ELTR 1223 Survey of Renewable

Energy Technology

Unit 5 Wind Energy Technology

Source:

REEC 120 Sustainability and Renewable Energy

Use Policy This material was developed by Timothy J. Wilhelm, P.E., Kankakee Community

College, with funding from the National Science Foundation as part of ATE Grant No.

0802786.

Additional changes were incorporated for REED 120 with funding from the Trade

Adjustment Assistance Community College and Career Training (TAACCCT)

SGA/DFA PY 10-03

All materials in this presentation are designed and intended for educational use, only.

They may not be used for any publication or commercial purposes.

Source:

Author, Editors/Reviewers

Author: Timothy J. Wilhelm, P.E., Kankakee

Community College

Editors/Modifier: Chris Miller Heartland

Community College

Source:

Objectives

Students will be able to describe, in very simple

terms, at least three different styles of “prime

mover” used to convert linear air movement

(wind) into rotational shaft movement.

Students will be able to briefly describe, in very

simple terms, at least two of the basic criteria for

properly siting a modern wind turbine.

Source:

Objectives

Students will be able to describe, in very simple

terms, how change in wind speed affects the

output of a modern wind-driven generator.

Students will be able to describe, in very simple

terms, three different size-groups of modern

wind turbines and their typical applications.

Source:

Objectives

Students will be able to describe, in very simple

terms, at least three advantages and three

disadvantages, to a local community, relative to

the local construction of a commercial wind

farm.

Source:

One of the Earliest Applications of Wind

Power

Source: http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/energyexplained/images/WINDENERGY1.gif

Wind Energy History

5000 BC – Wind-driven sail boats were moving

on the Nile River

200 BC – Wind-powered pumps were moving

water in China;

and, sail-wing windmills (with woven-reed sails)

were used in Persia and the Middle East

What is a mill?

Mill (noun):

a. A building equipped with machinery for grinding

grain into flour or meal.

b. A device or mechanism that grinds grain.

Mill (verb):

a. To grind, pulverize, or break down into smaller

particles.

Driving a Mill

Horse-Powered vs. Wind-Powered

Source: http://www.tvnet.lv/men/images/upload/04.jpg

The Term “Mill” Stuck…

Wind “Mill” pumps have been used for centuries

in the Netherlands.

Windmills to Drive Generators

Charles Bruch – GE, Cleveland, OH

Brush Windmill – 1888

50’ diameter

144 cedar blades

12KW generator

Battery charger

Source:

http://ecoinventos.files.wordpress.com/2007/05/220237i1.jpg

Source:

http://centros5.pntic.mec.es

/ies.victoria.kent/Rincon-

C/Curiosid/rc-

74/image006.jpg

How to Divert Wind Energy

Vertical Axis Machines

Simplest

Least efficient

Horizontal Axis Machines

Requires “yaw” control – face the wind

Can be “upwind” or “downwind”

Drag-type blades – applies to both V and H

Lift-type airfoils – applies to both V and H

Drag vs. Lift

Linear wind

PUSHES

against angled

surface and

resulting force

vectors create

torque.

Drag vs. Lift

Lift-type airfoils use the Bournelli Effect.

Single-sided vs. true airfoil

Source: http://thales.cica.es/rd/Recursos/rd99/ed99-0226-01/liftmovi.gif

Machine Types – VA va HA

Source: http://www.redriven.net/skin1/images/wtconfig.gif

Vertical vs. Horizontal Axis

Vertical axis machines do not care

which direction the wind is from.

Simple, but inefficient.

Unless shrouded, they fight

themselves.

Vertical vs. Horizontal Axis

Vertical requires yaw

control and often a

mechanical power

transmission.

More complex.

More efficient.

Source: http://www.acsaeolica.com/img/productos_torre06.jpg

Savonius – Vertical Axis, Drag

Source: http://www.reuk.co.uk/Savonius-Wind-Turbines.htm

Darius – Vertical Axis, Lift

Source: http://www.reuk.co.uk/OtherImages/darrieus-rotor.jpg

Midwest Windpumper -- Drag

Modern Windgennie -- Lift

Source: http://i.treehugger.com/files/airx.jpg

Upwind vs Downwind

Source:

http://thales.cica.es/rd/Recursos/rd99/ed99-

0226-01/sotovento.jpg

Source: http://hensonelectric.com/Excel.Color.jpg

2-Blade vs. 3-Blade (vs. 1Blade?)

Source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_PpVQS40h-

MA/R5j4vqOuD9I/AAAAAAAAAKA/F3sOpAGsZdc/s320/aerogerador%

2Bmoinho%2Bvento.jpg

Wind-Driven Electrical Generators

PM Field DC Generators Smaller machines

Battery charging and inversion

PM Field AC Alternators “Wild” AC

Rectified for battery charging and inversion

Synchronous Alternators Larger machines

Often 3-phase

Grid-tied, only

Modern Wind Generators

Horizontal axis

3-bladed

True airfoil

Loss-of-load protection

Modern electronics

High Wind protection

Yaw control

Pitch control

Modern Wind Generators

Source: http://www.testek.com/images/diagram.gif

High-Wind Yaw Control

High winds mechanically

force the face of the turbine

away from the direct force of

the wind.

Some machines rotate face

sideways.

Some machines tilt face back

toward the sky.

Pitch Control – relies on “Stall”

PLC Control

maintains constant

rpm needed for AC

grid-tie machines.

Source: http://thales.cica.es/rd/Recursos/rd99/ed99-0226-01/stallmov.gif

Source: http://thales.cica.es/rd/Recursos/rd99/ed99-

0226-01/pitchmo.gif

Wind Siting – Wind Speed is CRITICAL

Power is proportional to the cube of the wind

speed…(wind speed)3 !

Wind Turbine

Siting – Wind

Speed

Estimates

Source: http://www.seps.sk/zp/fond/2002/vietor/enq2.jpg

Wind Turbine Siting – Wind Maps

Wind Turbine Siting – Wind Rose

Wide wedges gives the relative frequency of each of the 12 wind directions.

2nd wedge tells how much each sector contributes to the average wind speed.

Red wedge how much each sector contributes to the energy content of the wind.

Source: www.windpower.org

Wind Turbine Siting – Terrain Effects

Laminar flow vs turbulent flow

Roughness and obstacles

Laminar flow (straight-line) winds are available aloft.

Rule of Thumb:

Bottom of turbine’s swept area should be 30’ to 50’

above anything within a 300’ horizontal radius.

Power-cubed – wind-speed relationship…taller tower

is cheaper than heavier machine with heavier tower.

Speed up effect

Hill effect

Speed up effects

Tunnel effect

Sizes and Applications

Small wind – residential

10KW and less

Small wind – commercial

100KW and less

Large wind – commercial wind farms, industrial

applications

Small wind issues

Suitable wind resource

Sufficient property/space

Allowed by zoning

Accepted by neighbors

Technical ability of the owner to maintain the

machine

Tower types – monopole, lattice, guyed, tilt-up

Tower types

Source:

http://www.northerntool.com/images/product/images/339987_m

ed.gif

Commercial wind siting

Same as small wind, plus…

Sufficient participating land owners

Proper zoning ordinance

Special Use Permit Application

County Planning Commission

County Zoning Board of Appeals

County Board

Special Use Permit Granted

Building Permit Application and Approval

Commercial Wind issues

Shadow Flicker

Blade Glimmer

Amplitude Modulation Noise

Infrasound

Disturbance of the natural vista

Vibro-Acoustic Disease/Wind Turbine Syndrome

TV and Communications Interference

Interesting Experiences

Future? Maglev Wind Turbine

Source: http://www.technogeek.ro/images/turbina_maglev.jpg