Emissions Due to Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging in High Wind Systems

Emissions Due to Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging in High Wind Systems

Allison WeisRoger Leuken

Jeremy MichalekPaulina Jaramillo

Carnegie Mellon University

USAEE Annual MeetingJuly 29, 2013


Motivation

• Electric vehicles are forecasted to make up 2%-15% of vehicle fleet by 2025

• Significant wind generation is expected in states with Renewable Portfolio Standards– Fluctuations in wind generation will require additional grid flexibility,

some of which could come from controlled electric vehicle charging• Electricity sector emissions are key to understanding if electric

vehicles cause lower emissions overall compared to gasoline vehicles


Related Work

• Operational emissions studies with a simplified model for the electricity system– Stephan and Sullivan– McCarthy and Yang

• Operational emissions studies with dispatch assuming controlled charging and existing electricity grid– Sioshansi and Denholm– Sioshansi and Miller

• Full life cycle analysis studies with a simplified model for the electricity system– Michalek et. al.– Hawkins et. al.– Argonne National Lab


Research Questions

• Can controlled charging reduce the impact of having electric vehicles on the grid compared to uncontrolled charging?– Cost– Emissions– Damages from emissions

• How does a high wind penetration change the impacts of electric vehicles and controlled charging?


System Overview

Conventional Power Plants

Non-vehicle LoadPlug-in

Vehicles

Energy Balance Wind Power

All Vehicles


Power Grid Data

• 2010 PJM power plants and 2010 fuel prices by state• 5 transmission regions with power limited connections

Region 1

TI1-5

Region 3

Region 5

Region 4

Region 2


Wind Plant Data

Eastern Wind Integration and Transmission Study on-shore production data at a 10-minute resolution

Added by capacity factor (high to low) within PJM region until wind plants capable of producing 20% of the load

7


Electric Vehicle Profiles• Driving profiles from National Household Travel Survey

– Charge at home at the end of the day• Uncontrolled charging based on all passenger vehicles• Controlled charging based on 20 representative profiles

• 16 kWh battery PHEV (Chevy Volt)

• 10% of passenger vehicles in PJM (2.4 million)

Aggregated

Optimized 20


Unit Commitment and Economic Dispatch

Subject to:• Generation = Load• Spinning reserves• Power plant constraints

o Minimum and maximum generations levelso Ramp-rate limitso Minimum runtime and downtime

• Vehicle battery chargingo Battery state of chargeo Charge rate limits

minimize ∑𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑒

∑𝑝 𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡

StartupCosts+ShutdownCosts+FuelCostsMixed Integer Linear Program:


Controlled charging significantly reduces the cost of PHEV charging

Controlled Charging Annual Cost Savings

Net Savings % of System Costs % of Vehicle Costs

PJM Base Wind $127 million 0.72% 41%

20% Wind $144 million 1.05% 52%


Controlled charging of PHEVs increases generation from coal plants

Coal Coal Coal Coal

Wind

Wind

Combined Cycle

Combined Cycle

Combustion Turbine

Combustion Turbine

Combined Cycle

Combined Cycle

Nuclear

Oil/Gas Steam

Combustion Turbine

Nuclear

PJM Base Wind 20% Wind


Increased wind resources help keep controlled charging from increasing emissions

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SO2

SO2

SO2SO2

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2

PM25 PM25PM25 PM25

NOX

SO2

VOCVOC

Damages due to emissions increase with controlled charging, even with large wind resources

• Marginal monetary health damages calculated using the APEEP (Air Pollution Emission Experiments and Policy) model

• CO2 damages from $35/metric ton social cost of carbon• Increase due to SO2 damages

PJM Base Wind 20% Wind


Key FindingsControlled Charging

• Cuts the costs of integrating EVs by 40%-50%

• Reduces energy consumption by about 8% by reducing use of inefficient storage

• Increases the utilization of low cost plants (particularly coal)

• Change in Emissions– higher CO2, PM, SO2 and NOX

emissions– lower VOC and NH3 emissions

• Increases damages from EV-integration emissions.

20% RPS• Slightly decreases costs of

integrating EVs• Greatly reduces emissions

damages of EV integration• With controlled charging

– higher wind utilization – lower CO2, PM, VOC, NOX and

NH3 emissions– higher SO2 emissions

• Controlled charging still increases damages


Future Work

• Optimize controlled charging using full social costs by including emission prices in objective function

• Evaluate the emissions and damages from the full life cycle of the vehicles and compare to gasoline vehicles

• Emissions given future fuel prices and power plant fleet


Acknowledgements

Funding by:• Doris Duke Charitable Foundation• Richard King Mellon Foundation• Electric Power Research Institute• Heinz Endowment• National Energy Technology Laboratory• National Science Foundation CAREER Award #0747911• Toyota Motor Corporation• National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program• Carnegie Mellon Electricity Industry Center through the RenewElec

project


Thank you!


Unit Commitment and Economic Dispatch

C

SDC SUC F G

Start-up costs Shut-down costs Fuel costs

minimize x x xitit it i

ti

i

c h

Subject to:• Generation = Load• Minimum and maximum generations levels• Ramp-rate limits• Minimum runtime and downtime• Vehicle battery charging

minimize ∑𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑒

∑𝑝 𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡

StartupCosts+ShutdownCosts+FuelCosts

Emissions Due to Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging in High Wind Systems

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