Information to answer the questions in the survey was gathered from one or more of the following sources:• Active Range Assessment program• Defense Installation Restoration Program• Compliance monitoring programs• Range management activities• Environmental Impact Statements• State or Federal permits

• Many of the emerging contaminants identified by ranges are also of concern for other functional areas with DoD, e.g., the cleanup program, acquisitions.

• Perchlorate, lead, and RDX are the top emerging contaminants that ranges identified as most likely to be of concern in the future.

• 55 percent of the ranges surveyed have one or more federal or state listed species of concern (i.e., threatened or endangered) present on the range.

• 20 percent of ranges have an unique natural resources (e.g., a sole source aquifer) that could prevent a training activity or system from being used because the activity or system either releases or may potentially release emerging contaminants into the environment.

• DoD policy on responding to releases of emerging contaminants needs to be clarified and communicated; especially information about programming and budgeting responsibilities.

• Discharge of liquid wastes containing chemical solvents.

• Sources are unknown• Historical range usage /

Routine Operations

• Use of permitted, unlined hazardous waste landfill.

• Rocket motor static firing on test stands

• Open Burning / Open Detonation Areas

• 40 chemicals identified

• 6 AL listed chemicals (chromium was listed as both chromium and hexavalent chromium; hexavalent chromium is on the AL)

• 6 WL listed chemicals

Emerging Contaminants on Ranges: Analysis of Survey DataAndrew Rak, Mike Simmons, and Dick Wright

Noblis, Falls Church, VA

Respondent Profile31 Potential respondents23 REG members8 Non-REG Members

Department Breakdown11 = Army1 = Marines8 = Navy9 = Air Force2 = non-DoD

Range Type7 = Training24 = Testing and evaluation

Response60% response rate (at least partial response)18 complete answers11 no answers2 partial answers

Exposure Pathways (Human)• Ingestion (food, soil, and water)• Dermal Contact (soil and water)• InhalationExposure Pathways (Ecological)• Ingestion (food, soil, and water)• Dermal Contact (soil and water)• Inhalation• Direct contact with root and leaves

These chemicals have driven specific environmental response action at ranges.• Perchlorate• Tetrachloroethylene

(PCE)• Trichloroethylene

(TCE)

Introduction Data Sources

Sources of ECs

Pathways Receptors

Conclusions

Findings

Range Conceptual Site Model

Types of Training, Testing or EvaluationActivities at Ranges

AL

AZ

AR

CA CO

CT

DE

FL

GA

ID

IL IN

IA

KS

KY

LA

ME

MD

MAMI

MIMN

MS

MO

MT

NENV

NH

NJ

NM

NY

NC

ND

OH

OK

OR

PA

RI

SC

SD

TN

TX

UT

VT

VA

WA

WV

WIWY

AK

HI

45th Space Wing

White Sands Missile RangeHigh Energy Laser Systems Test Facility

Space & Missile Defense Command-Reagan Test Site

Ft. Bragg

Electronic Proving Ground

Yuma Proving Ground

Dugway Proving Ground

Army

DoE

Aberdeen Test Center

National Training Center

30th Space Wing

Air Force Flight Test Center

Air Armament Center

Arnold Engineering Development Center

Barry M. Goldwater Range

Holloman AFB

Air Force

Marines

NAVAIR China Lake

NAS Fallon (Fallon Range Training Complex)

NAVAIR Point Mugu

NAVAIR Ranges

Naval Undersea Warfare Center-AUTEC

Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton

Pacific Missile Range FacilityFort Richardson

Nevada Test and Training Range

Utah Test and Training Range

National Nuclear Security AdministrationDTRA National Nuclear Security Administration

Naval Undersea Warfare Center-Div Keyport

Fort LewisNavy

REG Non-REG

Naval Undersea Warfare Center-Div Newport

Chemical Name

Terbufos sulfone N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA) N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine (NDPA) N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine (NDBA) N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) Metolachlor OA Metolachlor ESA Metolachlor Dimethoate Alachlor OA Alachlor ESA Alachlor Acetochlor oxanilic acid (OA) Acetochlor ethane sulfonic acid (ESA) Acetochlor 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (HBB) 1,3-dinitrobenzeneChromium 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) 2,2',4,4',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-100)2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99) 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-153)Trichloroethylene (TCE)Perchlorate Naphthalene Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) Tungsten Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE) Tetrachloroethylene (PCE)Nickel Lead compounds Hexavalent chromium (Cr VI) Dinitrotoluene (DNT)Beryllium 1,2,3-trichloropropane (TCP)1,4-dioxane

CAS #

56070-16-7930-55-210595-95-6621-64-7924-16-362-75-955-18-5152019-73-3171118-09-551218-45-260-51-5

142363-53-915972-60-8184992-44-4187022-11-334256-82-1118-96-759080-40-999-65-07440-47-35436-43-1189084-64-860348-60-968631-49-279-01-614797-73-091-20-3121-82-47440-33-7

127-18-47440-02-07439-92-118540-29-925321-14-67440-41-779-01-6123-91-1

Notes

AL*

ALALALALWL

WLWLWLAL*WLAL

WL

Table 1 ECs Identified by Ranges That are Driving Current Response Actions

Emerging Contaminants that Ranges Identified as Potential Future Issues

Potential Emerging Contaminant

Perchlorate

Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX)

Lead compounds

Trichloroethylene (TCE)

Dinitrotoluene (DNT)

Depleted Uranium

Beryllium

Tungsten

2,4,6 TNT

Total Dissolved Solids

Arsenic

Copper

Mercury

Molybdenum

Uranium

Zinc

Chromium

HMX

Hydrazine

Hypergolics

Dioxins

NDMA

PCE

Chem/Bio agent simulants

Type

Inorganic

Organic

Inorganic

Organic

Organic

Inorganic

Inorganic

Inorganic

Organic

Other

Inorganic

Inorganic

Inorganic

Inorganic

Inorganic

Inorganic

Inorganic

Organic

Organic

Organic

Organic

Organic

Organic

Other

No.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

No. of TimesListed15

6

5

4

3

2

2

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Notes

AL

WL

AL

WL

WL

WL

AL

WL

WL

WL

Potential Emerging Contaminant

PerchlorateCyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX)Lead compoundsTrichloroethylene (TCE)Dinitrotoluene (DNT)Depleted UraniumBerylliumTungsten2,4,6 TNTTotal Dissolved Solids ArsenicCopperMercuryMolybdenumUraniumZincChromiumHMXHydrazineHypergolicsDioxinsNDMAPCEChem/Bio agent simulants

Type

InorganicOrganicInorganicOrganicOrganicInorganicInorganicInorganicOrganicOtherInorganicInorganicInorganicInorganicInorganicInorganicInorganicOrganicOrganicOrganicOrganicOrganicOrganicOther

No.

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.

No. of TimesListed1565432222111111111111111

Notes

ALALWLALWL

ALWL

AL

WL

WL

Ecological Receptors (Now or In The Future) That Are or Could Be Exposed To Emerging Contaminants• Numerous wildlife species depending on habitat that

potential contaminant is located. - Bald Eagle, waterfowl, osprey, Spawning and

migrating fish, migratory birds, song birds, mammals to include foxes, deer, squirrels, beavers, skunk, ground hogs, turkey, raccoons, chipmunks and opposum.

- Rodents, reptiles, birds, large and small mammals, invertebrates

• Marine wildlife including marine mammals - Sea turtles, giant clams, conch snails, coconut crabs,

sea grass, and coral reefs.• Fish or other aquatic resources within surface waters. - Blue crab, American shad, hickory shad, alewife,

blueback herring, striped bass, white perch, Atlantic sturgeon, shortnose sturgeon, sunfish, largemouth bass, and yellow perch.

• Deciduous forest areas - White oak, southern red oak, black oak, northern red

oak, beech, sweet gum, red maple, pin oak, yellow poplar, sycamore, black locust, and black cherry

• None

Human Receptors (Now or In The Future) Who Are or Could Be Exposed To Emerging Contaminants• Potential on-site human receptors include - DoD employees or their contractors. - Personnel conducting Range Clearing activities or

Target Rebuilding. - Personnel in the field performing training operations;

personnel on ground performing land maneuvers near target areas

- Authorized personnel investigating land impacts and indigenous populations of surrounding islets.

- Recreators, trespassers • Potential off-post human receptors include - Residents living near the fence line - Civilian, military and contractors performing tests

outside of range boundaries - Recreators, trespassers • None - The installation is a remote testing site located in the

Desert. Note: Answers in the survey have been edited to limit the visibility of any one specific range. In addition, not all respondents answered all questions so the number of valid responses varies among questions. All percentages are rounded to the nearest whole number so some totals may exceed 100 percent.

Developed for:

Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Installations and Environment)

Emerging Contaminants Directorate

http://www.acq.osd.mil/ie/index.htm

And

Range Commanders Council

Range Environmental Group

https://wsmrc2vger.wsmr.army.mil/rcc/

Developed Under Contract to:

Air Force Institute for Operational Health

http://www.brooks.af.mil/afioh/

The activities at training, testing and evaluation ranges may result in the release of chemicals on the range. Many of the chemicals released are defined as emerging contaminants which are chemicals or materials that (1) have either a real or perceived threat to human health or environment and (2) no peer reviewed health standard or an evolving standard. In addition, by definition, emerging contaminants must be related to DoD activities on a range. The objectives of this project are to (1) define the scope of the risks from emerging contaminants on DoD ranges and (2) identify potential risk management options. Thirty one DoD ranges were surveyed to gather data to address the project objectives. The survey responses indicate that both human and environmental receptors may be exposed to emerging contaminants at some ranges. Environmental response actions to mitigate exposures have already been initiated at some ranges. The responses indicate that range managers anticipate that emerging contaminants will continue to play an important role in influencing how ranges are managed. This preliminary review of the survey data identified some of the predominant emerging contaminants specific to ranges. Next steps include additional data analysis of the source terms to better understand the types and amounts of chemicals released during training and testing activities.

PRECIPITATION8”/YR.

UXO

BIRDS

MAMMALS

LOW-ORDERDETONATIONS

DRY LAKE BED

50°F

90°F

AVERAGETEMPERATURES

SUBTROPICALDESERTCLIMATE

WILDLIFE

MOUNTAINS

Active RangeSubtropical Desert Climate ■ Very Low Precipitation ■ Very Dry Soil ■ Ephemeral StreamsVery Deep Groundwater TableSoil Invertebrate: Primarily InsectsBirds, Mammals Potentially Exposed ■ Direct Contact with Soil/Sediment ■ On- & Off-Range Exposure Areas

Models: ■ Barry Goldwater Range (AZ) ■ National Training Center (CA)

EP

HE

ME

RA

L S

TR

EA

M

12%4%5%3%

8%

5%

11%

14% 13%

11%

14%Air-to-Air or Surface-to-Air

Air-to-Ground

Land Maneuver

Land Impact AreasLand Firing Range

C2W/Electronic Warfare

Ocean Operating Area

MOUT

Underwater Tracking RangeAmphibious Area Other

AL - Chemical already on the Action List (AL)WL - Chemical already on the Watch List (WL)

* - On the AL as hexavalent chromium

AL - Chemical already on the Action ListWL - Chemical already on the Watch List

The Office of the Assistant Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Installations and Environment and the Range Commanders' Council (RCC), Range Environmental Group jointly funded a project to assess the risks of emerging contaminants (ECs) to ranges and to develop risk management options for range Commanders. ECs are defined as chemicals or materials that (1) have either a real or perceived threat to human health or environment and (2) no peer reviewed health standard or an evolving standard. As part of this project, OSD and the RCC requested that a survey training and testing ranges to help define the scope of the risks from emerging contaminants. This review of the survey data identifies some of the ECs and EC related issues specific to ranges. The survey was also important in the identification of source terms, pathways, and potential receptors for ECs on ranges as part of conceptual site model development. Next steps include further data analysis, addition of munitions expenditure data to better define the source term, and the addition of limited sampling data from the Services' operational range assessment programs.

Reported Exposure Pathways

Media Exp. Point

Oral

Dermal

Inhale

GroundWater

Air

Soil

Food

SurfaceWater

Sediment