Position statement

European Commission’s proposal for the directive on the introduction of alternative fuels infrastructure

KredEx, 13.02.2013

Why do we have a position?

• KredEx operates the largest quick charging network in Europe with more than 150 quick chargers running today

• The total number of quick chargers in our network will be 165

• We provide electric vehicle grants for full-EV’s and plug-in hybrids

• We run awareness raising campaigns for electric vehicles

The largest quick charging network in Europe

Quick factsProject start: March 2011Installation start: June 2012

Quick chargers working: 151Total number: 165

The directive

has strong impact to the electric vehicle market in coming years, because:

– it demands alternative fuel policy frameworks from national governments

– it regulates the infrastructure density in whole Europe

– it regulates the charging standards for whole Europe

Contents of our position

• General position• Position regarding national policy frameworks• Position regarding the standardization• Position regarding the density of the

infrastructure

GENERAL POSITION

Welcome!We welcome this proposal of the directive, because we believe that:

•Alternative fuel vehicles need a strong political support in the early years to overcome market barriers

•Member states should develop national policy frameworks regarding the alternative fuels

•Our experience shows that the missing public infrastructure is the main barrier for wider adoption of electric vehicles

• It demonstrates that we are on the right path to promote electric vehicles in Estonia

NATIONAL POLICY FRAMEWORKS

Key: the political commitment

We agree with Commission that in order to move to next level certain prerequisites must be fulfilled, especially national policy frameworks to support alternative fuels

However – this cannot be achieved in a hurry. The member states stand in different positions today and we should first level the playground.

Penetration of EV’s in various countries

Percentage of the EVs among car stock (M1 category)

National policy frameworks

• Focus should be on following topics:– Leveling the playground: raising the awareness– Penetration of alternative fuel vehicles– Deployment of the public infrastructure and interoperability– Sustainable financing mechanisms to support alternative

fuels uptake• Optional components:

– RD&I developments– Energy market regulation– Regulation of domestic/office charging

STANDARDIZATION

Charging use casesPrivate charging

Dedicated to one person

Usually with general house electricity bill

(Usually) None

Public charging

Anybody (with authorization)

Billing systems

RFID, SMS, keys, etc.

Who can charge

Payment method

Authentication

Main components of charging system

Connector/plugConnector/plug

carinlet

charging pointinlet

cable

Charging point Electric vehicle

Connector and inlet solutions for slow charging

Type 11 phasemax 32A, 230V

Type 21 and 3 phase32-63A, 230V, 400V

Type 31 and 3 phase32A, 230V, 400V

charging point side car side

Not widely used in the EU

Used in public charging in some countries in Europe (IRL, UK, DE, EE)

Used in few countries in Europe(FRA, IT)

Widely used in Europe for home charging

American, Japanese OEMs + PSA group + Renault early models

European manufacturers(now only Renault Zoe)

None

None

Connector type

Schüco1 phasemax 16A, 230V

Proposed as common plug for Europe

Connector and inlet solutions for fast charging

CHAdeMO

Combo2

charging point side is always fixed

car side

Japanese OEMs + PSA group

None

Renault Zoe

Connector type

AC

125A DC (max 200A)50kW (max 100kW)CAN-BUS communications

Up tp 200A DCUp to 100kWPLC communicationsGreenPHY protocol

Up tp 63A ACUp to 43kW

Proposed as common plugs for Europe

Language problem• Behind the fast charging plug is the language (protocol)• In case of Combo2 its GreenPHY Homeplug

– Standard protocol for data exchange over the power line for home smart grid solutions

– Faster, more data – Maybe unreliable (not dedicated line, noisy)– There is no need for extra functionality– Not available in any cars at the moment

• In case of CHAdeMO its CAN– Standard protocol for in-car data exchange (already in all cars)– robust but limited data scope– reliable (modern cars use CAN even to control brakes)– sufficient to control fast charging

Approach to choose the solution

• For private charging– It’s very local decision as EV user chooses its own “base

station” technology based on local market conditions.– The need for EU-wide consensus is overemphasized

• For public charging– There is clear need for fast charging solution– Fast charging is easier to set up as it demands less

locations (they are very expensive)– However – the technology needs to be well-tested and

proven, because its expensive and have long payback time

Fast charging

• It’s more expensive than AC charging– High connection fees– Hardware is more expensive– Maintenance and service is more expensive

• But it serves more cars per charging point• Users love quick charging

CHAdeMO vs Combo2

CHAdeMO• Longer experience• Well tested and proven• More cars available today• More installations in Europe• First car available in

European market: 2010

Combo2• Backed by ACEA• Allows two-in-one inlet• First car available in the EU

market: 2014

CHAdeMO vs Combo

CHAdeMO Combo1

Combo2

Side-by-side (measures)

CHAdeMO

Combo: 90,5x119,5 mm

CHAdeMO: 77x82,4 mm

Market development by models (in Estonia)

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2014+

A

B

C

J

LDV

Nissan eNV200Reanult Kangoo ZEPeugeot Partner ElectricCitroen Berlingo Electric

Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV

Opel AmperaRenault Fluence ZE

Nissan LeafToyota Prius Plug-in HybridRenault ZoeVolkswagen Golf ElectricBMW i3

Mitsubishi iMievCitroen C-ZeroPeugeot iON

Charging optionsCHAdeMO fast charging (8)AC slow only (2)AC Mode 3 Type 2/Type 3 (2)Combo Type 2 (2)

One plug does not solve the problem

We don’t think that one plug solves the European problems of alternative fuels uptake

• Electric vehicle charging infrastructure is still in rapid evolution process and we have too limited experience to commit to one plug type.

• EV’s have short range and therefore the need for pan-European single plug is over emphasized. It’s a local car.

• EV manufacturers can and already have adapted their models to local markets (Nordic-packages for example).

Our position

• Member states should adopt a catalogue fast charging standard: AC fast, CHAdeMO, Combo2

• Empower the consumer to make the choice!• Encourage multi-connector quick chargers – it

helps the younger standards (Combo2) to overcome it’s early adoption problems.

DENSITY OF INFRASTRUCTURE

Our experience

• Charging point locations and parking places are highly valued in cities

• Preparations to set up the charging spots are expensive

• You need to have optimal number of charging points that balances between convenience of users and cost of the infrastructure

• Quick charger is better solution for public infrastructure

Usage of quick chargers

• One quick charger can serve 10-20 electric vehicles per day

• Average charging power: 20kW• Theoretical capacity of QC: 480kWh per day• Realistic capacity of QC: 120kWh per day• Average charge per session: 7kWh• Number of cars per day our network of 165 quick

chargers can serve– Realistic scenario: 2500-3000 cars– Maximum scenario: 7000-10 000 cars

Principles of quick charger distribution

• 40-50km distance between charging points in main roads

• 1 charger in towns with 3000 – 10 000 inhabitants

• 1 quick charger per 10 000 inhabitants in larger cities

• Services (shopping, caffeteria, etc) nearby.

Our position

• Directive should set targets to PUBLIC chargers only. The number of private chargers does not need to be regulated.

• Quick chargers should be preferred and they should count for 7-10 regular chargers

• Quick chargers should be installed in main roads by the interval of 40 kilometers

• In cities with more than 3000 inhabitants, there should be one quick charger

• In larger cities (more than 10000 inhabitants), there should be one quick charger per 10 000 inhabitant.

THANK YOU!