EMF Presentation- ALTTC-July 2010
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Transcript of EMF Presentation- ALTTC-July 2010
1
Presentation on EMF
U. K. SrivastavaDDG (Radio)Telecom Engineering CentreNew Delhi
26 July 2010, ALTTC, Ghaziabad26 July 2010, ALTTC, Ghaziabad
2
Electromagnetic Fields
• Exposure of human beings to EMF raises concerns of possible health effects.
• Radio transmitters used for telecommunication are proliferating.
• ITU-T began to study a question on health effects in 1996.
3
EMF exposure standards
• International Commission on Non Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic field up to 300 GHz.
• Adopted in many countries.• Fundamental reference for K.52• Should be used unless a national
standard takes precedence.
Relevant ITU-T standards
• K-52: Guidance of complying with limits for human exposure to electromagnetic field.
• K-61: Guidance on measurement and numerical prediction of electromagnetic fields for compliance with human exposure limits for telecommunication installations.
• K-70: Mitigation techniques to limit human exposure to EMFs in the vicinity of radiocommunication stations.
5
Exposure fundamentals
• Two tier exposure limits– Controlled/ occupational exposure– General population/ uncontrolled
exposure, also called general public exposure.
• Formulas for multiple exposures
• Formulas for short term exposures
6
ICNIRP reference levelsType of
exposureFrequency
rangeElectric field
Strength (V/m)Magnetic fieldStrength (A/m)
Equivalent PlaneWave power
Density Seq (W/m2)
General public
Up to 1 Hz - 2x104 -
1-8 Hz 10 000 2x104 /f2 -
8-25 Hz 10 000 5 000/f -
0.025-0.8 kHz 250/f 4/f -
0.8-3 kHz 250/f 5 -
3-150 kHz 87 5 -
0.15-1 MHz 87 0.73/f -
1-10 MHz 87/f ½ 0.73/f -
10-400 MHz 28 0.073 2
400-2000 MHz 1.375f ½ 0.0037f½ f/200
2-300 GHz 61 0.16 10
Summary of ICNIRP exposure guidelines
Summary of exposure limits
General Public
S (Power density)
W/m2
E (Electric field intensity)
V/m
900 MHz 4.5 41.3
1800 MHz 9.0 58.3
S=ExH, E/H= 377 ohm, S= E2/377
9
Achieving compliance
• Identify appropriate compliance limits• Perform exposure assessment for
intentional transmitters only• If needed, perform by calculations or
measurement.• If the EMF exposure assessment
indicates pertinent exposure limits may be exceeded in areas where people maybe present, mitigation/ avoidance measures should be applied.
10
Exposure classification
• Compliance zone– Potential exposure to EMF is below the
applicable limits
• Occupational zone– Potential exposure to EMF is below the limits
for occupational exposure but exceeds the limits for general public exposure
• Exceedance zone– Potential exposure to EMF exceeds the limits
for both, occupational and general public exposure
Exposure zones
12
Mitigation techniques
• Occupational zone– Restrict access to general public
• Physical barriers, lock out procedures or adequate signs can accomplish the access restriction.
– Workers may be permitted to enter the area• Workers entering the occupational zone
should be informed
13
Mitigation techniques
• Exceedance zone– Restrict access to workers and the
general public• If workers need to enter the area, take
steps to control the exposure– Temporarily reduce the power of the emitter,– Controlling the duration of the exposure so that
time averaged exposure is within safety limits,– Use shielding or protective clothing
14
Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)
• SAR is a dosimetric quantity that is widely adopted to quantify the radiation from mobile phones.
• SAR is used to measure the amount of RF energy absorbed into the head during the use of mobile phone.
• SAR values are a measure of the maximum absorption of energy per unit of tissue mass of a person exposed to RF radiation over a given period of time; or in simple terms, the power absorbed per unit mass.
• The unit for SAR is watts per kilogram (W kg-1). This measurement is made over 10 g of tissue.
Installation Compliance Scheme
• Inherently compliant- complies with limit a few centimeter away.
• Normally compliant- exceedance zone is not normally accessibly to public.
• Provisionally compliant- require special measure to achieve compliance.
EMF evaluation techniques
A. Calculation methoda. Prediction of RF fields
b. Calculation to determine EIRPth
B. Software simulation
C. Field measurement
Prediction for RF field
2 m
222 xhR
x
h1–tan
22)(
4
56.2
hx
EIRPFS
To simplify the foregoing, define h' = h – 2 [m]. Using trigonometry,
Taking into account reflections from the ground, the power density becomes:
2.56 may be replaced by 4, for 100% reflection
)()(
22 hx
EIRPFS
Procedure to determine installation class
• Define antenna types.• Define set of accessibility conditions.• Define threshold EIRP for given antenna type and
accessibility condition.• For each site, an installation is normally compliant if
following criteria is met:
1,
i ith
i
EIRP
EIRP
Antenna directivity categories
• Half wave dipole
• Broad coverage antenna (omnidirectional or sectoral)
• High-gain producing a pencil beam
Accessibility categories
h
Accessibility category 1
Accessibility category 2
Accessibility category 3
Access. Cat. 4 a
Access. Cat. 4 b
Measurement
•SAR measurement human head phantom and automatic
system very important for the hand sets
manufacturers
•Electric field strength measurement broad band – cheap but with
overestimation frequency selective – more
expensive and time consuming, require post processing
•On site and laboratory
Measurementadvantages
•It takes into account all radiating sources with real parameters
•It takes into account real environment (reflections, antenna supporting hardware, obstacles)
•Takes into account simultaneous exposure in the real way
(phase differences of the different waves are taken into account)
Measurementadvantages
•It can be done with little knowledge about radiating sources (initial measurement of the occupied spectrum is required only)
•Good quality measurement equipment is accessible on the market
•A live demonstration of the measurement to the interested people is possible
Measurementdisadvantages
•Measurement is not possible for the radiating
sources that do not exist yet•It is difficult to take into account
the time variation of the EMF (for example mobile communication)
•The effect of the presence of staff and equipment on the
EMF distribution has to be avoided
•SAR measurements have to use phantoms that are
approximations only of the human body
Measurementdisadvantages
•It is difficult to confirm and check that all the sources are operating with maximum ERP
•In the multiple sources environment a post processing is required because of different limits for different operating frequencies
•Out of band emissions may lead to overestimation in the in-band measurement
Calculationsadvantages
•Non existing radiating sources can
be considered
•The possibility to take into account
the maximum possible radiation levels
(ERP’s) that lead to the maximum
possible exposure levels
•There are many calculation
methods with different level of
accuracy
•The calculation with high level of
overestimation is very easy to use
ITU-T Technical Session on EMFGeneva, 27 May 2009
Calculationsadvantages
•Calculation costs are lower then the cost of measurements•It gives an opportunity to use mitigation technique if required•It is possible to make calculation in areas with no access
Calculationsdisadvantages
•Very accurate results require detailed description of the radiating antennas
•In most cases do not take into account the influence of reflections
•Require good knowledge of the software used
•Require at least basic knowledge concerning transmitting antennas
FEKO software
Measurement vs. Calculations
•Human exposure assessment
may be done by measurement or
calculations
•Both methods have advantages
and disadvantages
•Both methods have similar level
of uncertainty and accuracy
depending on the method and
equipment or software used
Mitigation techniques• Decrease in transmitter power
• Increase in antenna height
• Decrease in the Vertical Radiation Pattern (VRP) downtilt
• Increase in antenna gain (directivity)
• Change in VRP
• Change in HRP
• Multiple methods applied simultaneously
34
Indian scenario• Existing BTS to be guidelines compliant and self
certified.• New BTS to radiate only after self certificate.• TERM cell to test up to 10% of BTS.• Old BTS audit in case of public complaint.• Testing charge Rs. Ten thousand.• Tools and equipment by service provider.• Penalty of Rs. 5 lakh.• Testing status on website.• Total testing by TERM cells on payment.
Status so far
• TEC has developed the following documents-
– Testing procedure for SAR measurement system
– Generic Requirement for EMF strength measuring system
– The test procedure for EMF measurement is likely by August 2009, after consulting all the stakeholders.
– TEC is setting up a SAR lab35
36
WHO observations
Fact sheet N°304May 2006…ConclusionsConsidering the very low exposure levels and research results collected to date, there is no convincing scientific evidence that the weak RF signals from base stations and wireless networks cause adverse health effects.
37
THANKS
Rough calculation for exclusion zoneRough calculation for exclusion zone
1. Output power per carrier is 20W, sectoral antenna gain about 16-18 dbi in cities and 33 dbi on highways.
2. Neglect cable loss, and assume 4 carriers, the worst case for main lobe in city will be:
20W=43 dbm
EIRP per carrier= 43dbm+ 18dbi= 61dbm=1258.925W
Total EIRP= 4 x 1258.925= 5037.7W
Using K.70 formula, D=6.38 x √ (EIRP/f)= 15.1m
This is the worst case value as cable loss is neglected and also main lobeassumed.