Emotional Intelligence and Emotional Labour: A Comparison ...
Emotional & Social Development in Middle Childhood Dennis Karpowitz Child Psychology.
-
Upload
sandra-butler -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
1
Transcript of Emotional & Social Development in Middle Childhood Dennis Karpowitz Child Psychology.
Emotional & Social Development in Middle Childhood
Dennis KarpowitzChild Psychology
Erikson - Industry vs. Inferiority
Freud’s latency stage Competence or Inferiority
Self-Development
Changes in Self-Concept Cognitive, Social & Cultural Influences Development of Self-Esteem
Hierarchical structure Level Changes.
Influences on Self-Esteem High Self-Esteem linked to
Being better liked by peers Improved school achievement
Culture Social Comparison unhelpful
Child-Rearing Practices Authoritative best Coercive (authoritarian) worst Indulgent (permissive) – underachievers Neglectful – antisocial, fearful, predelinquent.
Achievement-Related Attributions
Luck Ability Effort Mastery-Oriented
Success = high ability Failure = insufficient effort
Learned Helplessness Ability fixed Give up when tasks are difficult.
Influences on Learned Helplessness
Unusually high parental standards (-) Girls blame failure on their inability (-) Low-income & minorities vulnerable (-) Mastery & cooperation
not ability & competition (+)
Support for + Self-Esteem
Overcome failure by more effort Master tasks rather than focus on grades Metacognition and self-regulation stressed Minimize comparisons among children.
Emotional Development
Self-Conscious Emotions Emotional Understanding Emotional Self-regulation
Understanding Others
Perspective taking Selman’s Stages of Perspective Taking
Limited ideas of others thoughts & feelings People interpret events differently Step into another’s shoes Examine two perspectives
simultaneously
Moral Development - Justice Distributive Justice
Fairness based on equality Fairness based on merit Benevolence for the disadvantaged
Link between moral rules & social conventions
Culture effects ability to separate moral rules from social conventions.
Peer Relations
Peers become more important Physical Aggression declines in middle childhood Insiders vs. Outsiders
Verbal insults among boys Ostracism among girls.
Peer Group Development
Shared values Leaders and followers Peer culture
Vocabulary similar Dress and music similar Place to “hang out”
Loyalty.
Friendships
Mutually agreed on relationships based on personal qualities
Trust critical Same age, sex, ethnicity & SES Stability over middle childhood.
Peer Acceptance – Sociometric Groupings
Popular Children Rejected Children Controversial Children Neglected Children 2/3 - one of the above 1/3 - Average, none of the above.
Determinants of Peer Acceptance
Accepted: Sensitive, friendly, cooperative Rejected Aggressive Children:
Conflict, hostility & ADHD
Rejected Withdrawn Children: Passive, awkward & submissive
Controversial Children: Hostile, disruptive, positive & pro-social
Neglected Children: Shy but not unskilled.
Bullying 10% are victims
Give up objects, show distress fail to retaliate
Extreme aggressiveness, arguing, picking fights
Changing victimization Change negative opinions of self Respond in non-reinforcing ways Learn self-defense skills.
Gender Typing Sex linked traits identified
Girls - reading, art, music Boys - math, athletics, mechanical skills General tolerance, but male violations more negative
Gender Identity
Boys strengthen masculine identity Girls weaken feminine identity
Girls add “other-gender” characteristics Do Girls sense more prestige in masculine role?
Cultures and Subcultures w/ large gender gaps: Girls are less likely to add “other-gender”
characteristics.
Family Influences
Parent-Child Relationships Time at home declines Reasoning becomes an effective parenting tool Coregulation:
• Parents provide general oversight
• Children make moment to moment decisions Children recognize they are not ready for
the independence of adolescence
Siblings
Provide emotional support for each other Same sex and close in age increases:
Parental comparisons Sibling rivalry
Firstborns receive greater parental pressure Laterborns tend to be more social & popular Only children: high self-esteem &
achievement motivation.
Divorce
US divorce rate highest in the world (38% first-time)
Average 5 years in a single parent home 3/4 of divorced parents marry a 2nd time 1/2 of 2nd marriages fail.
Divorce: Immediate Effects Painful for most Mother headed households, low income Only ¼ mothers get full child support Move to lower quality housing & schools Carnival father behavior is problematic Many children blame themselves for divorce High conflict divorce >> Maladjusted kids Boys act out, girls internalize.
Divorce: Long-Term Effects
Most children make an adequate adjustment 1/3 have significant long-term problems
Especially in high conflict divorces When children had problems before When parenting deteriorates
Declines in school achievement common Greater problems later in adolescence High conflict worse than divorce.
Divorce Helps
Divorce mediation Divorce counseling Counseling for adults Counseling for children – group Rx helpful Continued Involvement of both parents Greater financial resources More education.
Blended Families
Very common Additional stresses from
previous marriages It takes time It’s never the same.
Maternal EmploymentDual Employment
Effects 80% of U.S. Children Time and energy overload Type & nature of employment important Desire (to work or be at home) important Equality in marriage relationship important Redistribution of household tasks necessary Quality of child care important.
Child Abuse: Types
Physical Abuse Sexual Abuse Emotional Abuse Physical and Sexual Neglect
Patterns are important Environmental circumstances play a role.
Child Abuse: Signs
Child Abuse: Reporting
Who must report? Who should report? Increases in reporting does not increase
false positives Report SUSPECTED child abuse.
Child Abuse: Treatment
For the child For the abuser For the spouse For the family..