Electronic Devices - ECED Mansoura · Electronic Devices, th edition9 Thomas L. Floyd . AC Load...
Transcript of Electronic Devices - ECED Mansoura · Electronic Devices, th edition9 Thomas L. Floyd . AC Load...
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
Electronic Devices Ninth Edition
Floyd
Chapter 6
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
AC Quantities
AC quantities are indicated with a italic subscript; rms values are assumed unless otherwise stated.
Summary
VceVce
Vce
vce
VCE
00
t
Vce
rmsavg
V
The figure shows an example of a specific waveform for the collector-emitter voltage. Notice the DC component is VCE and the ac component is Vce.
Resistance is also identified with a lower case subscript when analyzed from an ac standpoint.
![Page 3: Electronic Devices - ECED Mansoura · Electronic Devices, th edition9 Thomas L. Floyd . AC Load Line . Operation of the linear amplifier can be illustrated using an ac load line.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033118/5e8841a6085d2d1c105a32dd/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
Linear Amplifier
A linear amplifier produces an replica of the input signal at the output.
Summary
For the amplifier shown, notice that the voltage waveform is inverted between the input and output but has the same shape.
RC
+VCC
R1
RER2 RL
C2
Vb
IbRs
Ic
ICQ
Vce
VCEQ
Vs
C1IBQ
VBQ
![Page 4: Electronic Devices - ECED Mansoura · Electronic Devices, th edition9 Thomas L. Floyd . AC Load Line . Operation of the linear amplifier can be illustrated using an ac load line.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033118/5e8841a6085d2d1c105a32dd/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
AC Load Line
Operation of the linear amplifier can be illustrated using an ac load line.
Summary
The ac load line is different than the dc load line because a capacitor looks open to dc but effectively acts as a short to ac. Thus the collector resistor appears to be in parallel with the load resistor.
VCEQ
0 VCE
I b
IC
Ic
Q
Vce
ICQ
I BQ
![Page 5: Electronic Devices - ECED Mansoura · Electronic Devices, th edition9 Thomas L. Floyd . AC Load Line . Operation of the linear amplifier can be illustrated using an ac load line.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033118/5e8841a6085d2d1c105a32dd/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
Transistor AC Model
The five resistance parameters (r-parameters) can be used for detailed analysis of a BJT circuit. For most analysis work, the simplified r-parameters give good results.
Summary
βacIb
C
B
E
βacIb
C
B
E
Ib ′re
′re
The simplified r-parameters are shown in relation to the transistor model. An important r-parameter is re'. It appears as a small ac resistance between the base and emitter.
'
E
25 mVer I
=
![Page 6: Electronic Devices - ECED Mansoura · Electronic Devices, th edition9 Thomas L. Floyd . AC Load Line . Operation of the linear amplifier can be illustrated using an ac load line.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033118/5e8841a6085d2d1c105a32dd/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
The Common-Emitter Amplifier
In the common-emitter (CE) amplifier, the input signal is applied to the base and the inverted output is taken from the collector. The emitter is common to ac signals.
Summary
R2
RE
R1
Vin
RC
VCC
Vout
RL
C1
C2
C3
![Page 7: Electronic Devices - ECED Mansoura · Electronic Devices, th edition9 Thomas L. Floyd . AC Load Line . Operation of the linear amplifier can be illustrated using an ac load line.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033118/5e8841a6085d2d1c105a32dd/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
The Common-Emitter Amplifier
Summary
R2
RE
R1
RC
VCC
RL
C1
C2
C3
68 kΩ
27 kΩ2.2 kΩ
3.9 kΩ
3.9 kΩ1.0 Fµ
10 Fµ
100 Fµ
+15 V
What is re' for the CE amplifier? Assume stiff voltage-divider bias.
B27 k 15 V =
68 k 27 kV Ω = Ω + Ω
4.26 V
VE = 4.26 V – 0.7 V = 3.56 V
EE
E
3.56 V2.2 k
VIR
= = =Ω
1.62 mA
'
E
25 mV 25 mV1.62 mAer I
= = = 15.4 Ω
![Page 8: Electronic Devices - ECED Mansoura · Electronic Devices, th edition9 Thomas L. Floyd . AC Load Line . Operation of the linear amplifier can be illustrated using an ac load line.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033118/5e8841a6085d2d1c105a32dd/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
The Common-Emitter Amplifier
Summary
R2
RE
R1
RC
VCC
RL
C1
C2
C3
68 kΩ
27 kΩ2.2 kΩ
3.9 kΩ
3.9 kΩ1.0 Fµ
10 Fµ
100 Fµ
+15 V
What is the gain of the amplifier?
C' ' out c L
vin e e
V R R RAV r r
= = =
127
Notice that the ac resistance of the collector circuit is RC||RL.
3.9 k 3.9 k15.4 vA Ω Ω
= =Ω
The gain will be a little lower if the input loading effect is accounted for.
![Page 9: Electronic Devices - ECED Mansoura · Electronic Devices, th edition9 Thomas L. Floyd . AC Load Line . Operation of the linear amplifier can be illustrated using an ac load line.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033118/5e8841a6085d2d1c105a32dd/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
The Common-Emitter Amplifier
Summary
Greater gain stability can be achieved by adding a swamping resistor to the emitter circuit of the CE amplifier. The gain will be lower as a result.
R 2
R
R
E2
E1
R1
RC
VCC
RL
C1
C2
C3
68 kΩ
27 kΩ2.2 kΩ
3.9 kΩ
3.9 kΩ
1.0 Fµ
10 Fµ
100 Fµ
+15 V
33 Ω
What is the gain with the addition of the swamping resistor? (Ignore the small effect on re'.)
C' '
E1 E1
out c Lv
in e e
V R R RAV r R r R
= = =+ +
38.2 3.9 k 3.9 k15.4 33 vA Ω Ω
= =Ω + Ω
![Page 10: Electronic Devices - ECED Mansoura · Electronic Devices, th edition9 Thomas L. Floyd . AC Load Line . Operation of the linear amplifier can be illustrated using an ac load line.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033118/5e8841a6085d2d1c105a32dd/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
© 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
The Common-Emitter Amplifier
Summary
Multisim is a good way to check your calculation. For an input of 10 mVpp, the output is 378 mVpp as shown on the oscilloscope display for the swamped CE amplifier.
input
output
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
The Common-Emitter Amplifier
Summary
In addition to gain stability, swamping has the advantage of increasing the ac input resistance of the amplifier. For this amplifier, Rin(tot) is given by
R 2
R
R
E2
E1
R1
RC
VCC
RL
C1
C2
C3
68 kΩ
27 kΩ2.2 kΩ
3.9 kΩ
3.9 kΩ
1.0 Fµ
10 Fµ
100 Fµ
+15 V
33 Ω
Rin(tot) = R1||R2||βac(re' + RE1)
What is Rin(tot) for the amplifier if βac = 200?
Rin(tot) = R1||R2||βac(re' + RE1)
= 68 kΩ||27 kΩ||200(15.4 Ω + 33 Ω)
= 6.45 kΩ
![Page 12: Electronic Devices - ECED Mansoura · Electronic Devices, th edition9 Thomas L. Floyd . AC Load Line . Operation of the linear amplifier can be illustrated using an ac load line.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033118/5e8841a6085d2d1c105a32dd/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
The Common-Collector Amplifier
Summary
The common-collector amplifier (emitter-follower) has a voltage gain of approximately 1, but can have high input resistance and current gain. The input is applied to the base and taken from the emitter.
+VCC
R1
R2RE RL
Vin
Iin Vout
C1
C2
![Page 13: Electronic Devices - ECED Mansoura · Electronic Devices, th edition9 Thomas L. Floyd . AC Load Line . Operation of the linear amplifier can be illustrated using an ac load line.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033118/5e8841a6085d2d1c105a32dd/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
The Common-Collector Amplifier
Summary
The power gain is the ratio of the power delivered to the input resistance divided by the power dissipated in the load. This is approximately equal to the current gain. That is, Ap ≈Ai.
Vin
Vout
C1
R1
VCC
R2
RLRE
C2
You can also write power gain as a ratio of resistances:
2
( )22
( )
( ) ( )1
Lin totL L
p vinin L
in tot
in tot in tot
L L
VRP RA A
VP RR
R RR R
= = =
≅ =
The next slide is an example…
![Page 14: Electronic Devices - ECED Mansoura · Electronic Devices, th edition9 Thomas L. Floyd . AC Load Line . Operation of the linear amplifier can be illustrated using an ac load line.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033118/5e8841a6085d2d1c105a32dd/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
The Common-Collector Amplifier
Summary
Calculate the power gain to the load for the CC amplifier using a ratio of resistances. Assume Av = 1 and βac = 200. Use re' = 2 Ω.
Rin(tot) = R1||R2||βac(re' + RE||RL)
= 39 kΩ||220 kΩ||200(2 Ω + 500 Ω)
= 24.9 kΩ Vin
Vout
C1
R1
VCC
R2
RLRE
C20.22 Fµ
3.3 Fµ
+15 V
39 kΩ
220 kΩ1.0 kΩ 1.0 kΩ
RL = 1.0 kΩ
( ) 24.9 k1.0 k
in totp
L
RA
RΩ
= = =Ω
24.9
![Page 15: Electronic Devices - ECED Mansoura · Electronic Devices, th edition9 Thomas L. Floyd . AC Load Line . Operation of the linear amplifier can be illustrated using an ac load line.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033118/5e8841a6085d2d1c105a32dd/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
The Common-Collector Amplifier
Summary
The input voltage-divider in the previous example is not “rock-solid” but the overall power gain is good. A “rock solid” stiff voltage-divider is not always the best design. Can you spot the problem illustrated here? Rin(tot) = R1||R2||βac(re' + RE||RL)
= 10 kΩ||10 kΩ||200(25 Ω + 3.0 kΩ)
= 4.96 kΩ RL = 10 kΩ
( ) 4.96 k10 k
in totp
L
RA
RΩ
= = =Ω
0.496!
Vin
Vout
C1
R1
VCC
R2
RLRE
C2
10 kΩ
10 kΩ10 kΩ
4.3 kΩ
+10 V
β = 200
The problem is the power gain is less than 1!
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
The Darlington Pair
Summary
A Darlington pair is two transistors connected as shown. The two transistors act as one “super β” transistor. Darlington transistors are available in a single package. Notice there are two diode drops from base to emitter. VCC
R1
C2
R2
RE RL
Vin
Q2
Q1
VCC
RC C1
Vout
CE Amplifier Darlington CC amplifier Load
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
The Sziklai Pair
Summary
Another high β pair is the Sziklai pair (sometimes called a complementary Darlington), in which a pnp and npn transistor are connected as shown. This configuration has the advantage of only one diode drop between base and emitter.
+VCC
RE
βDC1
βDC2
IB1
IC1 IE2
Vin
IC1 is βDC1 x IB1 and is equal to IB2
IE2 is approximately equal to βDC2 x IC1 Therefore, IE2 ≈ βDC1βDC2IB1
The DC currents are:
What is the relation between IE2 and IB1?
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
The CB Amplifier
Summary
The common-base (CB) amplifier is used in applications where a low input impedance is acceptable. It does not invert the signal, an advantage for higher frequencies as you will see later when you study the Miller effect.
C2 forces the base to be at ac ground.
What is the purpose of C2?
+VCC
R1
RC
RE
RL
R2
C2
C3
C1
Vin
Vout
![Page 19: Electronic Devices - ECED Mansoura · Electronic Devices, th edition9 Thomas L. Floyd . AC Load Line . Operation of the linear amplifier can be illustrated using an ac load line.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033118/5e8841a6085d2d1c105a32dd/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
Multistage Amplifiers
Summary
To improve amplifier performance, stages are often cascaded where the output of one drives another. This an example of a two-stage direct-coupled amplifier in which the input and output signals are capacitively coupled.
Q1
Q2
VCC+12 V
Vin
Vout
VS
100 mV1.0 kHz
pp
RE3
RE1
RE2
RCR1
R2
C1
C2
C3
RL
1.0 kΩ
1.0 µF
47 µF
100 Ω
330 Ω
2N3904
330 Ω
10 µF330 Ω2N3906
10 kΩ
4.7 kΩ
![Page 20: Electronic Devices - ECED Mansoura · Electronic Devices, th edition9 Thomas L. Floyd . AC Load Line . Operation of the linear amplifier can be illustrated using an ac load line.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033118/5e8841a6085d2d1c105a32dd/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
Differential Amplifiers
Summary
A differential amplifier (diff-amp) has two inputs. It amplifies the difference in the two input voltages. This circuit is widely used as the input stage to operational amplifiers. Differential-mode inputs are illustrated.
+VCC
RC1 RC2
Q1 Q2
–VEE
RE
1 2
21
Vout1
Vin1 Vin2
Vout2
![Page 21: Electronic Devices - ECED Mansoura · Electronic Devices, th edition9 Thomas L. Floyd . AC Load Line . Operation of the linear amplifier can be illustrated using an ac load line.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033118/5e8841a6085d2d1c105a32dd/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
Differential Amplifiers
Summary
The same amplifier as in the last slide now is shown with common-mode inputs. Diff-amps tend to reject common-mode signals, which are usually due to noise. Ideally, the outputs are zero with common-mode inputs.
+VCC
RC1 RC2
Q1 Q2
–VEE
RE
1 2
21
Vout1
Vin1 Vin2
Vout2
![Page 22: Electronic Devices - ECED Mansoura · Electronic Devices, th edition9 Thomas L. Floyd . AC Load Line . Operation of the linear amplifier can be illustrated using an ac load line.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033118/5e8841a6085d2d1c105a32dd/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
Selected Key Terms
r-parameter
Common-emitter
ac ground
Input resistance
One of a set of BJT characteristic parameters that include αac, βac, re', rb', and rc'.
A BJT configuration in which the emitter is the common terminal to an ac signal.
A point in a circuit that appears as a ground to ac signals only.
The resistance seen by an ac source connected to the amplifier input.
![Page 23: Electronic Devices - ECED Mansoura · Electronic Devices, th edition9 Thomas L. Floyd . AC Load Line . Operation of the linear amplifier can be illustrated using an ac load line.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033118/5e8841a6085d2d1c105a32dd/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
Selected Key Terms
Output resistance
Common-
collector
Differential amplifier
Common-mode
The ac resistance looking in at the amplifier output.
A BJT configuration in which the emitter is the common terminal to an ac signal.
An amplifier in which the output is a function of the difference between two input voltages.
A condition where two signals applied to differential inputs are of the same phase, frequency and amplitude.
![Page 24: Electronic Devices - ECED Mansoura · Electronic Devices, th edition9 Thomas L. Floyd . AC Load Line . Operation of the linear amplifier can be illustrated using an ac load line.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033118/5e8841a6085d2d1c105a32dd/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
Quiz
1. The equation for finding the ac emitter resistance of a BJT is
a.
b.
c.
d.
'
B
'
E
'
B
'
E
25 mV
25 mV
0.7 V
0.7 V
e
e
e
e
rI
rI
rI
rI
=
=
=
=
![Page 25: Electronic Devices - ECED Mansoura · Electronic Devices, th edition9 Thomas L. Floyd . AC Load Line . Operation of the linear amplifier can be illustrated using an ac load line.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033118/5e8841a6085d2d1c105a32dd/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
Quiz
2. For a CE amplifier, a swamping resistor will
a. increase the input resistance
b. increase the gain
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
Quiz
3. A well-designed CC amplifier has
a. voltage gain > 1
b. current gain > 1
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
![Page 27: Electronic Devices - ECED Mansoura · Electronic Devices, th edition9 Thomas L. Floyd . AC Load Line . Operation of the linear amplifier can be illustrated using an ac load line.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033118/5e8841a6085d2d1c105a32dd/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
Quiz
4. In a CC amplifier, the power gain is approximately
a. one
b. equal to the voltage gain
c. equal to the current gain
d. none of the above
![Page 28: Electronic Devices - ECED Mansoura · Electronic Devices, th edition9 Thomas L. Floyd . AC Load Line . Operation of the linear amplifier can be illustrated using an ac load line.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033118/5e8841a6085d2d1c105a32dd/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
Quiz
5. The amplifier shown is a
a. differential amplifier
b. CE amplifier
c. CC amplifier
d. CB amplifier
+VCC
R1
RC
RE
RL
R2
C2
C3
C1
Vin
Vout
![Page 29: Electronic Devices - ECED Mansoura · Electronic Devices, th edition9 Thomas L. Floyd . AC Load Line . Operation of the linear amplifier can be illustrated using an ac load line.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033118/5e8841a6085d2d1c105a32dd/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
Quiz
6. An advantage to this amplifier is that it
a. has high current gain
b. has high input resistance
c. is non-inverting
d. all of the above
+VCC
R1
RC
RE
RL
R2
C2
C3
C1
Vin
Vout
![Page 30: Electronic Devices - ECED Mansoura · Electronic Devices, th edition9 Thomas L. Floyd . AC Load Line . Operation of the linear amplifier can be illustrated using an ac load line.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033118/5e8841a6085d2d1c105a32dd/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
Quiz
7. Together, Q1 and Q2 form a
a. Swamped amplifier
b. Differential pair
c. Sziklai pair
d. none of the above
VCC
R1
C2
R2
RE RL
Q2
Q1
C1
Vout
![Page 31: Electronic Devices - ECED Mansoura · Electronic Devices, th edition9 Thomas L. Floyd . AC Load Line . Operation of the linear amplifier can be illustrated using an ac load line.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033118/5e8841a6085d2d1c105a32dd/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
Quiz
8. A CC amplifier with a power gain less than 1 is
a. a buffer
b. an inverting amplifier
c. unstable
d. an example of poor design
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
Quiz
9. An npn and a pnp transistor acting together as a single high β transistor is a
a. Darlington pair
b. Sziklai pair
c. Differential pair
d. cascaded amplifier
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
Quiz
10. If identical signals are applied to both inputs of a differential amplifier, ideally the output will be
a. zero
b. equal to one of the signals
c. equal to the sum of the two signals
d. very large
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Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd
Quiz
Answers:
1. b
2. a
3. b
4. c
5. d
6. c
7. d
8. d
9. b
10. a