ELTR 1223Survey of Renewable

Energy Technology

Energy Conservation

Unit 3

Source:

Use Policy This material was developed by

Timothy J. Wilhelm, P.E., Kankakee Community College, with funding from the National Science Foundation as part of ATE Grant No. 0802786.

All materials in this presentation are designed and intended for educational use, only. They may not be used for any publication or commercial purposes.

Source:

Author, Editors/Reviewers Author: Timothy J. Wilhelm, P.E.,

Kankakee Community College Editors/Reviewers: Chris Miller Heartland Community

College

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Objectives Students will be able to describe the

modern idea of “energy conservation:” using the phrases “energy conversion(s)” and “resource (or commodity) consumption.”

Students will be able to list the common, contemporary energy uses in a typical home, and rank them in order from greatest to least.

Source:

Objectives Students will be able to discuss at

least 5 typical, individual energy uses in a contemporary U.S. home and describe how the idea of “energy conservation” can be gainfully applied to each individual energy use.

Students will be able to discuss the contemporary idea of “energy conservation” relative to the modern idea of transportation. Source:

A Little Review from Last Session Climate change

The U.N.’s Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), defines “climate change” as: “a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human …”

The UNFCCC makes a distinction between “climate change” attributable to human activities, and “climate variability” attributable to natural causes.

Global Warming and Climate Change Debate

Will things like this accelerate climate change?

Source: http://media.grupojoly.com//cache//0000546526_230x230_jpg000.jpg

Largest Japanese Eruption in 50 years

Source: Daily Mail Reporter, 27th January 2011

Will things like this accelerate climate change?

Let’s Look at Tesla’s Article• 1) Increase Human Mass

– Sustainable food production/soil fertilization

• 2) Decrease Retarding Forces/Resistance– Education– Decrease War/Strive for Global Peace

• 3) Increase the Accelerating Force– Harness the Sun’s Energy

Written and published in 1900!

What is “energy conservation?”

What is “Energy Conservation?”

Energy is not consumed, it’s converted!

Energy conservation is not really about “consuming” less energy.

Energy Conservation is really Commodity conservation.

How do we enact “Energy Conservation?”

Reduce the loss or waste of the final form of energy we are using, where we are using it – trap it or focus it.

Use more efficient energy conversion processes. This means convert the available or

“fuel” form of energy into as much of the desired form of energy as possible.

Energy Efficiency

Energy Efficiency = Energy actually applied to its intended purpose / total energy supplied to the process, machine, or system Eff. = Eout / Ein

Example: Locally, electric resistance heaters are 100% efficient; BUT…

A Few Principles of Energy Efficiency

• Energy always follows the path of least resistance from a high potential area to a low potential area, seeking equilibrium.

• Most energy conversions are NOT 100% efficient.

• The more conversions made from beginning input to final output, the less efficient the system will be.

• Local conversion is typically more energy efficient than remote, centralized conversion due to transmission losses.

Typical Residential Energy UseRanked Largest to Smallest

#1 – Space Conditioning (HVAC) #2 – Water Heating/Domestic Hot

Water #3 – Refrigeration and Freezing of

Food #4 – Clothes Washing and Drying #5 – Cooking #6 – Lighting #7 – Electronics

#4 thru #7 May Vary in Order

Space conditioning -- HVAC

HVAC Principles

• Energy moves…– from hi pressure to low pressure, until the

pressures are equal– From areas of abundance to areas of lack,

until the relative abundance and lack disappears into homogeneity

• Heat energy moves…– From areas of high temperature to areas of

low temperature, until the temperatures in both areas are equal.

HVAC Principles• Heat and Temperature are DIFFERENT• “Heat” refers to the quantity of energy present

– Typically measured in units like calories or BTUs• “Temperature” refers to the “intensity” of the

energy within the space or material containing it– Typically measured in degrees Fahrenheit or Celsius

30 seconds of torch time on a small nail, vs. 30 seconds of torch time on a railroad spike…

same heat energy, very different temperatures!

HVAC Conservation Principles• Shelter-building is about creating an enclosed

space with a hospitable temperature within, its walls forming a barrier between 2 temperature zones.

• The greater the temperature difference between 2 zones the faster the transfer of heat energy.

• The larger the surface area of the barrier between the zones, the faster the transfer of heat energy.

• The more “conductive” the barrier between the zones, the faster the transfer of heat energy.

HVAC Conservation Principles• The concept of “air infiltration.”

– Gaps in the barrier between two temperature zones lead to more rapid transfer of hear energy.

• Examples:– Gaps around moveable window panes– Gaps around and under doors– Gaps in siding and framing– Others?

4, 6’ 8” x 3’ doors, with 1/16” gaps all around = a hole in the wall that is _______ x

_________

HVAC Conservation?

Given all the aforementioned principles, list as many ideas as you can think of to employ the principle of “energy conservation” relative to heating and cooling a home…

Reduce the Volume and Mass!

Source: http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/51v9gi1H3FL._SL160_.jpg

Source: http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/51y%2BgoWzipL._SL160_.jpg

Reduce the Barrier Surface Area!

Source: http://www.domehome.com/images/400.jpg

Reduce the Conductivity = Increase the Insulation!

Source: http://img.findaproperty.com/library/new/insulateroof.jpg

Types of Insulation Fiberglass Batts and Rolls

Source: http://factoidz.com/images/user/insulation.jpg

Types of Insulation Blown-in Cellulose & Fiberglass

Source: http://img215.imageshack.us/img215/8112/differentkindsofinsulat.jpg

Types of Insulation Spray-in Foam

Source: http://oikos.com/library/showcase/iris_communications/spray-foam_roof-640.jpg

Types of Insulation Rigid Foams

Source: http://www.homeconstructionimprovement.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/extruded-polystyrene-insulation.jpg

Source: http://www.archithings.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/Retrofit-Insulation-on-CMU-wall-588x622.jpg

Types of Insulation Bubble Foil

Source: http://www.byggportalen.se/bilder/banners/4366_LP_Isolering.jpg

Source: http://www.solavis.com.au/images/foil/4.jpg

Insulation Cautions! Do NOT block venting soffits! Do NOT cover recessed lighting

cans! “Faced” insulation should have the

facing on the warm side -- the inside – of the house.

Rigid foam is typically installed on the outside of the building.

AVOID creating condensation!

Avoid This…

Economics of Insulation Simple Payback =

Cost for insulation / annual energy cost savings

Simple payback in years represents the time it will take for energy savings to equal the cost of insulation.

Simple payback does not include several factors including discount rate, study period, tax implications, etc.

Economics of Insulation Weatherization and new insulation in

a home can earn a simple payback of 2 to 4 years.

Caulk window and door frames Plug wiring and plumbing holes in top

wall plates Seal electrical outlets Weather-strip doors and windows Insulate attic (#1), walls (#2), and

foundation (#3)

Decrease the temperature difference= Lower the Thermostat!

Source: http://i.ehow.com/images/a05/2m/4i/wire-central-air-thermostat-800X800.jpg

Increase the Energy Conversion Efficiency

• Electric Resistance heat = 100% efficient, or c.o.p. = 1.0

• Standard Heat Pump, c.o.p. = greater than 1.0 until the outside temperature gets down into the low 30’s or very high 20’s

• Ground-Source Heat Pump, c.o.p. = 3.0 with outside temperature gets down into the low 30’s or very high 20’s

“Geothermal” Heat Pumps

Source: http://geothermalheatingandcooling.us/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/geothermal_heating_and_cooling-238x300.jpg

Water Heating

Water Heating in the USA Fill a big tank up with water… Put a burner under the tank… Set the thermostat to 120 degrees… Keep the water at 120 degrees all

day and all night, every day and every night.

Do you see any “energy conservation? problems here? What are they?

List all the losses and inefficiencies.

Another Water Heating StrategyTankless…instantaneous…on-

demand…

Source: http://demandware.edgesuite.net/aabh_prd/on/demandware.static/Sites-Appliance-Site/Sites-Appliance-Library/default/v1257620418044/buyersguide/tankless_heater_how.jpg

Tankless Water HeatersGreater Efficiency

Source: http://lib.store.yahoo.net/lib/lowenergysystems/paloma-ph24-md.jpg

Source: http://www.bosch.com.au/content/language1/img_boschLive/Bosch_26ehighflow.jpg

Pipe Insulation!

Source: http://www.cus.net/images/pipe_insulation.jpg

Refrigeration

Refrigeration Another form of heat pump

Pumps heat out of the fridge box and (typically) dumps it into your kitchen space.

Compressor and motor typically at the bottom, freezer section typically on top.

Do you see any “energy conservation problems here? What are they?

List all the losses and inefficiencies.

Alternative Refrigerators

Source: http://www.thenaturalabode.com

Laundry and Clothes Drying

New HE Washing Machines

Clothes Drying Alternative The Solar Clothes Dryer!!!

Source: http://www.uoguelph.ca/~wrs/Images/clothesline.jpg

Cooking and Baking

Cooking Alternatives Smaller surface area and smaller

zone to heat…

Source: http://www.regaloservice.com/images/appliance_02.jpg

Cooking Alternatives More efficient energy conversion…

Source: http://www.ifood.tv/files/images/ge-cafe-over-the-range-microwave-oven-appliancist-com.jpg

Lighting

Lighting Alternatives Task lighting vs. space lighting…

Source: http://www.improvenet.com/homeowner/lightingcenter/images/mini-pendants.jpg

Alternatives vs. Incandescent

Incandescent = 17.5 lumens/watt

HECF = 50 lumens/wattF40T12 Fluorescent = 60 lumens/watt

T8 Fluorescent = 80 lumens/watt

LEDs = 50 to 80+ lumens/watt

Source: http://www.developpementdurablelejournal.fr/local/cache-vignettes/L230xH335/arton5854-2c2e7.jpg

Electronics

Electronics…Phantom Loads

Wall Warts… Instant-on

heaters… 24-hour/day LEDs…

Check it with a true Power/Energy

Meter

Source: http://www.unplggd.com/uimages/unplggd/2008-02-25killawatt.jpg

Family Transportation

Energy Conservation in Transportation• The Bicycle is the most energy efficient

form of modern human transportation equipment!

• For other forms of transportation what factors effect the needed energy conversion?– Weight– Rolling friction– Wind resistance– Conversion efficiency– Others?

Behold the Smart Car!

Source: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_A_GqkrLZKVU/TMlgNV0uEDI/AAAAAAAAF58/xNgoDOi_HHQ/s400/Smart1.bmp

Behold the Unfortunate Driver!

Source: http://poorjudgement.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/notsosmartcar.jpg?w=450&h=337

COST Efficiency!!! Economics MUST be considered in

ALL energy conservation measures! What’s the “pay back?” Look at the big picture…

Most times energy conservation involves spending front-end money…

Grants, subsidies and tax credits are often available! http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/index.cfm?

re=1&ee=1&spv=0&st=0&srp=1&state=IL http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/index.cfm?

State=US&ee=1&re=1