ENCL C, Tab C (URBAN OPERATIONS TRAINING AND LFX) TO APPENDIX 4 TO ANNEX C (OPERATIONS) TO DEPORD...

ENCL C, Tab C (URBAN OPERATIONS TRAINING AND LFX) TO APPENDIX 4 TO ANNEX C (OPERATIONS) TO DEPORD 04-02 (OPERATION DRAWN SABERS)

MovementFundamentals for Urban Operations


References

• FM 3-06.11

• Center For Army Lessons Learned Newsletter No.03-4


Basic Movement Fundamentals

• Open areas such as streets, alleys, and parks, should be avoided. They are natural kill zones for enemy crew-served weapons or snipers

• Smoke can be used to obscure movement and does not degrade thermal capabilities

• Always conduct a visual reconnaissance before moving to next position that provides the best cover and concealment

• Develop a plan for movement that incorporates the shortest distance and best route


Movement Parallel to buildings

• Maintain 12” from wall to avoid ricochets

• Stay in shadows

• Maintain a low silhouette

• Move rapidly to next position


Movement Past Windows

• Avoid exposing your head in a first floor window and be aware of basement windows

• Step or Jump over basement windows to avoid detection by the enemy


Movement Around Corners

• The most common mistake a soldier makes at a corner is allowing his weapon to extend beyond the corner exposing his position (this mistake is known as flagging your weapon)

• The Soldier should show his head below the height an enemy soldier would expect to see it. The soldier lies flat on the ground and does not extend his weapon beyond the corner


Movement Around Corners

• Another corner clearing technique that is used when speed is required is the pie-ing method. This procedure is done by aiming the weapon beyond the corner into the direction of travel (without flagging) and side-stepping around the corner in a circular fashion with the muzzle as the pivot point


Crossing A Wall• Roll over the wall quickly, keeping a low silhouette. Speed

of movement and a low silhouette deny the enemy a good target


Movement Between Positions

• When moving from position to position, each soldier must be careful not to mask his supporting fires

• Be prepared to cover the movement of other members of his fire team or squad


Firing From Cover

• The correct technique for firing from a covered position is to fire around the side of the cover, which reduces exposure to the enemy

• Another common error is for a right-handed shooter to fire from the right shoulder around the left corner of a building

• Right-handed and left-handed soldiers should be trained to adapt cover and concealment to fit their manual orientation. Soldiers should be able to fire from the opposite shoulder


Movement Techniques

• 4 Man Stack

• Rolling T

• Serpentine

• Split Team – High Man Low Man


Crossing Alleys4 Man Stack


BOUTBounding Over watch in Urban Terrain

• Remember BOUT! It is always preferred to have another element in over watch. Elements such as tanks BFVs crew-served weapons/snipers provide long security. Other elements such as fire teams/squads/platoons can provide close security.


• The #1 man and #2 man are moving abreast with interlocking sectors of fire.

• The #1 man and #2 man should not be the M249 SAW gunner. It is not a good idea to have an open bolt weapon in the lead because of the probability of a jam and the time required to work through it.

• The team leader is the #3 man. He controls the speed of the team. His sector of fire is straightforward. It is important that his muzzle is forward of the #1 and #2 man.

• The #4 man is responsible for rear security.


• Clearing hallways is just like clearing a trench and the same technique applies to clearing corners or intersections within the building.

• Throw a M67, fragmentation grenade around the corner if there are no noncombatants intermingled with the enemy , rules of engagement (ROE) allow, and the building structure is sufficiently stable.


Single Team Corner MovementRolling T


Single Team T-Shaped Intersection MovementRolling T


Single Team Dynamic Corner MovementRolling T


Split Team Hallway Movement

• This technique keeps soldiers out of the middle of the hallway. It also incorporates the high man low man technique for clearing corners and intersections.


Split Team Corner Movement


Split Team T-Shaped Intersection Movement


Split Team Dynamic Corner Movement


Multiple Team / Squad Movement Straight Ahead

•There will be certain structures, like schools and airport terminals, with large hallways. These large hallways might require two teams to clear.


Multiple Team / Squad Three way Intersection Movement


Movement on Stairways


• It normally takes several teams to clear stairwells.• Teams should be rotated to give soldiers a slight

physical and mental “breather.” Soldiers may keep their weapons at the low carry at times to relax their shoulders from time to time.

• Shooting drills train how to bring a weapon up from the low carry.

• If leaders expect their soldiers to carry their weapons at the high carry for long periods of time the soldiers will be physically exhausted.

• It will also rapidly degrade effective target engagement.


Open Stairways


• Clearing up a stairwell is the least preferred means of gaining access to upper floors. It is used only when other options are not feasible.

• The team enters, dominates, eliminates the enemy threat, controls any noncombatants, and clears and secures the hallway(s). The clearing team establishes and maintains 360-degree and vertical security and minimizes unnecessary exposure to possible threat fires.

• The team leader organizes the order of movement.

• The team leader maneuvers the team up or down a stairwell, maintains control with 360-degree security, and eliminates the threat.

• It is essential the team leader maintain momentum of the assault but not move faster than his soldiers can accurately engage targets.

• The use of fragmentary grenades going up the stairwell is extremely dangerous to the team.


• The #1 man pulls security on the highest point he can see and engage

• The #2 man moves backwards up the stairs on the inside with the #3 man to a point he can see and engage the next landing. From there he turns around and continues to move up to the next landing.

• The #3 man moves up the stairs on the outside with the #2 man and engages the threat on the immediate landing.


• The #4 man moves up the stairs with the #1 man. The #2 man turns around to engage the next landing.

• The flow continues with the #2 man picking up the sector the #1 man had before. The #3 man picks up where the #2 man was. The #4 man picks up where the #3 man was. The #1 man picks up where the #4 man was.

• Most stairwells will require a second team.• The plan should be flexible enough to allow the first

fighting element moving upward that finds an unsecured/unobserved/under defended stairwell to immediately take advantage of this opportunity. Fighting uphill is tough and is made worse when channeled by stairway walls.


Closed Stairways


• In this technique the #1 and #4 man post themselves at the base of the stairwell on the inside. The #1 man can clears a portion of the landing from his position then pulls security on the highest point possible. The #4 man pulls rear security.

• The #2 man and #3 man will be the two-man team that clears up to the next landing.

• The #2 man leads with the #3 man at his shoulder. The #2 man needs to get to his point of domination.


• Once the landing has been cleared and the #2 man has cleared part of the next landing, pulling security on the highest point, the #3 man turns around and pulls rear security.

• The #1 and #4 man then move up the stairs. They will clear the next landing.

• The #1 man assumes the role previously held by #2 man and the #4 man assumes the role previously held by the #3 man.

• This cycle is continued over and over.


Urban Patrolling


1. General.The following basic patrolling principles and techniques apply to permissive and uncertain urban environments:

• Overt presence (attempt to establish a positive U.S. presence and the support of the population).

• Depth (urbanized terrain usually limits a patrol’s ability to disperse laterally and to maintain dispersion along the length of the patrol formation).

• Mutual support (positioning of units within the patrol in depth enables one unit to cover another’s movement [traveling security]).

• Deception/pattern avoidance (vary patrol routes, duration, and departure times).

• Intrapatrol communications (each unit within an urban patrol should have the means to communicate).

• Establishment of a reaction force).• Three-dimensional threat (pay constant attention to the three-

dimensional urban environment).


2. Patrol.

a. Methods.(1) Dismounted.

(2) Vehicular.(3) Rotary wing aircraft

b. Types.(1) Security patrols are employed to-

- Secure information. - Confuse the

enemy. - Destroy installations. - Seize materials or suspicious individuals.


3. Planning Considerations

a. Rules of engagement must be understood by every soldier

b. Constraints and restraints may change frequently in response to changing situations.

c. Unit integrity of the fire/squad should be maintained


4. Task Organization

a. Task-organize to meet the specific mission requirements.

b. Use attachment specialist:- Interrogator translator team and

counterintelligence team. - EOD personnel.- Communications

personnel. - Members of host nation and allied military forces. - Interpreters.

- Local community leaders and local law enforcement. - Public affairs soldiers as media personnel escort(s)


Urban PatrolTips


1. Movement Considerations.

a. Move within the patrol under observation/cover of other individuals.

b. Know where cover can be in case of a hostile incident.c. Plan for contact with civilians, especially children.d. Expect the presence of moving and stationary vehicles along

the route.e. Have a plan to deal with approaching dogs.f. Limit the use of camouflage to avoid frightening and

confusing the local population.g. Vary the movement rate during the day, which can range from

short halts to brief double time.h. Take up mutually supporting firing positions that change

frequently during short halts.i. Work in pairs, ensuring mutual support.


2. Patrol formation Considerations

a. The need for immediate firepower outweighs the dangers of becoming canalized.

b. The headquarters element is located near the front of the patrol.

c. Assault and security elements follow in trace and maintain unit integrity on separate sides of the street.

d. Platoon-sized squads generally travel abreast of each other, along parallel routes.

e. The interval between units depends on mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available-time available (METT-TC), but is usually 100 to 150 meters.


3. Control measures

a. Checkpoints and phase lines are located in association with major streets, alleys, buildings, etc.

b. The terrain model is maintained at higher headquarters to aid in supervision and control.

4. Individual Tasks.

- Task marksman to engage point targets.

- Look out for suspicious or known insurgent vehicles.

- Attempt to recognize previously from casual conversation.

- Search vehicles and personnel.


5. Hostile Incident Indicators.

a. Observers on rooftops, in windows, etc., who are obviously tracking the patrol.

b. The unusual absence of pedestrian traffic, people on porches,etc.

c. A dramatic change in civilian attitude toward patrol members.

d. Unfamiliar individuals, roadblocks, or vehicles within the patrol area.

e. Agitators trying to provoke an incident with patrol members.

f. Civilian workers failing to appear at U.S. bases, etc.

i. Normal deliveries, pickups,etc., which are late or early without reason


6. Immediate Action Drills.

a. Bomb threat/discovery (cordon off and control area ).

b. Sniper (seek cover, identify position, limit collateral damage depending on rules of engagement, and attempt to cut

off escape routes).

c. Hostile individuals/crowd

d. Decisive engagement (treat as a conventional attack).


Squad and team leaders• Must take charge of the unit• Supervise• Communicate• Motivate• Demonstrate Initiative • Gives specific instruction to subordinates, including time start and

complete task as assigned• Briefs subordinates on any changes• Personally maintains noise and light discipline• Can do attitude• Eats and sleeps only after mission essential task are completed• Seeks additional information when needed • Makes sound and timely decisions based on METT-TC• LEADS BY EXAMPLE


Common Sense Check List

• If it shoots- test fire it.• If it takes batteries- put the batteries in

and turn it on• If it is something you need – count it • If you can break it- pad it and find out who

fixes it• If you want it – refer to soldiers load


Uniform and equipment commonly warn during patrol operations

A. BDU’s/DCU’s complete with boots, combat leather

B. Helmet kevlar

C. LBE/LBV complete (all items secure)1. Belt individual equipment

2. Canteen 2 each 1 Qt with covers / camelback 3. Canteen cup

4. Case, first aid with 2 dressing’s 5. Case, small arms 2 each with magazines 6 each 6. Suspenders, LBE 7. Compass, lensatic 8. Whistle 9. Marking devises

10. Flex cuffs


D. I.D. tagsE. I.D. cardF. Eye glasses / eye protection G. Pocket size notebookH. Pen or pencil / markerI. Wrist watchJ. Pocket knifeK. Waterproof bagsL. Map / protractor M. Individual weapon with sling and ccoN. Blank firing adapterO. Camouflage stickp. Dust / wind vail q. DA 1155 and 1156 in a Ziplock bag carried r. Current ROE card


Additional equipment based on position A. squad leaders

1. AN/PVS 7 or 142. Hand grenades

B. Team leaders 1. Binoculars 2. Pac 4 3. Hand grenades 4. AN/PVS 7 or 14

C. automatic riflemen 1. M-249 saw2. Hand grenades

D. grenadiers 1. M 203 2. AT-43. Ammo vest4. Hand grenades

E. riflemen1. M18 A1 claymore mine2. Hand grenades


Uniform and equipment commonly carried during patrolling operations

A. E tool B. Canteen, 2 Qt C. Bag, clothing waterproof D. Liner, poncho E. Parka, wet weatherF. PonchoG. Wet weather top and bottomsH. Gloves, leather workI. Foot powderJ. BDU’s / DCU’s completeK. FlashlightL. SocksM. T-shirts brownN. Weapons cleaning kitO. Large brown towelP. Waterproof bags


Additional equipment carried based on METT-TC

A. 120 Ft of ropeB. Snap linksC. Rappel seat ropeD. Demolitions E. Flex cuffs F. Gags/blindfoldsG. POW tagsH. Sand bags I. Breach Kit J. Marking Kit

ENCL C, Tab C (URBAN OPERATIONS TRAINING AND LFX) TO APPENDIX 4 TO ANNEX C (OPERATIONS) TO DEPORD...

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