology of Gates;

Fortifying against crime and disorder

Correlations for Average NACH values of Internal Network within Exclusive Gated Villages (access through public gates only). This shows statistically significant, moderate negative correlations vs. systemwide NACH values.

NACH values analysed using Depthmap X by depthmap X development team, UCL, and processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25, by IBM.

Correlations for Average NAIN values of Internal Network within Exclusive Gated Villages (access through public gates only). This shows statistically significant, weak negative correlations vs. systemwide NAIN values. NAIN

values analysed using Depthmap X by depthmap X development team, UCL, and processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25, by IBM.

Exclusive Villages: Internally segregated from exterior network (in red)

Range of Movement in meters (m)

Range of Movement in meters (m)

Correlations for exclusive gated village public entrance and resident-only entrance POIs with their corresponding location’s NACH Values. This shows statistically significant, moderate positive correlations with

global/vehicular NACH values. NACH values analysed using Depthmap X by depthmap X development team, UCL, and processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25, by IBM.

Correlations for exclusive gated village public entrance and resident-only entrance POIs with their corresponding location’s NAIN Values. This shows statistically significant, weak positive correlations with global/vehicularNAIN values. NAIN values analysed using Depthmap X by depthmap X development team, UCL, and processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25, by IBM.

Exclusive Villages: Internally segregated from exterior network

Range of Movement in meters (m)

Range of Movement in meters (m)

But their access gates are accessible and configured for vehicles (in blue)

Opening-up the exclusive villages to public traffic

increases road capacity around the CBDs, and raises

global integration values (NAIN Rn averaged in orange).

This congests and chokes the

adjacent commercial districts (in white) which don’t have

added road capacity.

Open villages become destinations themselves, thus

inducing more vehicular demand.

Opening Gates worsens the vehicular configuration of CBDs and Villages (in red)

Correlations for Mixed-Use Enclave/CBD Entrance POIs with their corresponding location’s NACH Values for all-open gates. This shows statistically significant, strong positive correlationsfor these locations across local to global ranges of movement. NACH values analysed using Depthmap X by depthmap X development team, UCL, and processed using IBM SPSS

Statistics 25, by IBM.

Correlations for Mixed-Use Enclave/CBD Entrance POIs with their corresponding location’s NAIN Values for all-open gates. This shows statistically significant, moderate to strongpositive correlations for these locations across local to global ranges of movement. NAIN values analysed using Depthmap X by depthmap X development team, UCL, and processed

using IBM SPSS Statistics 25, by IBM.

Correlations for Exclusive Village Entrance POIs with their corresponding location’s NACH Values for all-open gates. This shows statistically significant, moderate positive correlations forthese locations across local to global ranges of movement. NACH values analysed using Depthmap X by depthmap X development team, UCL, and processed using IBM SPSS Statistics

25, by IBM.

Correlations for Exclusive Village Entrance POIs with their corresponding location’s NAIN Values for all-open gates. This shows statistically significant, weak positive correlations for theselocations with global ranges of movement. NAIN values analysed using Depthmap X by depthmap X development team, UCL, and processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25, by IBM.

Range of Movement in meters (m)

Greenhills cluster

Bel-Air cluster

Valle Verde

Cluster

Proposed Alternative:

Exclusive villages gates opened up

to pedestrians

Key villages with smaller areas light

up with higher average pedestrian

integration values (NAIN 1200)

Potential for “Yellow-Field”

Redevelopment of single-family

residential areas

Another redevelopment mode beside:

Greenfield (from virgin land),

Brownfield (post-industrial land),

Greyfield (suburban parking lots and

infrastructure)

Greenhills & Bel-Air: Potential Yellow-field Districts?

Redevelopment

through

pedestrianisation,

densification and

diversification of

uses

Valle Verde Belt:

“Yellow-Strip” Redevelopment?

Loosening residential land-use

restrictions to allow for community

retail and services along locally

integrated areas.

Dasmariñas Village: Urbanising the Enclave

Local Integration + Large Building Footprints = Potential for Densified Enclave?

1. What are the underlying historic patterns of spatial configuration and

social exclusion that lead to Metro Manila’s current enclave urbanism?

Enclaves recur in Manila’s history:

Spanish Intramuros,

America’s Bayfront District,

Quezon City’s Government Compounds,

& Manila’s Suburban Private Edge Cities.

Diccionario Geografico-Estadistico-Historico De Las Islas

Filipinas. Madrid 1851. accessed: 1 August 2019. source:

<https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/manila_1851.jpg>

Harrison Park

National Mall

Estero de

Paco

(Paco

Creek)

Summary of Findings and Possible Future Research:

2. What impact did the Burnham Plan have on the historical

and present-day centralities of Manila’s spatial network?

Burnham’s Plan is romanticised and

idealised but it actually initiates Manila’s

decentralisation.

It is unable to regulate the privatised

encomienda and hacienda lands outside of

Manila.

Summary of Findings and Possible Future Research:

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1.10000

NAIN0400 NAIN0600 NAIN0800 NAIN1000 NAIN1200 NAIN1500 NAIN2000 NAIN2500 NAIN3000 NAIN3500 NAIN4000 NAIN4500 NAIN5000 NAIN Rn

NAIN Mixed-Use Enclaves/CBDs vs 2019 System Average

2019 System Average 2019 Mixed-Use CBD Enclave Averages

3. How does Metro Manila’s current form of commercial and residential

enclave sub/urbanism affect its spatial configuration?

Manila’s enclaves are configured for cars.

Consumption within enclaves is internalised within large

Building Footprints.

Architecturally and Infrastructurally-enclosed Enclaves

have “unnatural movement.” Their ability to attract

movement needs to be understood, given the

segregation of enclaves

How do we reconfigure enclaves for pedestrians?

Summary of Findings and Possible Future Research:

Summary of Findings and Possible Future Research:

4. What are the effects of opening the gates of selected residential enclaves

on the spatial accessibility of their adjacent commercial enclaves?

Opening Manila’s Exclusive Villages worsens

congestion around Manila’s CBDs.

There may be a relationship between induced

vehicular demand and spatial integration.

Space syntax could be used to unveil potentials

for “Yellow-field” redevelopment in car-centric

residential suburbs.

Salamat Po! Thank You!