Emergence of Genocide in Africa Karana Olivier M.A. Anthropology, NYU M.A. Intl Peace Studies, ND.
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Transcript of Emergence of Genocide in Africa Karana Olivier M.A. Anthropology, NYU M.A. Intl Peace Studies, ND.
Emergence of Genocide in Africa
Karana OlivierM.A. Anthropology, NYU
M.A. Intl Peace Studies, ND
Genocide
International Convention
for the Prevention of Genocide 1948
Article 1
The Contracting Parties confirm that genocide […] is a crime […] they undertake to prevent and to punish.
GenocideArticle 2
Genocide means any of the following acts committed with INTENT to DESTROY, in whole or in part,
a NATIONAL, ETHNICAL, RACIAL, `OR RELIGIOUS GROUP, AS SUCH:
• (a) Killing; • (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm; • (c) Deliberately inflicting living conditions calculated to
bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; • (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births; • (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another
group.
Genocide
Article 2
Genocide means any of the following acts
• INTENT
• DESTROY,
• NATIONAL, ETHNICAL, RACIAL, OR RELIGIOUS GROUP,
• AS SUCH:
Genocide
Article 3The following acts shall be punishable:• (a) Genocide; • (b) Conspiracy to commit genocide; • (c) Direct and public incitement to commit
genocide; • (d) Attempt to commit genocide; • (e) Complicity in genocide.
Genocide
Article 4
Persons committing […] the acts enumerated in Article 3
shall be punished whether they are rulers, public officials or private individuals.
COLD WAR
COLD WAR LEADERS
SUDAN’S RED SOUTHIsraeli and Soviet support
RWANDA
Genocide Images
History of Hierarchy & Colonialism
• Rwanda and Burundi has a class system based on patronage. A hierarchy and vertical mobility.
• Belgians misinterpret this hierarchy as fixed and decide to favor one particular group.
COLONIAL PERIOD
GERMANY BELGIUM
Ethnicity and Politics in Rwanda
KAYIBANDA 1962-73
RWANDA
Important dates1956-62 Parmehutu, independence1971 Hutu Massacre in Burundi
HABYARIMANA 1973-94
RWANDA
Important date1990 Tutsi-dominated RPF invades Rwanda1993 UNAMIR monitors peace agreement.
KAGAME
ANNAN, DALLAIRE, UNAMIR
RWANDA
Important dates1990 Tutsi-dominated RPF invades RwandaApril-July 1994 GenocideJune – August 1994 Operation turquoiseNovember 1994 Creation of ICTR
BIZIMUNGU 1994-2000
KAGAME
DARFUR
IMAGES OF CRISIS
ROUGH NEIGHBORHOOD
DARFUR
Important dates 1980s Drought 2003 Rebellion 2005 CPA 2006 DPA
DROUGHT
NORTH SOUTH WAR
SLA Abdul Wahid
SLA MINI MINAWI
Justice Equality Movement
Arab-African relations
Changing face of Darfur
What comes next?
• How would we treat past aggressions?
• Remember or Forget?
• Universal Jurisdiction
• Truth Commissions.
• ICC
• Traditional methods - Gacaca
QUESTIONS?