Employment Trends in India - Copy

8/17/2019 Employment Trends in India - Copy

1/43

EMPLOYMEN T

TRENDS IN

INDIA CLASS : BA(hons) Economics(Semester 4)

SUBECT : INDIAN ECONOMIC

DE!ELOPMENT

SUBMITTED TO : MS" A#ANS$A #AUS$I#

SUBMITTED BY : #e%in #&ri'ose (4*+,)


2/43

Si-r' Si--i.&ie

(4*+4/)

S'shi A0'r1'2

(4*+3)

Deesh' A0nihotri

(4*+3)

Res&5 Ahme-

(4*+6)

AC#NO7LED8EMENT

Firstly we would like to thank our teacher and guide, Ms.

Aakansha Kaushik who gave us her valuable suggestions

and ideas when we were in need of them. Sheencouraged us to work on this project.

e are also grateful to our college for giving us the

opportunity to work with them and for providing us with

the necessary resources.

e are immensely grateful to all involved in this project

as without their inspiration and valuable suggestion it would not have been possible to develop this project in

prescribed time.

!hankyou.


3/43

ABSTRACT

"sing the #ASS$ data the group tires to reveal an overall

picture of the %mployment !rends in &ndia' !he working

age population, jobless growth, labour laws legislation,

share of sectors, promising sectors for employment

growth, employment of youth and employment trends of

women in &ndia.

&t looks at rural and urban di(erences, inter'state

disparities and compares the growth rate withcontemporary nations.


4/43

)!here is joy in work. !here is no happiness e*cept in the

reali+ation that we have accomplished something.

'-enry Ford

CONTENTS

Intro-&ction

" 7or5orce P'rtici9'tion R'tio"+ R&r'2 Ur'n Mi;", 7orin0 A0e Po9&2'tion< Demo0r'9hics 'n- estim'tes"4 o2ess 8ro1th

"3 L'o&r L'1s 'n- 2e0is2'tion(Brie5)"/ Br'nchin0 o5 Em92o=ment 'cross sectors" Sh're o5 sectors in Em92o=ment tren-"6 Em92o=ment Tren-s in r&r'2 'n- Ur'n Are's"> MNRE8A"* Em92o=in0 the =o&th" E-&c'tion 1ise 9ro?2e o5 7or5orce"+ Str&ct&re o5 Em92o=ment", Ch'22en0es to Mo-ern L'o&r M'ret"4 Other ch'22en0es"3 Em92o=ment Tren-s o5 7omen in In-i'

"/ @em'2e Sectori'2 Em92o=ment" E-&c'tion'2 St't&s O5 1omen"6 7'0es P'i- to 7omen


5/43

INTRODUCTION

In-i's r'9i- economic 0ro1th h's re-&ce- e;treme 9o%ert= 'mon0 In-i'ns"

Bet1een >6, 'n- +*+ '%er'0e re'2 1'0es 0re1 more th'n , 'nn&'22="

$o1e%er 5or the '2most 4/* mi22ion 1orin06, to 33"4 in +**4> 'n- +**4 "6

mi22ion (/",) Fos 2ost in or0'niHe- sector inc2&-in0 "+ mi22ion (6)

in m'n&5'ct&rin0"

• A0ric&2t&r'2 1'0es h'%e risen since >6*s =et 2o1er th'n the

minim&m 1'0es "7'0es 're sti22 2o1 to o%ercome 'so2&te 9o%ert="

There is c's&'2is'tion o5 1'0e contr'cts in '22 sectors"

Rural-Urban job mix

R&r'2 In-i' 'cco&nte- 5or 2ions sh're o5 Fo '--itions 5rom +**3 to +**In

contr'st to the ?rst h'25 o5 the -ec'-e m'Forit= o5 the Fo '--itions 5rom

+**3 to +** too 92'ce in r&r'2 In-i'" O5 the +" mi22ion Fo '--itions r&r'2

're's 'cco&nte- 5or ne'r2= "6 mi22ion 1hich 1ere 2'r0e2= in the 5orm o5

c's&'2 Fos (T'2e e2o1)" @&rther ne'r2= 6* 9er cent o5 increment in r&r'2

Fos c'me 5rom si; st'tes G Utt'r Pr'-esh 7est Ben0'2 An-hr' Pr'-esh

R'F'sth'n M'-h=' Pr'-esh 'n- Bih'r" B'rrin0 Bih'r 'n- An-hr' Pr'-esh the

economic 0ro1th o5 the rem'inin0 5o&r st'tes h'- een consi-er'2= 2o1er

th'n the In-i'


6/43

sector" Some o5 the 9eo92e 1ho h'%e mo%e- 5rom '0ric&2t&re to constr&ction

co&2- h'%e sec&re- em92o=ment thro&0h soci'2 schemes 2ie MNRE8A 'n-

h'%e een co&nte- &n-er the s&si-i'r= 'cti%it= st't&s"

Working Age Population

In-i' no1 home to "+ i22ion 9eo92e is 9roFecte- to o%ert'e Chin' in

'o&t ' -ec'-e to ecome the 1or2-s most 9o9&2o&s co&ntr=" The Unite-

N'tions Po9&2'tion Di%ision 9roFects th't In-i's 9o9&2'tion '0es 3* 'n-

o2-er 1i22 re'ch ,4 9ercent = +*3* (UN +*)" Bet1een +** 'n- +*3*

the sh're /3 'n- o2-er is e;9ecte- to incre'se 5rom 3 9ercent to 4

9ercent" As In-i's 9o9&2'tion '0es the n'tion 1i22 5'ce ' shrinin0 9oo2 o5

1orin0


7/43

The r'tio o5 1orin03* to >3" Since then it h's een

2o1er th'n th't o5 E'st Asi' G corres9on-in0 to ' hi0her &r-en o5 =o&th

-e9en-enc=" In-ee- In-i's -emo0r'9hic c=c2e no1 2'0s ro&0h2= +3 =e'rs

ehin- th't o5 E'st Asi'" A 9&re2= -emo0r'9hic 9ers9ecti%e s&00ests th't the

ne;t three -ec'-es 1i22 e ' 9erio- o5 c'tchin0 &9 5or In-i' 1ith res9ect to

9er c'9it' income in E'st Asi'" 7hi2e these 5erti2it= scen'rios h'%e %er=

-iKerent im92ic'tions 5or the 5&t&re '0e str&ct&re o5 In-i's 9o9&2'tion '22

three s&00est 5&rther 0ro1th in the 1orin0


8/43

Jobless growth

One o5 the most -ist&rin0 n&mers th't the +**>>>


9/43

• 8DP 0ro1th h's ste'-i2= incre'se- 5rom 4"3 -&rin0 >*s to >

-&rin0 +**3 G +*+ 9erio-s"

• The e2'sticit= o5 em92o=ment 1ith res9ect to 8DP -ec2ine-

contin&o&s2= 5rom *"3+ in the >*s to *"*+ in the secon- h'25 o5

+***s"• Em92o=ment 0ro1th 'n- e2'sticit= h'%e -ec2ine- 5or the 9rim'r= sector

(1hich is nee-e-)" $o1e%er it is -ec2inin0 in m'n&5'ct&rin0 sector

'2so" Simi2'r2= the e2'sticit= o5 terti'r= sector h's '2so -ec2ine-"

This c'9t&res the 9'r'-o; o5 0ro1th th't -oes not cre'te em92o=ment '

9henomenon c'22e- “ o2ess 8ro1th” 'n- sti22 2e'%e o9en the .&estion: 1h=


10/43

h's this een the c'se Ans1er to this .&estion (in sim92e) c'n e In-i's

Lost Economic Tr'ns5orm'tion" This 0ro1th is cre-ite- not ec'&se o5

cre'tion o5 ne1 em92o=ment o99ort&nit= 's the res&2t 5rom -e%e2o9ment &t

-&e to 'cc&m&2'tion o5 1e'2th 'n- incre'se in 1'0es" 8ro1th h's t1o

ch'r'cteristics: It incre'ses the '%'i2'i2it= o5 c'sh in h'n- 'n-or incre'ses

in -em'n- re.&irin0 ne1 'cti%ities to meet the s&992= 2e'-in0 to 'n incre'se

in Fos"

Arguments favoring Jobless-rowth:

" In-i's 't=9ic'2 9'ttern o5 0ro1th: It is im9ort'nt to reco0niHe th't In-i's

9'ttern o5 0ro1th h's een 't=9ic'2 'n- h's not followed the standard

path (i"e" the 9h'ses o5 -e%e2o9ment 9rocess or the str&ct&r'2

tr'ns5orm'tion -i- not 0o h'n- in h'n- 5rom 9rim'r= sector to

m'n&5'ct&rin0 'n- then the terti'r= one -ri%in0 the other)"

$o1e%er 5or In-i' it seems th't the secon- (m'n&5'ct&rin0) st'0e o5

-e%e2o9ment 9rocess h's een =9'sse- 'n- h's entere- into the thir-

(ser%ice) st'0e -irect2= 5rom the ?rst ('0ric&2t&re) st'0e"

+" Ser%ice Sector 2e- 0ro1th In In-i' growth is attributed to service sector

1here= oth em92o=ment 'n- 1'0es h'%e seen ' rise" B&t 's ?0&res s'=

the i00est em92o=in0 sector in In-i' is the A0ric&2t&re sector em92o=in0

43 o5 the 9o9&2'tion &t contri&tin0 3 to the 8DP 1here's Ser%ice

sector is the i00est contri&tor to the 8DP &t em92o=s 2ess th'n ,*"

M'n&5'ct&rin0 contri&tes / to the 8DP 'n- em92o=s 'ro&n- ,"

," @'i2&re in r'isin0 2'o&r Gintensi%e m'n&5'ct&rin0: L'o&r Gintensi%e

m'n&5'ct&rin0 sector -i- not ecome the en0ine o5 0ro1th" In 5'ct it 1's

the no12e-0e


11/43

!abour laws An" !egislation

C&rrent2= there 're 44 2'o&r 2'1s &n-er the 9&r%ie1 o5 Centr'2 8o%ernment

'n- more th'n ** &n-er St'te 8o%ernments 1hich -e'2 1ith ' host o5

2'o&r iss&es" Un5ort&n'te2= these 2'o&r 2'1s 9rotect on2= , 9er cent

&nor0'niHe- sector 1orers" The entire 0'm&t o5 the 2'o&r 2'1s sho&2-

there5ore e sim92i?e- c2&e- to0ether 1here%er 9ossi2e 'n- m'-e 2ess

c&mersome to m'e the en%ironment more em92o=ment 5rien-2="

The 2'o&r 2e0is2'tions 1ithin In-i' 're r'ther in'-e.&'te to s&99ort the

%ers'ti2e 'n- '=sm'2 2'o&r 9'rtici9'tion 'n- 9rotection" This is .&ite

e%i-ent since 2'or 2'1s most2= -e'2 1ith the or0'niHe- sector" E;tent o5

9rotection 'n- ene?ts 5or 1orers rise 1ith siHe o5 ?rm or 5'ctor=" @&rther

there is no n'tion'2 minim&m 1'0e 'n- no econom=


12/43

Br'nchin0 O5 Em92o=ment Across The

Sectors

Em92o=ment 0ro1th h's een o%er t1o 9ercent 5or '2most thirt= =e'rs since

e'r2= >3*s" In 5'ct it is recor-e- to e m&ch hi0her -&rin0 the >*s" B&t

since the >6*s there h's een ' tren- to1'r-s ' -ec2ine in the 0ro1th r'te

o5 em92o=ment"

TABLE: ECONOMIC 8RO7T$ IN DI@@ERENT SECTORS >+>>666>>,


13/43

>4" A hi0her 0ro1th -&rin0 this 9erio- seems to h'%e een 9rim'ri2=

contri&te- = '0ric&2t&re 1hich other1ise h's e;9erience- ' 0ener'22= 2o1

'n- r'9i-2= -ec2inin0 em92o=ment 0ro1th" Amon0 other m'For sectors

m'n&5'ct&rin0 h's '2so e;9erience- ' -ec2inin0 tren- in em92o=ment

0ro1th &t constr&ction tr'-e 'n- tr'ns9ort h'%e Q&ct&'tin0 tren-s 'n-

h'%e recor-e- ' re2'ti%e2= hi0h em92o=ment 0ro1th e%en -&rin0 >>4+***

1hen o%er'22 em92o=ment 0ro1th h's een the 2o1est" In 5'ct the non

'0ric&2t&r'2 sectors to0ether h'%e re0istere- ' re2'ti%e2= hi0h em92o=ment

0ro1th o5 +"/> 9er cent -&rin0 this 9erio- &t ec'&se o5 ' 2o1 0ro1th o5

*"*/ in '0ric&2t&re 1hich h'- ' 1ei0ht o5 /* 9er cent in tot'2 em92o=ment

the '00re0'te em92o=ment 0ro1th 1ors o&t to e on2= "*+ 9er cent"

Constr&ction tr'-e 'n- tr'ns9ort recor-e- em92o=ment 0ro1th r'tes o5

/"/ /"+* 'n- 3"36 9er cent res9ecti%e2= 'n- m'n&5'ct&rin0 +"*3 9er cent

-&rin0 >>4+***" 7h't is 5o&n- to e 9'rtic&2'r2= intri0&in0 is the 5'ct th't

1hi2e em92o=ment 0ro1th 1's re'son'2= hi0h 't 'ro&n- + 9er cent 1ith F&st

'o&t ,"3 9er cent 0ro1th r'te o5 8DP -&rin0 the e'r2ier -ec'-es 1ith o%er /

9er cent 8DP 0ro1th em92o=ment 0ro1th h's een m&ch 2o1er since the

>6*s 9'rtic&2'r2= -&rin0 the 9erio- >>4+***" It m&st ho1e%er e

c2'ri?e- th't 1ith 2'r0e 1ei0ht o5 '0ric&2t&re the o%er'22 em92o=ment 0ro1th

h's een m'in2= inQ&ence- = em92o=ment 0ro1th in th't sector" Th&s e%en

tho&0h em92o=ment 0ro1th in constr&ction tr'-e tr'ns9ort 'n-

m'n&5'ct&rin0 h's im9ro%e- the '00re0'te em92o=ment 0ro1th h's

si0ni?c'nt2= -ec2ine- -&rin0 >>4+*** 's com9're- to >66>4 -&e to '

stee9 5'22 in em92o=ment 0ro1th r'te in '0ric&2t&re ('n- to ' cert'in e;tent '-ec2ine in the 0ro1th r'te o5 em92o=ment in comm&nit= soci'2 'n- 9erson'2

ser%ices)"

S2o1-o1n in em92o=ment 0ro1th in '0ric&2t&re h's een ' res&2t oth o5 '

2o1 8DP 0ro1th 'n- ' -ec2ine in em92o=ment e2'sticit= (r'tio o5 em92o=ment

0ro1th to 8DP 0ro1th)" Em92o=ment content o5 0ro1th 's me's&re- =

em92o=ment e2'sticit= h's een -ec2inin0 o%er the entire 9erio- since >+

, &t h's seen ' 9'rtic&2'r2= sh'r9 -ec2ine -&rin0 >>4+***"

M'n&5'ct&rin0 on the other h'n- h'- ' re'son'2= hi0h e2'sticit= to e0in

1ith &t h's sho1n ' contin&o&s -ec2ine 1ith s2i0ht incre'se -&rin0 >>4+***"

#mplo$ment %tru&ture

7ith -iKerenti'2 0ro1th o5 em92o=ment 'mon0 -iKerent sectors o5 the econom=there h'%e o%io&s2= een ch'n0es in the str&ct&re o5 em92o=ment" Amon0 the


14/43

three m'For sectors = ro'- -i%ision o5 economic 'cti%it= n'me2= '0ric&2t&re

in-&str= 'n- ser%ices there h's een ' -ec2ine 's e;9ecte- in the sh're o5

'0ric&2t&re 'n- incre'se in the sh're o5 in-&str= 'n- ser%ices in tot'2 em92o=ment"

The str&ct&r'2 ch'n0es h'%e ho1e%er een s2o1" In ' 9erio- o5 + =e'rs 5rom

>, to +*** the sh're o5 '0ric&2t&re h's -ec2ine- = 9ercent'0e 9oints on2=

5rom 4 to 3 9er cent" Sh're o5 in-&str= incre'se- 5rom to 6 9er cent 'n- th'to5 ser%ices rose 5'ster 5rom 3 9er cent in >+, to +/ 9er cent in >>>+***

0ro1in0 9'rtic&2'r2= 5'st -&rin0 >666 to >>>+***"

*)*+*

,*4*3*/**6*

#mplo$ment %hares of 'ajor %e&tors ()*

A0ric&2t&re In-&str= Ser%ices

The s2o1 ch'n0e in em92o=ment str&ct&re 'ss&mes the n't&re o5 ' 9ro2em

9'rtic&2'r2= 1hen seen '2on0 1ith the ch'n0e in the str&ct&re o5 the n'tion'2

0ross -omestic 9ro-&ct" D&rin0 the 9erio- 1hen the sh're o5 em92o=ment in'0ric&2t&re -ec2ine- 5rom 4 9er cent to 3 9er cent its contri&tion in 8DP

-ec2ine- 5rom o%er 4* 9er cent to ++ 9er cent 'n- 1hen the sh're o5

ser%ices sector in em92o=ment incre'se- 5rom 3 to +/ 9er cent its

contri&tion to 8DP incre'se- m&ch 5'ster 5rom 'ro&n- ,* 9er cent to 3+ 9er

cent" As ' res&2t the 's=mmetr= et1een the income 'n- em92o=ment

sh'res 'mon0 -iKerent sectors h's sh'r92= incre'se- 9'rtic&2'r2= et1een

the '0ric&2t&r'2 'n- non'0ric&2t&r'2 sectors" A sh'r9er -ec2ine in

contri&tion o5 '0ric&2t&re in 8DP th'n in its sh're in em92o=ment im92ies '

-ec2ine in its re2'ti%e 9ro-&cti%it= 'n- incre'se in income -iKerenti'2set1een '0ric&2t&re 'n- non'0ric&2t&r'2 sectors" An o99osite tren- is seen

in the ser%ices 1here the incre'se in 8DP sh're h's een 5'ster th'n o5

em92o=ment 1hi2e in-&str= h's ret'ine- its 9osition in res9ect o5 re2'ti%e

9ro-&cti%it=" Th't there 1o&2- e ' -ec2ine in the sh're o5 '0ric&2t&re in 8DP

1's e;9ecte- &t ' contin&'nce o5 he'%= -e9en-ence o5 1orers 'n-

9o9&2'tion on '0ric&2t&re 's so&rce o5 income 'n- 2i%e2ihoo- is ' m'tter o5


15/43

concern 5rom the %ie19oints o5 9o%ert= 'n- ine.&'2it=" One ho9es th't '

re2'ti%e2= hi0her em92o=ment 0ro1th in m'n&5'ct&rin0 constr&ction

tr'ns9ort 'n- ser%ices 2ie tr'-e 's e;9erience- in recent =e'rs 1i22 2e'- to

some correction in this incre'sin0 im'2'nce"

+n&reasing ,asualisation

Another 's9ect o5 em92o=ment tren-s 'n- str&ct&re th't is o5 interest in '

-e%e2o9ment'2 conte;t is the -istri&tion o5 1orers = em92o=ment

c'te0or= in terms o5 se25em92o=e- re0&2'r 1'0e 'n- s'2'rie- 1orers 'n-

c's&'2 1'0e e'rners" It h's een 0ener'22= e;9ecte- th't 1ith shi5t o5

1orers 5rom '0ric&2t&re to non '0ric&2t&r'2 'cti%ities 'n- 5rom 5oot2oose to

enter9rise 'se- em92o=ment there 1i22 e 'n incre'se in the 9ro9ortion o5

1orers em92o=e- on ' re0&2'r 1'0e 'n- s'2'r= 'sis" There h's een '-ec2ine '2eit s2o1 in the sh're o5 se25em92o=e- 5rom / 9er cent in >+

>, to 3, 9er cent in >>>+***"

The sh're o5 re0&2'r 1'0es'2'rie- 1orers h's ho1e%er st'0n'te- 't

'ro&n- 4 9er cent 1hi2e th't o5 c's&'2 1orers h's incre'se- 5rom +, to ,,

9er cent" This sit&'tion h's 0ener'22= een inter9rete- to me'n 'n incre'sin0

c's&'2is'tion o5 1or5orce" In so 5'r 's the term -escries 'n incre'se in

the sh're o5 c's&'2 1orers it is 5'ct&'22= tr&e" B&t i5 it is me'nt to im92= '

9rocess o5 re0&2'r 1orers t&rnin0 c's&'2 or ' -ec2ine in em92o=ment 'n-

e'rnin0s the tren- nee-s to e c're5&22= 'n'2=He-"

)>+P,

)>P6

)>6,

)>6P66

)>>,P>4

)>>>P+***

* )* +* ,* 4* 3* /* *

#mplo$ment %tatus b$ ,ategor$ of #mplo$ment

se25 em92o=e-

re0&2'r

1'0esNs'2'r=

1or(ers

c's&'2 1'0e

1or(ers


16/43

The shi5t is seen 5rom se25em92o=e- to c's&'2 1orers c'te0or= 'n- most o5

it h's t'en 92'ce in r&r'2 're's 5rom '0ric&2t&re to non '0ric&2t&r'2

'cti%ities s&ch 's constr&ction tr'-e 'n- ser%ices" There h's no -o&t

een -is92'cement o5 1orers 5rom 2'r0e in-&stries in &r'n 're's ren-erin0

the re0&2'r 1orers to the st't&s o5 c's&'2 1orers" B&t the m'0nit&-e o5

s&ch ch'n0e in st't&s o5 1orers h's not een %er= si0ni?c'nt in re2'tion to

the tot'2 n&mers in%o2%e-" The 9henomenon o5 c's&'2is'tion there5ore

nee-s to e seen in the o%er'22 9ers9ecti%e o5 em92o=ment tren-s in the

econom=" A0ric&2t&re is incre'sin02= &n'2e to 9ro-&cti%e2= 'sor the

0ro1in0 r&r'2 2'o&r 5orce" At the s'me time there h's een some 0ro1th o5

non'0ric&2t&r'2 'cti%ities in r&r'2 're's in constr&ction tr'-e 'n- ser%ices

1hich h'%e 0ener'22= oKere- etter e'rnin0s th'n '0ric&2t&re" Most o5 these

em92o=ment o99ort&nities h'%e een o5 tem9or'r= 'n- c's&'2 n't&re" B&t

the= h'%e 9ro%i-e- either 5&22time or s&992ement'r= em92o=ment '--in0 to

the incomes o5 the r&r'2 ho&seho2-s"

On the other h'n- re0&2'r Fos h'%e h'r-2= incre'se- in the &r'n 're's in

5'ct there is e%i-ence to sho1 th't s&ch Fos h'%e -ec2ine- -&e to

re-&n-'nc= c'&se- = techno2o0ic'2 'n- com9etiti%e com9&2sions in the

2'r0er in-&stri'2 enter9rises" So 9'rt o5 the re0&2'r 1or5orce h's een

ren-ere- c's&'2 'n- most ne1 Fos h'%e een in the c's&'2 c'te0or="

Incre'sin0 9ro9ortion o5 c's&'2 1orers in the tot'2 em92o=ment is th&s

most2= ' res&2t o5 str&ct&r'2 shi5ts t'in0 92'ce in the r&r'2 're's" To some

e;tent it is -istress-ri%en the sm'22 'n- m'r0in'2 2'n-ho2-ers 'n- the

2'n-2ess not ?n-in0 0'in5&2 1or in '0ric&2t&re 'n- t'in0 &9 1h'te%er 1orthe= ?n- in the non '0ric&2t&r'2 'cti%ities irres9ecti%e o5 e'rnin0s 5rom

them" B&t there is e%i-ence to s&00est th't m'n= 're o9tin0 5or non5'rm

1or -&e to more re0&2'r em92o=ment 'n- etter e'rnin0s" This h's een

9ossi2e 9'rt2= on 'cco&nt o5 %'rio&s st'te s9onsore- em92o=ment

9ro0r'mmes 'n- 9'rt2= ec'&se o5 'n incre'se in the -em'n- 5or 2'o&r in

e;9'n-in0 constr&ction tr'-e 'n- ser%ice 'cti%ities in r&r'2 're's"

%hare f %e&tors +n #mplo$ment tren" (.he Re&ent /e&a"e

%tatisti&s*


17/43

>>>


18/43

$e'2thc're $os9it'2it= 'n- ITITeS 1i22 cre'te more th'n ",2'cs ne1 Fosin the co&ntr= o&t "/ mi22ion ne1 Fos estim'te- to e cre'te- in theor0'niHe- sector

$e'2thc're 9er cent -&rin0 @Y +*+


19/43

• Em92o=ee 'se in the r&r'2 're's is e;9ecte- to incre'se = o%er *times = +*,>4


20/43

A0'in -&rin0 +**3


21/43

'4R#A5 %ome bservations

The stor= o5 In-i's em92o=ment e;9erience in recent =e'rs 1o&2- not e

com92ete 1itho&t ' re5erence to the N'tion'2 R&r'2 Em92o=ment 8&'r'nteePro0r'mme 1hich h's een in o9er'tions since +**/ &n-er the N'tion'2R&r'2 Em92o=ment 8&'r'ntee Act (NRE8A) no1 rechristene- 's M'h'tm'8'n-hi N'tion'2 R&r'2 Em92o=ment 8&'r'ntee Act (M8NRE8A)" In-i' h's '2on0 histor= o5 s9eci'2 em92o=ment 9ro0r'mmes es9eci'22= since >*s1hen s&ch 1'0e em92o=ment 9ro0r'mmes '2on0 1ith s&si-iHe- se25<em92o=ment 9ro0r'mmes 1ere st'rte- 's ' 9'rt o5 the str'te0= to com't9o%ert=" The &ni.&e 5e't&re o5 the em92o=ment 9ro0r'mmes &n-erM8NRE8A is the 9ro%ision o5 m'n&'2 1or &9 to ** -'=s 9er r&r'2ho&seho2- in ' =e'r 's ' m'tter o5 ' st't&tor= ri0ht"

It 9rim'ri2= 'ims 't enh'ncin0 2i%e2ihoo- sec&rit= o5 r&r'2 ho&seho2-s =s&992ementin0 their income thro&0h 1'0e em92o=ment" Si-e = si-e it is'2so e;9ecte- to cre'te in5r'str&ct&re s&ch 's r&r'2 connecti%it= 'n-irri0'tion enh'nce the 2i%e2ihoo- 'n- n't&r'2 reso&rce 'se to miti0'te9o%ert= 'n- en%ironment'2 -e0r'-'tion 'n- stren0then 0r'ss roots9rocesses o5 -emocr'c= 'n- in5&se tr'ns9'renc= 'n- 'cco&nt'i2it= o5 0o%ern'nce" Pro0r'mmes &n-er the Act h'%e no1 een in o9er'tion 5or o%er?%e =e'rs" St'rtin0 1ith +** -istricts in +**/ the= 're no1 im92emente- in'22 the r&r'2 -istricts o5 the co&ntr=" M'For o&tcomes o5 the 9ro0r'mmes-&rin0 the ?rst ?%e =e'rs 're s&mm'riHe- in t'2e e2o1" The 9ro0r'mmeco&2- e re0'r-e- 's h'%in0 si0ni?c'nt 'chie%ements in terms o5 co%er'0e

o5 ho&seho2-s inc2&sion o5 1omen 'n- soci'22= -is'-%'nt'0e- 0ro&9s 's 1e22the re2e%'nce o5 the t=9es o5 'ssets cre'te-" A%er'0e n&mer o5 -'=s orem92o=ment 9ro%i-e- to 9'rtici9'tin0 ho&seho2-s h's een incre'sin0 5rom=e'r to =e'r ti22 +**


22/43

1or non


23/43

Since m&ch is c&rrent2= ein0 m'-e o5 the 9otenti'2 J-emo0r'9hic -i%i-en-

th't co&2- 'ccr&e to In-i' ec'&se o5 the =o&n0 9o9&2'tion &20e it is 1orth

e;'minin0 1h't is h'99enin0 to em92o=ment 'mon0 the =o&th" 7hi2e

'00re0'te 2'o&r 5orce 9'rtici9'tion r'tes h'%e risen the s'me is not tr&e o5

the =o&th" As T'2e 6 sho1s 2'o&r 5orce 9'rtici9'tion r'tes h'%e 5'22en .&ite

s&st'nti'22= 5or m'2e r&r'2 =o&th 'n- not incre'se- 5or =o&n0 1omen in

r&r'2 're's either" In &r'n 're's there is ' s2i0ht reco%er= o5 2'o&r 5orce

9'rtici9'tion r'tes 5rom the 2o1 2e%e2s o5 >>>


24/43

T'2e +: Unem92o=ment r'te 'mon0 =o&n0 9eo92e 'n- o%er'22 9o9&2'tion"

#"u&ation wise pro6le of workfor&e5 The e-&c'tion'2 9ro?2e o5 1orers 't '22 In-i' is 0i%en in t'2es ," The NSSO

0i%es -et'i2e- in5orm'tion 'o&t the 0ener'2 'n- technic'2 e-&c'tion o5

1orers in the co&ntr=" @or o&r 'n'2=sis 1e h'%e c2&e- the 0ener'2

e-&c'tion into three c'te0ories G 2iter'te &9 to 9rim'r= 2iter'te 5rom 9rim'r=

to hi0her secon-'r= (1hich inc2&-es mi--2e 2e%e2 secon-'r= 'n- hi0her

secon-'r=) 'n- 2iter'te 'o%e hi0her secon-'r= (inc2&-es 0r'-&'tes in

'0ric&2t&re en0ineerin0techno2o0= me-icine 'n- others 'n- -i92om'

ho2-ers)" It m'= e mentione- th't ' se9'r'te c'te0or= o5 hi0her secon-'r=

-i- not e;ist in ,6th 'n- 4,r- ro&n-s" It is there5ore con%enient 'n- 9r&-ent5or com9'rison 9&r9oses th't these c'te0ories e comine-" It is oser%e-

5rom T'2e , th't there is ' 0ener'2 ten-enc= o5 ' -ec2ine in the sh're o5 &9to

9rim'r= 1orers in the ?%e ro&n-s 'n- ' corres9on-in0 incre'se in the sh're

o5 e-&c'te- (i"e" 2iter'te 5rom 9rim'r= to hi0her secon-'r= 'n- 'o%e hi0her

secon-'r= 1orers)" The 5'22 in the 9ro9ortion o5 &9to 9rim'r= 2iter'te is .&ite

s&st'nti'2 'n- is 9ercent'0e 9oints" The 9ercent'0e o5 9ersons 1ith


25/43

hi0her e-&c'tion ('o%e $i0her Secon-'r=) h's incre'se- 5rom F&st 'ro&n- +

9ercent to more th'n 9ercent i"e" = three 'n- ' h'25 times" It is %er=

e%i-ent th't the 9ro9ortion o5 more e-&c'te- 1orers in In-i' is consistent2=

incre'sin0 o%er the 9erio-" @i0 sho1s the -istri&tion o5 e-&c'tion'2

'tt'inment o5 the 1or 5orce o%er the 9erio-"

T'2e 4 9ro%i-es the n&mer o5 -'=s em92o=e- 9er 1ee = e-&c'tion 2e%e2"

D'=s em92o=e- 9er 1ee h'%e een c'2c&2'te- 5rom the c&rrent -'i2= st't&s

'n- c&rrent 1ee2= st't&s in5orm'tion o5 the 1orers" It is e%i-ent 5rom the

T'2e th't the '%er'0e n&mer o5 -'=s 1ore- = 1orers h's consistent2=

ncre'se- o%er the =e'rs 5rom 3"+4 -'=s to 3"/6 -'=s 't 'n '%er'0e 'nn&'2

0ro1th r'te o5 *",> 9ercent" A2on0 1ith 'n incre'se in the n&mer o5

9ersons the incre'se in the n&mer o5 -'=s h's contri&te- to the incre'se

in 2'o&r in9&t" $o1e%er the incre'se in n&mer o5 -'=s is not &ni5orm'cross '22 e-&c'tion c'te0ories" The incre'se is m';im&m 5or the most

e-&c'te- c'te0or= 'n- minim&m 5or the 2e'st e-&c'te- c'te0or=" The re'son

co&2- e '0'in -em'n- in-&ce-"


26/43

T'2e,: 9ercent'0e -istri&tion o5 1or5orce = e-&c'tion c'te0ories"

T'

2e 4: No" o5 -'=s em92o=e- 9er 1ee = e-&c'tion 2e%e2"

%tru&ture f #mplo$ment


27/43

T'2e 3: Distri&tion o5 1orers = em92o=ment c'te0or="

An 's9ect o5 em92o=ment tren-s 'n- str&ct&re th't is o5 interest in '

-e%e2o9ment'2 conte;t is the -istri&tion o5 1orers = em92o=ment

c'te0or= in terms o5 se25


28/43

1orers 're tre'te- 's in5orm'2 sector" The in5orm'2 sector is t'en to e '

s&set o5 ho&seho2- sector in 'ccor-'nce 1ith the conce9ts o5 3th ICLS )

1here's in5orm'2 Fos 'cco&nt 5or 'o&t >3 9er cent o5 '22 Fos"

Pre9on-er'nce o5 the 1or5orce in the sector 1ith s=m9toms o5 in5orm'2it=

s&ch 's -e9ri%e- Fo< sec&rit= ten&ri'2 sec&rit= 0&'r- '0'inst 'ritr'r=

-ismiss'2 s'5et= in 1or<

*" Th't 1's in m're- contr'st to the ne'r JFo2ess 0ro1th th't

ch'r'cteriHe- this sector 5or the t1o mi22ion

+**>


29/43

The 2'test NSSO s&r%e= in-ic'tes some re%i%'2 in m'n&5'ct&rin0 em92o=ment

et1ee+**>6 in r&r'2 're's 'n- V443 in &r'n 're's 1hi2e th't o5 ' centr'2 9&2ic sector enter9rise em92o=ee1's V +**3 9er -'=" An- o5 co&rse the 9&2ic sector em92o=ee h's m'n=other ene?ts 's 1e22 's ' sec&re Fo" Th&s ' r&r'2 c's&'2 1orer e'rne- 2essth'n 9er cent o5 the s'2'r= o5 ' 9&2ic


30/43

1orers in or0'niHe- m'n&5'ct&rin0 sector h's incre'se- 5rom , 9er cent in>>3 to ,4 9er cent in +*" The 0ro1th o5 re0&2'r 9rotecte- Fos is '2sos2o1"

There is consi-er'2e re0ion'2 -iKerenti'tion in 'ccess to 0oo- .&'2it=em92o=ment" A 9re2imin'r= Em92o=ment Sit&'tion In-e; (ESI) 9re9're- 5orthis Re9ort sho1s th't 0ener'22= 1orers in the so&thern 'n- 1estern st'teso5 In-i' h'%e m&ch etter 'ccess to 0oo- .&'2it= em92o=ment th'n -o1orers in st'tes in the centr'2 'n- e'stern re0ions" $im'ch'2 Pr'-esh r'nsn&mer one in 9'rtic&2'r ec'&se o5 ' 0oo- 9er5orm'nce 1ith res9ect to1omens em92o=ment 1hi2e Bih'r r'ns 2'st

To s&mm'riHe 1hi2e the three -ec'-es o5 r'9i- 0ro1th h'%e not r'-ic'22=tr'ns5orme- the 2'o&r m'ret 'n- em92o=ment con-itions in the co&ntr= ith's ro&0ht 5'ir2= s&st'nti'2 im9ro%ements" Ne%erthe2ess 2o1 9ro-&cti%it=em92o=ment in oth '0ric&2t&re 'n- other sectors contin&es to -omin'te the2'o&r m'ret 'n- the -is9'rities 'n- ine.&'2ities 'cross 0ro&9s 'n- re0ions

rem'in 2'r0e"


31/43

Em92o=ment tren-s 5or 1omen in In-i'

A co&ntr=s economic -e%e2o9ment cr&ci'22= -e9en-s &9on the 9'rtici9'tionr'tes o5 its 1omen 's the= constit&te 'ro&n- 3* 9ercent o5 its h&m'n

reso&rces (NIPCCD +**)"Not on2= th't 1omens 9'rtici9'tion in the1or5orce 's com9're- to men is '2so 'n im9ort'nt -etermin'nt o5 theirsoci'2 st't&s" 7omens em92o=ment is cr&ci'2 5or r'isin0 their 2i%in0st'n-'r-s 'n- 1e22


32/43

o5 3 9er cent 9er 'nn&m) 'n- the 2'o&r 5orce 0re1 more r'9i-2= th'n theincre'se in em92o=ment -o&2in0 the &nem92o=ment ?0&res -&rin0 >3/<>+ 5rom 'ro&n- 3 to * mi22ion 'n- incre'sin0 the &nem92o=ment r'te5rom +"/ to ,"6 9er cent (P'9o2'>>+)"

The oser%'tions 'se- on st'tistic'2 ?n-in0s th't 're o5 note in this conte;tes9eci'22= o5 1omen 1orers is th't the sheer n&mer o5 1omen 1orersh's 0one &9" Some o5 them h'%e '2so entere- Fo 9ro?2es th't h'%e the9otenti'2 5or ch'22en0in0 stereot=9ic'2 0en-er ro2es" The in-s o5 em92o=ment 1omen 're &n-ert'in0 es9eci'22= in &r'n metro9o2ises h'%e' -emonstr'tion eKect ch'n0in0 the 's9ir'tions o5 m'n= =o&n0 entr'ntsinto the 2'o&r m'ret 's 1e22 's rin0in0 '2ter'tions in the 9erce9tions 'n-'ttit&-es o5 their 0&'r-i'ns" Societ= '2so seems to e recei%in0 s&ch ch'n0es1e22 '2eit 1ith some hicc&9s in cert'in -om'ins" 8i%en its 2'r0e 9o9&2'tionsiHe In-i' contin&es to 1ie2- ' -istinct -emo0r'9hic '-%'nt'0e 1hich 1i22contin&e 5or some more =e'rs to come" Interestin02= '2tho&0h 0ro1th o5

9o9&2'tion 1ith -ec2inin0 5erti2it= r'tes h's een s2o1in0 -o1n o%er timethere h's een corres9on-in0 0ro1th in 1or5orce 5rom >6,4 to +***6,4 ", "*>>>46,4 ,"+ ,"*,>>4


33/43

em92o=ment me'ns etter 1orin0 con-itions 'n- hi0her incomes" Se25<em92o=ment o5 &r'n 5em'2es h's '2so 1itnesse- 'n incre'se -&rin0 /stro&n- '5ter rem'inin0 more or 2ess const'nt 5or the 2'st t1o ro&n-s" On theother h'n- c's&'2 em92o=ment o5 &r'n 5em'2es h's contin&o&s2= -ec2ine-5rom +3" 9ercent in the4,r- ro&n- to 4",9ercent in /6th ro&n- e;ce9t '

m'r0in'2 incre'se in the /st ro&n- in com9'rison to the e'r2ier ro&n-"O%er'22 the -ec2ine in c's&'2 em92o=ment 'n- incre'se in re0&2'rem92o=ment o5 &r'n 5em'2es is ' 9romisin0 -e%e2o9ment"

URBAN @EMALES RURAL @EMALES

ROU

NDS

RE8UL

AR

EMPLO YMENT

SEL@<

EMPLO

YMENT

CASUA

L

EMPLO YMENT

RE8UL

AR

EMPLO YMENT

SEL@<

EMPLO

YMENT

CASUA

L

EMPLO YMENT4,r

-

+"3 4" +3"4 ," /*"6 ,3"3

3*t

h

+6"4 43"6 +3"6 +" 36"/ ,6"

33t

h

,,", 43", +"4 ," 3", ,>"/

/st ,3"/ 4" /" ," /," ,+"///t

h

,>", 4" >"/ 4"4 33" ,>">

/6t

h

4+"6 4+"6 4", 3"/ 3>", ,3"

In contr'st to &r'n 5em'2es there h's een m'r0in'2 incre'se in re0&2'r

em92o=ment o5 r&r'2 5em'2es in the recent =e'rs '5ter ' s2i0ht -ec2ine -&rin0the 3*th ro&n-" It h's incre'se- 5rom ," 9ercent in 4,r- ro&n- to 3"/9ercent in the /6th ro&n- th't me'ns th't st'2e em92o=ment o99ort&nitiese;ists" Em92o=ment o5 r&r'2 1omen h's rem'ine- more or 2ess st'2e -&rin0the entire 9erio- e;ce9t ' s2i0ht -i9 -&rin0 the /st ro&n-" This m'r0in'2incre'se in re0&2'r em92o=ment 'n- const'nc= o5 c's&'2 em92o=ment nee-se;'min'tion 't 2en0th" Simi2'r2= se25


34/43

1emale %e&torial #mplo$ment

The 9ro9ortion o5 &r'n 1omen en0'0e- in '0ric&2t&re h's 0r'-&'22=-ec2ine- o%er time 5rom 'ro&n- +> 9ercent in the 4,r- ro&n- to 'ro&n- 9ercent in the /6th ro&n-" This sh'r9 -ec2ine o%er this +4>"

Ao&t 64 9er cent o5 1orers 're in the &nor0'niHe- or in5orm'2 sector 'n-more th'n >* 9er cent in in5orm'2 em92o=ment (t'in0 5orm'2 'n- in5orm'2sectors to0ether)" As 9er NSS re9orts on In5orm'2 Sector 'n- Con-itions o5 Em92o=ment in In-i' +*< + 'o&t > 9er cent o5 the se256 9er cent o5 the se25"4 + +"

6

64" /"> ,"

3*th +4" +4" ,3 6/"+ 433th " +4 ,4"

+

63"4 "/ 4",


35/43

/st 6" +6"+ ,3"

>

6,", 6"4 4"/

//th ,"> +"> ,>"

,

>"4 "3 3"

/6th *"> 44 33"

4"> /" 6",

#"u&ational %tatus f Women

T'2e e2o1 sho1s the e-&c'tion'2 2e%e2s o5 1orin0 &r'n 'n- r&r'2 1omen" The e-&c'tion 2e%e2 is -i%i-e- into / c'te0ories: not 2iter'te 2iter'te 'n- &9

to 9rim'r= mi--2eSecon-'r= hi0her secon-'r= 'n- 0r'-&'te 'n- 'o%e" In &r'n 're's7PR is hi0her 5or i22iter'te 5em'2es th'n 5or 5em'2es 1ith hi0her 2e%e2s o5 e-&c'tion e;ce9t 0r'-&'tes" @or the //th ro&n- +, 9ercent o5 i22iter'te &r'n1omen 're em92o=e- &t this is on2= 3 9ercent 'n- > 9ercent 5or 1omen1ho h'%e mi--2e 'n- hi0her secon-'r= e-&c'tion"

In the c'se o5 &r'n 5em'2es 1ith 0r'-&'te 'n- 'o%e 2e%e2 o5 e-&c'tion the7PR -ec2ine- 5rom 'ro&n- ,+ 9ercent in the 4,r- ro&n- to +> 9ercent in the/st ro&n- 'n- then to + 9ercent in the //th ro&n-"


36/43

This in-ic'tes th't &r'n 1om'n ?n-in0 em92o=ment 're 2ess e-&c'te- 'n-'re 9ro'2= ?n-in0 1or in 2o1 9'=in0 &nsi22e- Fos th't -o not re.&irem&ch e-&c'tion" E%en 5or r&r'2 1omen 7PR is hi0her 5or i22iter'te 5em'2esth'n 5or 5em'2es 1ith hi0her 2e%e2s o5 e-&c'tion" In the //th ro&n- 'ro&n-

4, 9ercent o5 the i22iter'te r&r'2 1omen 're em92o=e- 1here's this is on2=6 9ercent 'n- +> 9ercent res9ecti%e2= 5or 1omen 1ho h'%e hi0hersecon-'r= 'n- 0r'-&'te 2e%e2 o5 e-&c'tion" Lie &r'n 1omen 7PR o5 r&r'21omen 1ith secon-'r= hi0her secon-'r= 'n- 0r'-&'te 'n- 'o%e 2e%e2 o5 e-&c'tion h'%e '2so -ec2ine- 5rom 3*th ro&n- to the //th ro&n-" This im92iesth't ' 2esser n&mer o5 e-&c'te- 'n- si22e- r&r'2 1omen 're 9'rtici9'tin0th'n e'r2ier 'n- most o5 them ?n-in0 1or in 2o1 9'=in0 &nsi22e- Fos"

Wages Pai" .o Women

The t'2e e2o1 sho1s the '%er'0e 1'0e o5 re0&2'r2= em92o=e- 5or men 'n-1omen in r&r'2 'n- &r'n 're's 5rom >>,4 to +*>,4 r&r'2 1omen h'- 'n '%er'0e 1'0eo5 Rs ,3 1hi2e &r'n 1omen h'- 'n '%er'0e 1'0e o5 Rs /+ 'n- thecorres9on-in0 ?0&res 5or +*


37/43

%tate !evel #mplo$ment %&enario

T'2e e2o1 sho1s &r'n 5em'2e 7PR in -iKerent st'tes -&rin0 >>,, to+*


38/43

The 5em'2e 1orers h'%e m&ch 2o1er 9'rtici9'tion r'tes th'n their m'2eco&nter9'rts 'n- hence com9rise ' m'r0in'2iHe- section" The sh're o5 r&r'21omen in the 1or5orce is m&ch hi0her th'n those in &r'n" $o1e%er1omen in r&r'2 In-i' 're c2e'r2= in 'n in5erior 9osition in the 2'o&r m'ret%is


39/43

i22iter'te 5em'2es th'n 5or 5em'2es 1ith hi0her 2e%e2s o5 e-&c'tion in 0ener'2" This im92ies th't ' 2esser n&mer o5 e-&c'te- 'n- si22e- 1omen 're9'rtici9'tin0 th'n e'r2ier 'n- most o5 them 're 0ettin0 1or in 2o1 9'=in0&nsi22e- Fos" St'te


40/43

CONCLUSION

7h't 're the 9ros9ects 5or 0ro1th 'n- .&'2it= o5 em92o=ment in In-i' in ne'r5&t&re The 5'ct th't ' hi0h r'te o5 economic 0ro1th h's not een '2e to0ener'te hi0h em92o=ment 0ro1th 'n- it h's in 5'ct een 'ccom9'nie- =' s2o1 -o1n in em92o=ment 0ro1th in recent =e'rs h's 2e- m'n=economists 'n- others concerne- to 9ortr'= the recent e;9erience 's one o5 Fo2ess 0ro1th" A rie5 'cco&nt o5 the 9er5orm'nce o5 -iKerent sectors 's'ttem9te- e'r2ier ho1e%er sho1s th't &t 5or the '2most ne02i0i2e 0ro1thin '0ric&2t&re em92o=ment 0ro1th in non'0ric&2t&r'2 sector h's not re'22=een Fo2ess" Yet em92o=ment e2'sticities h'%e -ec2ine- in most sectorstho&0h in some sectors 2ie constr&ction tr'-e 'n- tr'ns9ort the= contin&e

to e re2'ti%e2= hi0h" An- ' 5'ster 0ro1th o5 these sectors 1i22 2e'- to 'nincre'se in o%er'22 em92o=ment 0ro1th" Their sh're in em92o=ment ho1e%eris sti22 sm'22 's com9're- to m'n&5'ct&rin0 1hich h'%e sho1n ' re2'ti%e2=2o1 em92o=ment 0ro1th 'n- 2o1 'n- -ec2inin0 em92o=ment e2'sticit=" Yetm'n&5'ct&rin0 sti22 h's 'n em92o=ment e2'sticit= o5 'ro&n- *", 'n- there 'rein-ic'tions to s&00est th't it m'= im9ro%e" @or e;'m92e its e;9ortoriente-s&sectors h'%e recent2= e;9erience- hi0her em92o=ment 0ro1th 'n-em92o=ment e2'sticit=" D&rin0 the >>*s em92o=ment in the e;9ortoriente-in-&stries 0re1 't ,",/ 9er cent 9er 'nn&m 'n- sho1e- 'n em92o=mente2'sticit= o5 *"46 (8o2-'r +**,)" A 5'ster 0ro1th o5 m'n&5'ct&re- e;9orts1hich no1 constit&te o%er 3 9er cent o5 tot'2 e;9orts 's com9're- to 36

9er cent in >6* there5ore 9romises to e 'n im9ort'nt 5'ctor in re%ersin0the -ec2inin0 tren- in em92o=ment 0ro1th" Em92o=ment 0ro1th is ' 5&nctiono5 0ro1th o5 8DP 'n- em92o=ment e2'sticit=" In-i'n econom= h's s&st'ine- 're2'ti%e2= hi0h 0ro1th o5 o%er / 9er cent 5or 'o&t t1o -ec'-es 'n- ise;9ecte- to 0ro1 't th't i5 not ' hi0her r'te in comin0 =e'rs" There 'rein-ic'tions to1'r-s re%ers'2 o5 the -ec2inin0 tren- in e2'sticities 9'rtic&2'r2=in m'n&5'ct&rin0 'n- e;9ect'tions o5 ' 0ro1th str&ct&re in 1hich sectors1ith hi0her em92o=ment e2'sticit= 1i22 0ro1 5'ster" Th&s o%er'22 em92o=mente2'sticit= is 2ie2= to incre'se 5rom the 2o1 o5 *"3 e;9erience- -&rin0 >>4+***" There is there5ore ' stron0 2ie2ihoo- o5 0ro1th r'te o5 em92o=ment0ettin0 restore- to o%er + 9er cent -&rin0 the ?rst -ec'-e o5 this cent&r=" In

5'ct the e%i-ence 5rom the 2imite- s'm92e s&r%e= o5 the NSSO s&00ests 're%ers'2 o5 the tren- '2re'-= -&rin0 the +***+**4 1hen em92o=ment0ro1th is estim'te- to e 'ro&n- +"* 9er cent" This ho1e%er is sti22 to e%'2i-'te- = the res&2ts o5 the 2'r0er s'm92e s&r%e= (8OI +**3)" The recente;9erience ho1e%er s&00ests th't most o5 the ne1 em92o=mento99ort&nities 're 2ie2= to e 0ener'te- in the &nor0'niHe- sector 'n- 1i22 ech'r'cteriHe- = 9oor con-itions o5 1or 'n- 2'c o5 em92o=ment 'n- soci'2sec&rit=" E%en 1ithin the or0'niHe- sector 'n incre'sin0 n&mer o5 1orers


41/43

're ein0 em92o=e- in ' Qe;i2e m'nner on c's&'2 or contr'ct 'sis1itho&t the soci'2 sec&rit= ene?ts '%'i2'2e to re0&2'r 1orers" An- '2sothe 9ro2em o5 the 1orin0 9oor n'me2= o5 those 5&22= en0'0e- in 1or&t e'rnin0 2ess th'n the 9o%ert= 2ine income 1i22 9ersist" Th&s the ch'22en0eo5 .&'2it= o5 1or in terms o5 e'rnin0s 'n- soci'2 sec&rit= 1i22 contin&e"

Ti0htenin0 o5 the 2'o&r m'ret 1ith incre'se in the -em'n- 5or 2'o&r m'=2e'- to im9ro%e- e'rnin0s o%er time &t ' %'st m'Forit= o5 1orers 1i22contin&e to h'%e no soci'2 9rotection '0'inst the riss o5 1or re2'te-h'H'r-s &nem92o=ment sicness 'n- m'ternit= 'n- o2- '0e" A me's&re o5 sec&rit= '0'inst these riss is c&rrent2= '%'i2'2e to the 1orers in theor0'nise- sector" 7ith ' -ec2ine in its sh're 'n- incre'se in th't o5 the&nor0'niHe- sector the sh're o5 the &n9rotecte- 1orers 1i22 incre'se"Pro%ision o5 ' minim&m soci'2 9rotection to this 2'r0e m'ss o5 1orers isthere5ore 2ie2= to emer0e 's ' m&ch 0re'ter ch'22en0e th'n o5 e;9'n-in0em92o=ment o99ort&nities" It 1i22 re.&ire s9eci'2 'ttention o5 the st'te 'n-societ= 't 2'r0e in comin0 =e'rs 's the m'ret -ri%en hi0h 0ro1th e%en i5

'ccom9'nie- = 'n e;9'nsion in em92o=ment o99ort&nities m'= not = itse25 e '-e.&'te to '--ress the iss&e o5 soci'2 9rotection"


42/43

BIBLIO8RAP$Y

8o2-'r B"N" (+**,): !rade iberalisation and

Manufacturing %mployment2 !he 3ase of &ndiaEm92o=ment P'9er +**+,4 8ene%' Intern'tion'2L'o&r OXce"

8OI (+**3') %conomic Survey, 455674556 8o%ernmento5 In-i' Ministr= o5 @in'nce Economic Di%ision"

8OI (+**3): %mployment and "nemployment Situation

in &ndia2 8anuary78une, 4559 8o%ernment o5 In-i'N'tion'2 S'm92e S&r%e= Or0'nis'tion Re9ort No" 3*/"

P'9o2' T"S" (>>+): The &estion o5 Unem92o=ment inBim'2 '2'n (e-") !he &ndian %conomy2 :roblems and:rospects Ne1 De2hi !iin0 Pen0&in Boos In-i' (P) Lt-"

The NE$U o&rn'2 !o2 ZIII No" + &2=


43/43

Employment Trends in India - Copy

Documents

Transcript of Employment Trends in India - Copy