Electromobility - UWA...2012 Audi e-tron More … Photos: Nissan, Mitsubishi, BMW, Tesla . UWA...
Transcript of Electromobility - UWA...2012 Audi e-tron More … Photos: Nissan, Mitsubishi, BMW, Tesla . UWA...
Electromobility
Professor Thomas Bräunl The University of Western Australia
UWA Robotics&Automation
Bräunl 2012 2
1. EV History
Photos: Wikipedia, ASBE, Belgium
1885 Benz Patent Motorwagen petrol
1900 Lohner-Porsche, wheel-hub motors
1910 Bailey/Edison EV 1000miles endurance drive, 160km per charge
1882 Siemens Electric Trolley Bus
UWA Robotics&Automation
Bräunl 2012 3
EV History
Photos: Wikipedia, UWA, Synergy, NASA
1960s UWA-EE, Leary, Norgard
1970s Western Power, Australia 1972 Apollo 17, NASA
1922-27 Bergmann Postal Van
UWA Robotics&Automation
Bräunl 2012 4
The previous wave of electric cars
Bräunl 2010 4 Photos: GM, Sony PIctures
CARB Conspiracy Oil GM
1996-99 General Motors EV1
UWA Robotics&Automation
Bräunl 2010 5
What can I buy today?
5 Photos: BMW, Tesla, Mitsubishi , Nissan
2009 Tesla Roadster (Lotus Elise)
2010 Mitsubishi iMiEV 2011 Nissan Leaf
2009 BMW E-Mini AU$ 200,000
AU$ 48,800 AU$ 51,500
AU$930/month ≈ AU$50,000
UWA Robotics&Automation
Bräunl 2010 6
What can I buy tomorrow? 2013 Volkswagen:
Up, Golf, Jetta e-motion 2013 BMW
Efficient Dynamics 2012 Audi
e-tron More …
Bräunl 2010 6 Photos: Nissan, Mitsubishi, BMW, Tesla
UWA Robotics&Automation
Bräunl 2012 7
Battery Electric Vehicles (EV) Advantages • Completely emission free if charged from
renewable energy sources • Very cheap running cost
(<0.2kWh/km ≈ 3cent/km) • Much reduced servicing cost • Can be charged from home
(and with home-generated energy: PV, wind)
Disadvantages • Higher purchase price (initially) • Limited range in combination with • Long charging time
UWA Robotics&Automation
Bräunl 2012 8
EV Components Motor
• Gear Box
Batteries • Battery Manag. Unit BMS
Controller • Pot
Mains AC Charger DC-DC Converter (12V) Brake-Assist Vacuum Pump Electric Power Steering Heating AirCon Safety Systems
• Contactor • Emergency switch • Charge cable detection • Inertia switch
Motor Controller Battery Pack 144V
Accel. Pedal
UWA Robotics&Automation
Bräunl 2012 9
EV Technology
Source: Rohan Mathew, REV
UWA Robotics&Automation
Bräunl 2012 10
EV Technology
Source: Rohan Mathew, REV
UWA Robotics&Automation
Bräunl 2012 11
EV Technology
Source: Rohan Mathew, REV
UWA Robotics&Automation
Bräunl 2012 12
EV Instrumentation
Source: Rohan Mathew, REV
Fuel gauge actuation EyeBot M6
UWA Robotics&Automation
Bräunl 2012 13
2008 REV Eco
UWA Robotics&Automation
Bräunl 2012 14
2009 REV Racer
UWA Robotics&Automation
Bräunl 2012 15
2010 REV SAE E-Motorsport SAE introduced “Hybrid
League” in 2008, EVs may compete in their first year
“Formula Student” annually at Hockenheim F1-circuit
Sponsors …
UWA Robotics&Automation
16
EV Charging
Photos: ASBE, Belgium, Elektromotive, Coulomb Tech
Level 2 (7.7-11kW) Medium-fast charging in parking lots and shopping centres
Level 1 (2.4kW) Slow charging at home
Level 3 (50kw) Fast charging at service stations
Bräunl/Harries/Mullan/Whitely 2011
UWA Robotics&Automation
Bräunl 2012 17
EV Charging Standards
Photos: Yazaki, RWE
US and Japan SAE J1772-2009 Connector: Yazaki Single Phase, 120-240V, max 70A, 16.8kW Communication channels
Europe IEC 62196-2-X Connector: Mennekes Three Phase, 230/690V, max 63A, 43kW Vehicle-to-grid support Communication channels, interlocking, safety
Australia No standard yet Which ? When ??
UWA Robotics&Automation
18
PV Power Generation
206 kWh/month ≈ 1,178 km/month ≈ 40 km/day Average distance driven in Perth ≈ 39 km/day Annual petrol cost 9l/100km, $1.519 /l ≈ $2’000 Power cost w/o PV $0.10 night, ($0.20 day) ≈ $250
Bräunl/Harries/Mullan/Whitely 2011 Source driving distance: Australian Bureau of Statistics
1.5 kW Photovoltaic System (“Ideal House” data April 2010)
UWA Robotics&Automation
Bräunl 2011 19
2010-12 WA Electric Vehicle Trial
How will EVs cope in a standard fleet environment? Roadside Assistance? Service? Conversions performed by EV Works, in coop. with UWA 11 Participants from government and industry fleets Base car: Ford Focus UWA involvement
Consulting on prototype Black box data logging Study, accompanying trial
UWA Robotics&Automation
Bräunl 2012 20
2010-13 ARC Charging Project Analysis and modeling of driving patterns for limited-
range electric vehicles (ARC Linkage Research Project) Where and when will EVs be recharged? How do changes in tariff structure affect charging
behaviour? Predictions on required charging stations,
grid capacity, energy requirements for larger numbers of EVs in the future
Only use of green energy Providing first infrastructure to
facilitate future uptake of electric cars
Photo: Elektromotive
UWA Robotics&Automation
Bräunl 2012 21
Electricity Grid (1) Evening-Charging Energy Predictions (Jon Mullan)
Top line is for 900,000 vehicles – significantly higher peak Diagram: Jon Mullan
UWA Robotics&Automation
Bräunl 2012 22
Electricity Grid (2) Nighttime-Charging Energy Predictions (Jon Mullan)
Top line is for 900,000 vehicles – can sustain all 1.8M cars in WA Diagram: Jon Mullan
UWA Robotics&Automation
Bräunl 2012 23
2013-16 Electric Highway
Diagram: Jon Mullan