Elizabeth lopez corrales

U1.Question forms

*Direct questions:a)yes/no questions1.Use do/does/did2.Verbs whit be, can, have(got) dont need the auxiliary3.Negatives yes/no questionsexpect a particular answer.e.g. did you like the movie?

b)wh-questions1.Question words(who,where,when,why,whose,what,how,which) at the beginning.2.If who,what,which is the subject, we dont use the auxiliary3.If there is a preposition it comes at the end of the questione.g.who gave you the tickets?

c)Alternative questionsThere are 2 types of alternative questions, yes/no type & wh-typee.g. =do you want to go out or you are going to study? = which color you like the most pink or blue ?

INDIRECT QUESTIONSUse statement word order, to be more politeCommon ways of starting indirect q.:I’d like to know,could you tell me, would you mind telling me, do you know.e.g.: =i’d like to know if you like pizza, =could you tell me when is the exam.

c)Alternative questionsThere are 2 types of alternative questions, yes/no type & wh-

typee.g. =do you want to go out or you are going to study? = which color you like the most pink or blue ?

INDIRECT QUESTIONSUse statement word order, to be more politeCommon ways of starting indirect q.:I’d like to know,could you tell me, would you mind telling me,

do you know.e.g.: =i’d like to know if you like pizza, =could you tell me

when is the exam.

QUESTION TAGS..Short questions at the end of a statement1.Positive statement + negative question tage.g. you like pizza,dont you?2.Negative statement + positive question tag.e.g. you didnt understand me, did you ?

Prepositions of place,time& movement

*In time:At= use for clock time,weekends,holidayse.g.At midnight,at christmasIn=used for the main parts of the day,months, year,seasons,..e.g.in april, in the summerOn=use for specificdates & dayse.g. on Saturday, on23rd april*placeAt=shows a point in space where sth is happeninge.g.At school, at homeIn=shows that sth taking place is inside.e.G in bed, in the new yorkOn= shows that sth taking place is outside.e.g. on page, on tv.*movement..At= to show the person or thing the action is aimed at.e.g.everybody look at me,he threw the ball at meTo= e.g. who send the hw to you, i travel to hermosillo last week.Into=i walked into my home, i got into the classroomTowards= he walk towards me, the dog run towards the boy

*movement..At= to show the person or thing the action is

aimed at.e.g.everybody look at me,he threw the ball at

meTo= e.g. who send the hw to you, i travel to

hermosillo last week.Into=i walked into my home, i got into the

classroomTowards= he walk towards me, the dog run

towards the boy*at the end/in the ende.g. at the end of the day i was tired, in the

end we found my home

U.2.Present simple& present continuous

**Present simple… We use p.s : 1.with routine actions 2.in time caluses with a future meaning after when,as soon as, if, until. 3.when we are talking about permanent situations 4.when we are talking about the future 5.with scientific facts 6.with state verbs which are not normally used in cont.forms E.g. i go to school everyday, do you like the movie? **present continuous We use p.c when: 1.actions happening now 2.changing situations 3.temporary situations 4.plans in the future 5.annoying habits with always E.g.. I’m doing my hw., he always annoys me.

Modifiers..

**Fairly…Usually modifies adjectives &adverbs, it doesnt suggest a high

degree.e.g..i fairly like pizza but i want to eat sushi.

**quite..Suggest a higher degree than fairly.it can be used with a/an +

noun.it can modify verbs&nouns as well as adjetives and adverbs.

e.g..she’s quite smart for her age.

**pretty..Is stronger tha quite.it can suggest more than was expected.e.g.its a pretty big house.

**bit…Is often used with the same meaning as a little.e.g..He is a little bit tall than me

**really..Is used to show emphasis.e.g. i really enjoy my party

**extremelly, incredebly,terribly…They are used in a similar way to very, but they are

stronger than very.e.g.i was terribly scared at the film.

U.3comparison

*to a higher degree(comparative form + than)e.g.im older than my brother.*To the same degree(as..as)e.g.My camera is as expensive as my sister camera*to a lower degree(with less + than & the least)e.g.she is the less interested on going to the party than

she was.*(not)as..asWe use not as..as to compare things which are different.e.g.This short is not as expensive as it used to be.We use as..as.. To compare things which are the same.e.g. he is as intellingent as his brother.

Reflexives&own

*reflexivesThere are 3 ways to use reflexives:1.When the object is the same as the subject.2.When you want to emphasise the subject3.With by to mean alone.e.g.i study myself for the exam, they do the work by

themselves.*ownWe use own:1. To mean without the help pf others.2.To mean alone3.To mean belonging to no other persone.g. i organize the party on my own, i found my own bag.

U.4.

*Past simple. (verb + ed)We use p.s.:1.To talk about events in the past that are now finished.2.To talk about habits in the past3.To talk about situations in the past4.In reported speeche.G . The teacher said that the final project was for tomorrow.

*past continuous..(was/were + -ing)1. To talk abount actions in progress in the past2. to talk about temporary situations in the past3. to talk about anticipated events thta did not happen4. to talk about an event that was in progress when another event

happened.5. to talk about actions in progress at the same time in the past.e.g. i was having dinner when he called me.

** past perfect simple(had + past participle)1.To refer to a time earlier than another past

time2.In reported speeche.g. he said he had already finish the project.*past perfect continuous.(had been + -ing)1.To talk about actions which had continued

up ti the past moment that we are thinking about

e.g.i had been working on my final project.

Time conjunctions

*WHILE.. Describe tow longer actions going on at the same time..e.G .. While i was playing, my mom was cooking me sth.*AS..Talk about two situations which change togethere.g. As i get older , my parents give me more freedom.*WHEN..To refer to periods of lifee.g.when i was on vacations i slept too late.*EVENTUALLY, FINALLY..Mean in the end. To say that sth happens after a long time or

effort.e.g.i was too nervous because the exam, eventually it was very

easy.

*AT FIRST & TO BEING WITHRefer to the beginning of a situation, to make contrast with sth different that

happens later.e.g. At first we were very stressed about the exam. But after doing it we

were relaxed*AS SOON AS AND THENTo talk about tow actions or events that happen very quickly one after the

other.e.g. as soon as i left the party, he arrived.

*AFTER..Is not usually used alone.instead we use other expressions like asterwards or

after that.e.g.we are going to have dinner after that we are going to a party*BY THE TIME…Means not later than.e.g. i will have finished doing my project by the time you start doing yours.

U.5modals

*CAN..To ask for & give permission.e.g. Can i borrow your pencil ?*COULD..To ask for permission when you are not sure what the answer will bee.g. could you call my mom ?*MAY.To ask for or give permission in formal situations.e.g. May i come in ?*SHOULD AND OUGHT TO..To talk about obligations and duties in the future, present, past.e.g. You should go to the doctor, you ought buy a birthday present to your father.*MUST..1.To talk about present & future strong obligations that come from the speaker.2.Ask about what the listener wants you to do.3.Tell people not to do things.e.g. you must study for you exams.*NEEDNT,DONT NEED TO, DONT HAVE TO..To talk about a lack of obligation in the present or future.e.g.you dont need to stay after the exam.

Used to & would

*Used to …To talk about past habits and states that do not

occur now.e.G.. When i was young i used to play with dolls.,,

when i was at primary school i used to play volleyball.

*Would..Is also used to talk about past habits and repeated

actions but not about past states.e.g. .. After the semestral exams i would go to have

breakfast..,, when i was young i would go to the ranch after school on fridays.