17th CRC ON-ROAD VEHICLE EMISSIONS WORKSHOP

San Diego, California

March 26-28, 2007

Session 1: Diesel Vehicle Emissions

Emissions Measurements from the Golden Vehicle –

A Light Duty Diesel Vehicle Used During Validation of the European PMP

Protocol

Alberto Ayala, Sherry Zhang, Bruce Frodin, Jorn Herner, and Whitney LeemanCalifornia Air Resources Board

Tim Johnson

TSI, Inc.

Qiang Wei

• European Union – Directorate General – Joint Research Center (JRC), Ispra, Italy. Dr. Penny Dilara and many others

• Dr. Tao Huai, Ronald Haste, Sharon Lemieux, Wayne McMahan, Paul Rieger, and many other members of CARB’s technical staff

• Dr. Tom Durbin and others at UCR/CE-CERT

• Dr. Markus Kasper/Matter Engineering AG

• Jon Andersson/Ricardo UK Ltd

Acknowledgements

CARB’s Research Portfolio on Ultrafine Particle Emissions from

Mobile SourcesCARB PMP-based Program on LDDV (Golden Vehicle)

HDDV PMP Study

CARB/CE-CERT

Extensive Domestic and International Collaboration

Measurement Instrument Evaluation

Sampling Methodology

Investigation of Nature and Relative Toxicity of

Emissions

• CARB/SCAQMD/USC/UCLA

• Inform ACES

Investigation of multiple engine/aftertreatment

technology

LDGV PM Study

CARB/CE-CERT/ESP/DRI

Investigations:

• Laboratory

• on-road

• chase vehicle

• In-vehicle

Extramural Research

In-house Investigation

Comparison of PM mass,

number, other metrics

Portable and fixed systems

• Potential health impacts of ultrafine particles

• CARB and JRC Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) for Research

• Need to understand the potential of the new European proposal for particle # emission standard

� Assess robustness of PMP Protocol vis a vis gravimetric measurement� Evaluate non-specified particle counters, alternative systems, and dilution methods

• CARB is exploring PMP’s utility and “enriching the main programme” for LDVsand HDVs

• Investigate nature of particles emitted at the tailpipe and their relative toxicity

CARB PMP-based ProgramStudy Drivers

UNECE-GRPE Particulate Measurement Programme (PMP)

• Initiating governments: France, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden, & UK. Joined by Switzerland, Japan, and Korea

• Key objective: “Development of type approval test protocols for assessing vehicles fitted with advanced particulate reduction technology that would complement or replace current legislative measurement procedures”

• Main driver behind PMP is the impact of particles on health

• Key objective is development of new particle measurement technique for very low emission levels

• Inform EU Directives: LDV EURO5 and HDV EURO6

1) M. Dunn, UK Depart. Of Transport, ETH Nanoparticles Conference, 2003, Zurich

2) Andersson et al., PMP Light-duty Inter-Laboratory Correlation Exercise Final Report, GRPE-PMP-18-2, Mar.2007

Sources:

UNECE-GRPE PMP – cont’d• Phase 1 – instrument comparison (mass, number, surface,

chemistry, dilution, sample conditions, cost, ease of use, etc)

• Phase 2 – More rigorous evaluation of best performing systems. Conclusions were,

� An improved filter-based method based on US07� A particle number method based on counting, dilution, and thermal

treatment to eliminate volatile particles

• Phase 3 – Inter-Laboratory Correlation Exercises (ILCE)

• 9 international laboratories (Europe, Japan, Korea) + California

• 17 vehicles (Euro 4), including GV (“transfer standard”)

• CARB testing of GV is on-going (Jan 07 – present)

Source: Andersson et al., PMP Light-duty Inter-Laboratory Correlation Exercise Final Report, GRPE-PMP-18-2, Mar.2007

HDV PMP Project

OVER-THE-ROAD TESTS

Univ. of Calif. Riverside Mobile Emissions Laboratory

CVS SAMPLING POINT

PRE-CVS SAMPLING POINT

EMISSIONS LABORATORY TESTS

CARB Heavy Duty Vehicle Emissions CARB Heavy Duty Vehicle Emissions Laboratory, Los AngelesLaboratory, Los Angeles

PMP Protocol Exhaust

Primary dilution, 150ºC

Secondary Dilution

CPC

3010D

Evaporation Tube, 300ºC

Volatile Particle Remover (VPR)

PMP

Static Dissipative Tubing

Pre classifier

Heavy-duty Vehicle Testing

• Extensive testing to data (CRC ’06)

• Applying PMP protocol for pre-and at CVS sampling

• California DPF-equipped truck

� 2000 Isuzu MHD truck (8.3L, 22K lbs)

� JMI’s CRT

• CARB’s Heavy-duty Vehicle Emissions Laboratory

• Various US transient duty cycles and steady-state operation

• PMP testing in 2006 and 2007

Particle number measurements are considerably more precise than the mass measurement in the current study

Upcoming improvements in gravimetric measurements at CARB labs are expected to get closer to new US07 1065 Rule

Particle Number and Mass EmissionsCBD

0.E+00

1.E+12

2.E+12

3.E+12

4.E+12

PMP From CVS Mass

Par

ticle

s/m

i

0.0

2.5

5.0

7.5

10.0

mg/

mi

Particles per Mile [lhs]

Mass per mile [rhs]

N=7 N=7

N=17

HDV Emission Measurement Comparison

Source: Herner, Robertson, and Ayala, SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-1114

Cumulative Normalized Average Size Distribution*Post Trap Measurements

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1 10 100 1000

Particle Size (nm)

Idle

Cruise

CBD

*Measured with EEPS

Evaporation Tube 300ºC

“ Solid” particles can be smaller than 23nm ( PMP D50 cut)

Idle

CBD

23nm

PMP

Cruise

Recent Tunnel Blanks - 3025 PMP

1

10

100

1000

- 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Elapsed Time [min]

#/cc

1/25/07 at 7:55

1/25/07 at 15:05

1/26/07 at 6:48

1/26/07 at 13:35

2/7/07 at 10:25

2/8/07 at 6:50

2/9/07 at 6:47

Testing has not been problem-free

One example

HIGH TUNNEL BLANK

� Lubricating coating on rotating disk and diluter head can quickly degrade and ware off� Once the coating starts to break apart, the instrument appears to generate particles � It may be preferable to operate the instrument at 80°C or 120°C to avoid wearing off the

coating when operating at 150 °C

European Gold descending on California

Golden Vehicle

Golden Engineer

Golden System

PMP’s Golden Vehicle – Euro 4 Peugeot 407 Saloon 2.0 H Di 136 SE equipped with an uncoated diesel particulate filter and ceri um based fuel borne catalyst

• Testing at one of CARB’s clean light-duty vehicle em issions laboratories with CA ULSD

• Pre-conditioning effects

• FTP, NEDC, and steady-state operation

• SHED testing for evaporative emissions

• Testing Jan – Mar 2007 (on-going )

Preliminary Results for Golden Preliminary Results for Golden VehicleVehicle

Golden Vehicle Testing -Instrumentation

TSI 3790

TSI EEPS

Particle Counters

Diluter

Matter Engineering MD-19

TSI 3010D Grimm CPC

EcoChem PAS2000 Matter Engineering LQ1-DC

Horiba SPCSHoriba SPCS

Average Mass Emissions during NEDC for Au VehiclePreliminary CARB Results

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

THC (*10) CO CO2 (/1000) NOx PM (*1000)

Pollutants

Ave

rage

Em

ission

s (g

/km

) CARBAu-DV1

Particle Number Emissions during NEDC Au Vehicle (e xcluding regeneration) Horiba SPCS

0

2E+10

4E+10

6E+10

8E+10

1E+11

1.2E+11

1-NEDC-8 1-NEDC-10 Mean Au-Veh

Tests

Par

ticle

Em

ission

s (#

/km

)

Preliminary

Results

*EEPS average over entire NEDC

Particle Size Distribution (1-NEDC-10, 02MAR07)*Au Vehicle

1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000

Particle size (nm)

Par

ticle

con

cent

ratio

n (#

/cc)

Average Particle Size Distribution, NEDC, Mar 02, 2 007 - Au Vehicle

1

10

100

1000

10000

1 10 100

Particle Size (nm)

Par

ticle

Con

cent

ratio

n (N

/cm

^3)

9:50 AM9:55 AM10:00 AM10:05 AM10:10 AM

0.00E+00

4.00E+07

8.00E+07

1.20E+08

1.60E+08

2.00E+08

10:04:48 AM 10:13:26 AM 10:22:05 AM 10:30:43 AM 10:39:2 2 AM 10:48:00 AM

Time (Sec)

Tun

nel C

ount

Regeneration achieved as expected

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

7000 7500 8000 8500 9000 9500 10000

Time (Sec)

CO

and

CO

2 E

mis

sion

s (%

)

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

NO

x E

mis

sion

s (p

pm)

NOx

CO

CO2

Summary• Study of Au-Veh is on-going, no final interpretations or conclusions yet

• But our findings to date are very encouraging. Preliminary results are consistent with those of 9 other international laboratories

• Gaining important experience with PMP protocol, its potential, and new opportunities for use in California

• Enhancing understanding of nature of ultrafine particle emissions

• PMP project is giving important exposure to light-duty diesel vehicle technology

• From HDV testing:

– The PMP particle number measurements are more precise than gravimetric measurements

– There are sub-23nm solid particles post PMP sampling that can be counted with equal accuracy as those >23 nm

• On track to complete study successfully by mid-2007