Emily Kilpatrick and Alexander VolpiIntro to Shakespeare

English ship builder, naval administrator, and commander

Introduced tobacco to England

Fought the Armada

Set up English slave trade

September 16, 1567 “Lade [load] negroes in Guinea and sell them in the West Indies in truck of [in exchange for] gold, pearls and emeralds”

http://image.absoluteastronomy.com/images/encyclopediaimages/j/jo/john_hawkins.jpg

Blackamoor: Dark skinned

Lascar: Sailor/militiaman from South Asia on European ships

Fashionable for gentlewomen to have black servents

‘Employees,’ not ‘slaves’

Queen Elizabeth’s proclamation to send blackamoors out of London – Never strictly enforced

Preserved fair skin

Shakespeare: Went against concept and made Othello black - No political correctness

http://www.google.com/imgres?q=16th+century+london+lascars&um=1&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=709&tbm=isch&tbnid=INwm1EAEJBljFM:&imgrefurl=http://www.silsilaproductions.co.uk/The%2520Lascar%2520Project.html&docid=qSBYaidUcsGl3M&w=523&h=378&ei=uNp_TvzhLMqutwedrZjHCQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=436&vpy=176&dur=705&hovh=186&hovw=252&tx=155&ty=100&page=1&tbnh=169&tbnw=208&start=0&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0

http://www.google.com/imgres?q=othello&um=1&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=709&tbm=isch&tbnid=CgJmq0025wDHnM:&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othello&docid=ZnBU_pG8cefT1M&w=220&h=277&ei=49p_TovUHMK1twehxoXbCQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=200&vpy=188&dur=341&hovh=164&hovw=131&tx=106&ty=116&page=1&tbnh=151&tbnw=120&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0

English blamed infections/diseases on tourists

French blamed for French Pox

Taken advantage of by guards/guides

Phrase books – translations from English to Flemish, German, Latin, Italian, Spanish and French

Elizabeth’s London by Liza Picard

Most from Holland, Belgium, northern France and northern Germany

England – Tolerably safe for Pope’s protestors

Did most of the toilsome, difficult and skillful works

Prosperous

Jacob Verselyn – Left Murano and revolutionized glass production in England (Soda-ash from seaweed)

Queen’s grocer – Spaniard

Returned to native country when hostility lessened (French in particular)

http://www.reformation.org/bart.jpg

Citizens complain about foreign merchants and craftsmen

Foreigners breaking the law – ‘took up fairest houses in the city,’ and subdivded them or took in illegal lodgers

Did not increase England’s wealth

England wanted foreigners to teach citizens lagging in new-market opportunities

Tortured if necessary to know where they came from - no results

http://www.the-peoples-forum.com/images/medieval_water_torture.jpg

Sophisticated census -How many foreigners reside?-What nation, profession, origin?-How many servants?-How long living there?-What church they attend?-Employ English people?-Sell prohibited wares?

Foreigners must hire as many English people as fellow strangers – Seemed to abide

1593 Return -Total: 7,013-Strangers: 4,570 (born abroad)-Strangers: 2,443 (born in England)

http://www.britannia.com/history/images/londonmap.jpg

Emily Kilpatrick

Foreigners could become English citizens. . .for a price

2 ways to become a citizen: buy a Patent of Denization from the Crown (very expensive), or get Parliament to grant you citizenship, which cost more money.

http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Elizabethan+parilament&nfpr=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&biw=1033&bih=576&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi

Through Elizabeth’s reign, only 1,762 patents granted and only 12 acts passed.

Most foreigners did not bother trying to become a citizen

Sir Horace Pallavicino became citizen in 1585 so Elizabeth could knight him in 1587

Biggest advantage of denizen status was that holder could buy land and leave it to children, and they could also join a livery company

http://itunes.apple.com/us/book/citizenship-papers/id426373611?mt=11

“Aliens” paid at least two times more than native Londoners whether they had been granted citizenship or not

Hanseatic merchants allowed to live in a self-contained community with unique trading concessions since the twelfth century

By the 16th century their main trade to London was timber, cordage, and grain from north Germany and the Baltic.

http://www.strathamnh.gov/Pages/StrathamNH_Assessing/timber

http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&sugexp=pfwc&cp=26&gs_id=4n&xhr=t&q=Enlgish+citizenship+papers&gs_sm=&gs_upl=&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&biw=1033&bih=576&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi#um=1&hl=en&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=cordage&pbx=1&oq=cordage&aq=f&aqi=g2g-m2&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=7311l8461l0l8770l7l6l0l0l0l0l147l760l1.5l6l0&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&fp=52702837b783598b&biw=1033&bih=576

http://www.purcellmountainfarms.com/Brown%20Teff%20Grain.htm

1551, native merchants had brought privileges to an end

Continued to stay at Steelyard and other properties without paying taxes until 1578.

Had to leave country in 1598 Their complaints brought about

standardized weight system for trading in 1582

http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&sugexp=pfwc&cp=26&gs_id=4n&xhr=t&q=Enlgish+citizenship+papers&gs_sm=&gs_upl=&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&biw=1033&bih=576&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi#um=1&hl=en&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=scales&pbx=1&oq=scales&aq=f&aqi=g10&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=10799l11437l4l11563l6l4l0l0l0l0l182l182l0.1l4l0&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&fp=52702837b783598b&biw=1033&bih=576

Aliens not allowed to have open shops: window(s) had to be covered with a lattice.

By 1587 allowed to take down lattices, but could not display items for sale

Not allowed to take apprentices

http://www.pl.all.biz/en/g29173/

http://www.history.org/kids/visitUs/colonialPeople/apprentice.cfm

Belonged to one of 2 churches 1: Dutch church that was once Catholic Community increased under Elizabeth’s rule from

700 communicates in 2 years after church reopened in 1561 to nearly 2,000 in 1568.

2: French took over St. Anthony’s Church. Fewer members: 1,800 in 1568 French had higher social standing, Dutch had lower

social standing 1592 Flemish workers had over 1,000 English

workers and Dutch church complained of harassment

Native Londoners attended parish churches scattered through the city

In 1570’s Privy Council made existing voluntary arrangements for immigrant communities to settle somewhere besides London

Foreigner’s churches had admirable government: anyone applying to be part of church had to prove he had lived a good life.

Anyone not belonging to a church after 1573 risked banishment

http://www.essexwalks.com/walks/woodham_walter.html#page=page-3

Both churches run by council of 8 elders (12 after 1571) that kept members under tight control

Couple wanting to marry had to go through strict rules

If opted to marry in an English parish, could not return to French church

Once married, adultery not taken seriously Church members expected to avoid any

appearance of naughtiness Dancing looked up on as a sin

http://www.worcestercathedral.co.uk/index.php?pr=Starstuck_Events

Foreign churches looked after their own If someone was sick, elders checked on them;

elders also helped with wills, advice, and loans Also had “lawyers” (arbitrators) to settle

commercial disputes between members Medical care could be arranged- during plague

of 1563, Dutch appointed a surgeon to tend to sick

Both churches had fund-raisers, most contributions came from sympathetic English people

http://www.practical-fundraising.com/Church_Fundraising.html