Emissions by Household Type

Anne Jennings, Sean Lyons& Richard S.J. Tol

Economic and Social Research Institute, Dublin

Vrije Universiteit, AmsterdamTrinity College, Dublin

Introduction• Different households behave differently

and thus exert different pressure on the environment

• Part of that is random / due to unobserved characteristics, but there is also systematic variation with household type

• Understanding these patterns helps to improve projections of future emissions and to assess the distributional implications of environmental policy

Method and data: Direct emissions

• Energy use by fuel from Household Budget Survey

• Emission coefficients from SEAI or DEFRA

• No correction for type, age, or state of equipment (as no data)

Method: Indirect emissions• Standard input output model

X = (I-A)-1y = Ly• Emissions

M = RX = RLy• Decomposition of final demand

y = y(1) + y(2) + … + y(n)• Decomposition of emissions

M = M(1) + M(2) + … + M(n) = RLy(1) + RLy(2) + … + RLy(n)

Data: Indirect emissions• Input-output tables: CSO• Emissions: ESRI (derived from CSO, EPA,

SEAI)• Consumer demand by household type:

CSO

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Benzo(a)pyreneI ndeno(1,2,3)pyrene

PCB (air)Dioxin (air)

Benzo(b)fl uorantheneDioxin (land)

Benzo(k)fl uorantheneCO

SO2CO2 (f ossil)

NMVOCNox

Dioxin (water)MercuryArsenicNickel

CadmiumCadmium

LeadChromium

ZincCopper

N2OCH4BODNH3

HCB (air)HCB (land)

HCB (water)CO2 (other)Halocarbons

PCB (land)

Household Charities Government I nvestment I nventories Exports

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Benzo(a)pyreneI ndeno(1,2,3)pyrene

PCB (air)Dioxin (air)

Benzo(b)fl uorantheneDioxin (land)

Benzo(k)fl uorantheneCO

SO2CO2 (f ossil)

NMVOCNoxN2OCH4NH3BOD

Dioxin (water)PCB (land)HCB (air)

HCB (land)HCB (water)

MercuryCadmium

LeadCadmium

ChromiumArsenic

ZincCopperNickel

CO2 (other)Halocarbons

Direct I ndirect

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Rur

alU

rban

Ave

rage

Poor

est

2nd

dec

ile

3rd

dec

ile

4th

dec

ile

5th

dec

ile

6th

dec

ile

7th

dec

ile

8th

dec

ile

9th

dec

ile

Ric

hes

tA

vera

ge

1 pe

rson

2 p

erso

n3 p

erso

n4 p

erso

n5 p

erso

n6 p

erso

n7+

pers

onA

vera

ge

1 ad

ult

(14-6

4)

1 ad

ult

(65+)

Cou

ple

Cou

ple

wit

h 1

child

Cou

ple

wit

h 2

childre

nCou

ple

wit

h 3

childre

nCou

ple

wit

h 4

+ ch

ildre

nS

ingl

e ad

ult

wit

h c

hildre

nO

ther

hou

sehol

ds

Ave

rage

No

dis

able

d p

erso

n1

dis

able

d p

erso

n2 d

isab

led p

eopl

e3+

dis

able

d p

eopl

eA

vera

ge

Kilog

ram

me

of S

O2 (

air)

per

per

son

per

year

I ndirect

Direct

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Rur

alU

rban

Ave

rage

Poor

est

2nd

dec

ile

3rd

dec

ile

4th

dec

ile

5th

dec

ile

6th

dec

ile

7th

dec

ile

8th

dec

ile

9th

dec

ile

Ric

hes

tA

vera

ge

1 pe

rson

2 p

erso

n3 p

erso

n4 p

erso

n5 p

erso

n6 p

erso

n7+

pers

onA

vera

ge

1 ad

ult

(14-6

4)

1 ad

ult

(65+)

Cou

ple

Cou

ple

wit

h 1

child

Cou

ple

wit

h 2

childre

nCou

ple

wit

h 3

childre

nCou

ple

wit

h 4

+ ch

ildre

nS

ingl

e ad

ult

wit

h c

hildre

nO

ther

hou

sehol

ds

Ave

rage

No

dis

able

d p

erso

n1

dis

able

d p

erso

n2 d

isab

led p

eopl

e3+

dis

able

d p

eopl

eA

vera

ge

Ton

nes

of C

O2 (

air)

per

per

son

per

year

I ndirect

Direct

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

Rur

al

Urb

an

1 pe

rson

2 p

erso

n

3 p

erso

n

4 p

erso

n

5 p

erso

n

6 p

erso

n

7+

pers

on

1 ad

ult

(14-6

4)

1 ad

ult

(65+)

Cou

ple

Cou

ple

wit

h 1

child

Cou

ple

wit

h 2

childre

n

Cou

ple

wit

h 3

childre

n

Cou

ple

wit

h 4

+ ch

ildre

n

Sin

gle

adul

t w

ith c

hildre

n

Oth

er h

ouse

hol

ds

No

dis

able

d p

erso

n

1 dis

able

d p

erso

n

2 d

isab

led p

eopl

e

3+

dis

able

d p

eopl

eTon

nes

of C

O2 (

air)

per

per

son

per

year

Other

I ncome

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

HCB (water)HCB (land)

HCB (air)

NH3

CH4

BOD

N2O

Copper

Zinc

Lead

Cadmium

Cadmium

Chromium

Mercury

SO2Arsenic

NickelPCB (air)

Dioxin (land)

Halocarbons

Dioxin (air)

CO2 (f ossil)

Nox

CO2 (other)

Dioxin (water)

Benzo(k)fl uoranthene

Benzo(b)fl uoranthene

Benzo(a)pyrene

PCB (land)

CO

I ndeno(1,2,3)pyreneNMVOC

Direct

I ndirect

Household income

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

PCB (land)HCB (water)

HCB (land)

HCB (air)

NH3

CH4

N2O

BOD

Halocarbons

Cadmium

Cadmium

Lead

Mercury

Arsenic

SO2Nickel

ChromiumCopper

PCB (air)

Zinc

CO2 (f ossil)

Nox

Dioxin (land)

Dioxin (air)

Benzo(k)fl uoranthene

CO2 (other)

Benzo(b)fl uoranthene

Benzo(a)pyrene

NMVOC

CO

I ndeno(1,2,3)pyreneDioxin (water)

Direct

I ndirect

Household size

Household size and income

Income Minimum Maximum

Direct Benzo(b)fluoranthene (air)0.15

NOx (air)1.64

Indirect HCB (water)2.35

NMVOC (air)3.56

Size Minimum Maximum

Direct NMVOC (air)0.27

NOx (air)0.60

Indirect PCB (land)0.62

Dioxin (water)0.70

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Rur

alU

rban

Ave

rage

Poor

est

2nd

dec

ile

3rd

dec

ile

4th

dec

ile

5th

dec

ile

6th

dec

ile

7th

dec

ile

8th

dec

ile

9th

dec

ile

Ric

hes

tA

vera

ge

1 pe

rson

2 p

erso

n3 p

erso

n4 p

erso

n5 p

erso

n6 p

erso

n7+

pers

onA

vera

ge

1 ad

ult

(14-6

4)

1 ad

ult

(65+)

Cou

ple

Cou

ple

wit

h 1

child

Cou

ple

wit

h 2

childre

nCou

ple

wit

h 3

childre

nCou

ple

wit

h 4

+ ch

ildre

nS

ingl

e ad

ult

wit

h c

hildre

nO

ther

hou

sehol

ds

Ave

rage

No

dis

able

d p

erso

n1

dis

able

d p

erso

n2 d

isab

led p

eopl

e3+

dis

able

d p

eopl

eA

vera

ge

Kilog

ram

me

of N

MVO

C (

air)

per

per

son

per

year

I ndirect

Direct

Volatile organic compounds (air)

0.0000

0.0005

0.0010

0.0015

0.0020

0.0025

Rur

alU

rban

Ave

rage

Poor

est

2nd

dec

ile

3rd

dec

ile

4th

dec

ile

5th

dec

ile

6th

dec

ile

7th

dec

ile

8th

dec

ile

9th

dec

ile

Ric

hes

tA

vera

ge

1 pe

rson

2 p

erso

n3 p

erso

n4 p

erso

n5 p

erso

n6 p

erso

n7+

pers

onA

vera

ge

1 ad

ult

(14-6

4)

1 ad

ult

(65+)

Cou

ple

Cou

ple

wit

h 1

child

Cou

ple

wit

h 2

childre

nCou

ple

wit

h 3

childre

nCou

ple

wit

h 4

+ ch

ildre

nS

ingl

e ad

ult

wit

h c

hildre

nO

ther

hou

sehol

ds

Ave

rage

No

dis

able

d p

erso

n1

dis

able

d p

erso

n2 d

isab

led p

eopl

e3+

dis

able

d p

eopl

eA

vera

ge

Milig

ram

me

of H

CB (

wat

er)

per

pers

on p

er y

ear

I ndirect

Direct

Hexachlorobenzene (water)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Rur

alU

rban

Ave

rage

Poor

est

2nd

dec

ile

3rd

dec

ile

4th

dec

ile

5th

dec

ile

6th

dec

ile

7th

dec

ile

8th

dec

ile

9th

dec

ile

Ric

hes

tA

vera

ge

1 pe

rson

2 p

erso

n3 p

erso

n4 p

erso

n5 p

erso

n6 p

erso

n7+

pers

onA

vera

ge

1 ad

ult

(14-6

4)

1 ad

ult

(65+)

Cou

ple

Cou

ple

wit

h 1

child

Cou

ple

wit

h 2

childre

nCou

ple

wit

h 3

childre

nCou

ple

wit

h 4

+ ch

ildre

nS

ingl

e ad

ult

wit

h c

hildre

nO

ther

hou

sehol

ds

Ave

rage

No

dis

able

d p

erso

n1

dis

able

d p

erso

n2 d

isab

led p

eopl

e3+

dis

able

d p

eopl

eA

vera

ge

Milig

ram

me

of B

enzo

(b)fl

uora

nthen

e (a

ir) pe

r pe

rson

per

yea

r

I ndirect

Direct

Benzo(b)fluoranthene (air)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Rur

alU

rban

Ave

rage

Poor

est

2nd

dec

ile

3rd

dec

ile

4th

dec

ile

5th

dec

ile

6th

dec

ile

7th

dec

ile

8th

dec

ile

9th

dec

ile

Ric

hes

tA

vera

ge

1 pe

rson

2 p

erso

n3 p

erso

n4 p

erso

n5 p

erso

n6 p

erso

n7+

pers

onA

vera

ge

1 ad

ult

(14-6

4)

1 ad

ult

(65+)

Cou

ple

Cou

ple

wit

h 1

child

Cou

ple

wit

h 2

childre

nCou

ple

wit

h 3

childre

nCou

ple

wit

h 4

+ ch

ildre

nS

ingl

e ad

ult

wit

h c

hildre

nO

ther

hou

sehol

ds

Ave

rage

No

dis

able

d p

erso

n1

dis

able

d p

erso

n2 d

isab

led p

eopl

e3+

dis

able

d p

eopl

eA

vera

ge

Kilog

ram

me

of N

Ox (

air)

per

per

son

per

year

I ndirect

Direct

Nitrogen oxides (air)

Income

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Rur

alU

rban

Ave

rage

Poor

est

2nd

dec

ile

3rd

dec

ile

4th

dec

ile

5th

dec

ile

6th

dec

ile

7th

dec

ile

8th

dec

ile

9th

dec

ile

Ric

hes

tA

vera

ge

1 pe

rson

2 p

erso

n3 p

erso

n4 p

erso

n5 p

erso

n6 p

erso

n7+

pers

onA

vera

ge

1 ad

ult

(14-6

4)

1 ad

ult

(65+)

Cou

ple

Cou

ple

wit

h 1

child

Cou

ple

wit

h 2

childre

nCou

ple

wit

h 3

childre

nCou

ple

wit

h 4

+ ch

ildre

nS

ingl

e ad

ult

wit

h c

hildre

nO

ther

hou

sehol

ds

Ave

rage

No

dis

able

d p

erso

n1

dis

able

d p

erso

n2 d

isab

led p

eopl

e3+

dis

able

d p

eopl

eA

vera

ge

Kilog

ram

me

of N

MVO

C (

air)

per

per

son

per

year

I ndirect

Direct

Volatile organic compounds (air)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Rur

alU

rban

Ave

rage

Poor

est

2nd

dec

ile

3rd

dec

ile

4th

dec

ile

5th

dec

ile

6th

dec

ile

7th

dec

ile

8th

dec

ile

9th

dec

ile

Ric

hes

tA

vera

ge

1 pe

rson

2 p

erso

n3 p

erso

n4 p

erso

n5 p

erso

n6 p

erso

n7+

pers

onA

vera

ge

1 ad

ult

(14-6

4)

1 ad

ult

(65+)

Cou

ple

Cou

ple

wit

h 1

child

Cou

ple

wit

h 2

childre

nCou

ple

wit

h 3

childre

nCou

ple

wit

h 4

+ ch

ildre

nS

ingl

e ad

ult

wit

h c

hildre

nO

ther

hou

sehol

ds

Ave

rage

No

dis

able

d p

erso

n1

dis

able

d p

erso

n2 d

isab

led p

eopl

e3+

dis

able

d p

eopl

eA

vera

ge

Kilog

ram

me

of N

Ox (

air)

per

per

son

per

year

I ndirect

Direct

Nitrogen oxides (air)

Size

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

Rur

alU

rban

Ave

rage

Poor

est

2nd

dec

ile

3rd

dec

ile

4th

dec

ile

5th

dec

ile

6th

dec

ile

7th

dec

ile

8th

dec

ile

9th

dec

ile

Ric

hes

tA

vera

ge

1 pe

rson

2 p

erso

n3 p

erso

n4 p

erso

n5 p

erso

n6 p

erso

n7+

pers

onA

vera

ge

1 ad

ult

(14-6

4)

1 ad

ult

(65+)

Cou

ple

Cou

ple

wit

h 1

child

Cou

ple

wit

h 2

childre

nCou

ple

wit

h 3

childre

nCou

ple

wit

h 4

+ ch

ildre

nS

ingl

e ad

ult

wit

h c

hildre

nO

ther

hou

sehol

ds

Ave

rage

No

dis

able

d p

erso

n1

dis

able

d p

erso

n2 d

isab

led p

eopl

e3+

dis

able

d p

eopl

eA

vera

ge

Milig

ram

me

of P

CB (

land

) pe

r pe

rson

per

yea

r

I ndirect

Direct

Polychlorinated biphenyl (land)

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.10

Rur

alU

rban

Ave

rage

Poor

est

2nd

dec

ile

3rd

dec

ile

4th

dec

ile

5th

dec

ile

6th

dec

ile

7th

dec

ile

8th

dec

ile

9th

dec

ile

Ric

hes

tA

vera

ge

1 pe

rson

2 p

erso

n3 p

erso

n4 p

erso

n5 p

erso

n6 p

erso

n7+

pers

onA

vera

ge

1 ad

ult

(14-6

4)

1 ad

ult

(65+)

Cou

ple

Cou

ple

wit

h 1

child

Cou

ple

wit

h 2

childre

nCou

ple

wit

h 3

childre

nCou

ple

wit

h 4

+ ch

ildre

nS

ingl

e ad

ult

wit

h c

hildre

nO

ther

hou

sehol

ds

Ave

rage

No

dis

able

d p

erso

n1

dis

able

d p

erso

n2 d

isab

led p

eopl

e3+

dis

able

d p

eopl

eA

vera

ge

Mic

rogr

amm

e of

I-T

EQ

(w

ater

) pe

r pe

rson

per

yea

r

I ndirect

Direct

Dioxins (water)

Conclusions• We imputed direct and indirect

emissions by household type• There are marked patterns in both

direct and indirect emissions• Different patterns between direct and

indirect emissions• Similar patters for different substances,

but details can be very different• The impact of environmental policy is

differentiated between households