ELECTRICITY IN INDIA

TYPES

DEMAND

PRODUCTION

SUPPLY

INDEX

TYPES STATIC ELECTRICITY

Static electricity is when electrical charges build up on the surface of a material. It is usually caused by rubbing materials together. The result of a build-up of static electricity is that objects may be attracted to each other or may even cause a spark to jump from one to the other. For Example rub a balloon on a wool and hold it up to the wall

CUREENT ELECTRICITY• Current is the rate of flow of electrons.

It is produced by moving electrons and it is measured in amperes. Unlike static electricity, current electricity must flow through a conductor, usually copper wire. Current with electricity is just like current when you think of a river. The river flows from one spot to another, and the speed it moves is the speed of the current. With electricity, current is a measure of the amount of energy transferred over a period of time. That energy is called a flow of electrons. One of the results of current is the heating of the conductor. When an electric stove heats up, it's because of the flow of current

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ELECTRIC CURRENT• An electric current is a flow of electric charge. In electric circuits this

charge is often carried by moving electrons in a wire. It can also be carried by ions in an electrolyte, or by both ions and electrons such as in a plasma.

• The SI unit for measuring an electric current is the ampere, which is the flow of electric charge across a surface at the rate of one coulomb per second. Electric current is measured using a device called an ammeter.

• Electric currents cause Joule heating, which creates light in incandescent light bulbs. They also create magnetic fields, which are used in motors, inductors and generators.

• The particles that carry the charge in an electric current are called charge carriers. In metals, one or more electrons from each atom are loosely bound to the atom, and can move freely about within the metal. These conduction electrons are the charge carriers in metal conductors.

ELECTRIC SHORTAGE IN INDIA

The electricity sector in India had an installed capacity of 223.625 GW as of April 2013,the world's fifth largest.

Captive power plants generate an additional 34.444 GW. Non Renewable Power Plants constitute 87.55% of the installed capacity and 12.45% of Renewable Capacity.   

Installed electricity capacity:- Coal-fired plants account for 57% . Hydro plant accounts for 19%, renewable energy for 12% . natural gas for about 9%. Others 3% Per capita average annual consumption in India - 96 kWh in rural areas & 288 kWh in urban areas

Worldwide per capita annual average consumption - 2600 kWh India -world's fourth largest energy consumer after United States, China and Russia.

Current scenario

Total generation capacity in India:

181,558 MW

State contribution: 83,314 MW

Central contribution: 56,573 MW

Private Sector : 41,672

MW

Current scenario

India mainly depend upon the Thermal power plants (55 %) for Electricity generation.

Hydropower plant , second largest generating capacity for Electricity .

Gas power plant accounting 10 % for Electricity generations .

All India Installed Generating Capacity

Per-capita consumption in states of India

STATES/UT KWH

1. Daman & N Haveli

11863.64

2. Goa 2263.63

3.Pondicherry 1711.54

4. Delhi 1654.28

5. Gujarat 1615.21

India average per capita consumption :

771.23 kwh

GROWTH OF ALL INDIA TOTAL ELECTRICITY  CONSUMPTION

SECTORS PROBLEMS MAJOR AREAS

Industrial & Commercial Sectors

1. Install own power back-up, increased their cost of production & also increased operation expenses .

2. diesel demand increases imports , which in turn increases current account deficit

Medical , hospital , schools , stations , Transportation &

factories

Domestic Sectors Regular routine disrupt Household’s (Rural & Urban)

Agriculture Sectors increased cost of production, Indebtness

Irrigation , Harvesting

Effects of Electricity shortage

Trend Analysis

2005-06 to 2010-11

Trend Analysis

During the year 2010–11, demand for electricity in India far outstripped availability. Both in terms of base load energy and peak availability. Base load requirement was 861,591 (MU) against availability of 788,355 MU, a 8.5% deficit. During peak loads, the demand was for 122 GW against availability of 110 GW, a 9.8% shortfall. In late 2011 newspaper articles, Gujarat was declared a power surplus state.

Trend Analysis

80% of Indian villages have at least an electricity line. Just 52.5% of rural households have access to electricity. In urban areas, the access to electricity is 93.1%. The overall electrification rate in India is 64.5% while 35.5% of the population still live without access to electricity.

Trend Analysis

During the year 2010–11, demand for electricity in India far outstripped availability. Both in terms of base load energy and peak availability. Base load requirement was 861,591 (MU) against availability of 788,355 MU, a 8.5% deficit. During peak loads, the demand was for 122 GW against availability of 110 GW, a 9.8% shortfall. In late 2011 newspaper articles, Gujarat was declared a power surplus state.

Trend Analysis

Electricity is the main source of lighting for 53% of rural households compared to 36% in 1993. The electrical energy demand for 2016–17 is expected to be at least 1392 Tera Watt Hours, with a peak electric demand of 218 GW. The electrical energy demand for 2021–22 is expected to be at least 1915 Tera Watt Hours, with a peak electric demand of 298 GW.

Reason of Increasing Demand

India's manufacturing sector is likely to grow faster than in the past.

Domestic demand will increase more rapidly as the quality of life for more Indians improve.

About 125,000 villages are likely to get connected to India's electricity grid. Currently blackouts and load shedding artificially suppresses demand.

Transportation.

Increasing Population.

Agriculture.

Causes of Power Shortage

Transmission & distribution Factor

India's T&D network losses exceeded 32% in 2010.

Technical losses like faulty meters are about 15% to 20% that underestimate actual consumption also contribute to reduced payment collection.

Non technical losses are caused by illegal tapping of lines.‐

Supply Factor

Production factor

India's electricity sector consumes about 80% of the coal produced in the country A large part of Indian coal reserve is of low calorific value and high ash content. India's coal supply consume about 0.7 kg of coal to generate a kWh, whereas United States thermal power plants consume about 0.45 kg of coal per kWh Lack of initiative to develop large coal and natural gas resources present in India Land acquisition, environmental clearances at state and central government level. Unskilled manpower Facing problem in operating latest technology plants

Causes of Power Shortage

Installed Capacity

as on

Thermal (MW)

Nuclear(MW)

Renewable (MW)

Total (MW)% Growth(on yearly

basis)Coal Gas Diesel Sub-TotalThermal Hydel Other

RenewableSub-Total

Renewable

31-Dec-1947 756 - 98 854 - 508 - 508 1,362 -

31-Dec-1950 1,004 - 149 1,153 - 560 - 560 1,713 8.59%

31-Mar-1956 1,597 - 228 1,825 - 1,061 - 1,061 2,886 13.04%

31-Mar-1961 2,436 - 300 2,736 - 1,917 - 1,917 4,653 12.25%

31-Mar-1966 4,417 137 352 4,903 - 4,124 - 4,124 9,027 18.80%

31-Mar-1974 8,652 165 241 9,058 640 6,966 - 6,966 16,664 10.58%

31-Mar-1979 14,875 168 164 15,207 640 10,833 - 10,833 26,680 12.02%

31-Mar-1985 26,311 542 177 27,030 1,095 14,460 - 14,460 42,585 9.94%

31-Mar-1990 41,236 2,343 165 43,764 1,565 18,307 - 18,307 63,636 9.89%

31-Mar-1997 54,154 6,562 294 61,010 2,225 21,658 902 22,560 85,795 4.94%

31-Mar-2002 62,131 11,163 1,135 74,429 2,720 26,269 1,628 27,897 105,046 4.49%

31-Mar-2007 71,121 13,692 1,202 86,015 3,900 34,654 7,760 42,414 132,329 5.19%

31-Mar-2012 112,022 18,381 1,200 131,603 4,780 38,990 24,503 63,493 199,877 9.00%

31-Mar-2015[1] 164,636 23,062 1,200 188,898 5,780 41,267 @35,777 77,044 271,722 10.8%

POWER PRODUCTION

MADE BY :- DEV GARG

VIII

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