ELECTRIC Circuit Copy

7/29/2019 ELECTRIC Circuit Copy

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ELECTRIC CIRCUIT LAB MANUAL

| ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

1

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT LAB

MANUAL

MUHAMMAD NAEEM

2011

2011

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT LAB

MANUAL


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PRACTICAL WORK BOOK

(LAB REPORT)For The Course

Electric Circuit

First Year(Electrical & Engineering)

Name of Student: _________________________________________________

Class: ______________________________Semester:____________________

Discipline: __________________________________________________

Class Roll No.: ________________

Complied by:

Muhammad Naeem Lateef (Ele. Eng. student)

Supervised by:

Professor: TOUSEEF ABID

Electric CircuitDEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

NFC & IEFR FAISALABAD, PAKISTAN

(Affiliated with University of Engineering & Technology, LHR)


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EXPERIMENT NO.01

Femilization with electrical equipment digital multimeter

OBJECTIVE;To know what is basic and must common use electrical equipment.

How to operate.

How take reading by digital multimeter

APPARATUS;Digital Multi Meter

THEORY;ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

DIGITAL MULTI METERA multimeter or a multitester, also known as

aVOM, is an electronicmeasuring instrument that

combines several measurement functions in one

unit. A typical multimeter may include features

such as the ability to measure voltage, current and

resistance. Multimeters may use analog ordigitalcircuitsanalog Multimeters and digital

Multimeters.

QUANTITIES MEASURED

Contemporary multimeters can measure many quantities. The

common ones are:

Voltage, alternating and direct, in volts. Current, alternating and direct, in amperes.

The frequency range for which AC measurements areaccurate must be specified.

Resistance in ohms.Additionally, some multimeters measure:

Capacitance in farads. Conductance in siemens. Frequency in hertz. Inductance in henrys. Temperature in degrees Celsius orFahrenheit, with an appropriate temperature test

probe, often a thermocouple.

Digital multimeters may also include circuits for: Continuity; beeps when a circuit conducts.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Digital_Multimeter_Aka.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amperehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faradhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Digital_Multimeter_Aka.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_probehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermocouplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity_testerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beep_(sound)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Digital_Multimeter_Aka.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beep_(sound)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity_testerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermocouplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_probehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_probehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faradhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amperehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics


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ACCURACYDigital multimeters generally take measurements with accuracy superior to

their analog counterparts. Standard analog multimeters measure with typically

three percent accuracy, though instruments of higher accuracy are made.

Standard portable digital multimeters are specified to have an accuracy of

typically 0.5% on the DC voltage ranges.

PROBESA multimeter can utilize a variety of test probes to connect to the circuit or

device under test. Crocodile clips, retractable hook clips, and pointed probes

are the three most common attachments. Tweezer probes are used for closely-

spaced test points, as in surface-mount devices. The connectors are attached to

flexible, thickly-insulated leads that are terminated with connectors

appropriate for the meter. Probes are connected to portable meters typically by

shrouded or recessed banana jacks, while benchtop meters may use banana

jacks orBNC connectors. 2mm plugs and binding posts have also been used at

times, but are less common today.

BATTERYHand-held meters use batteries for continuity and resistance

readings. This allows the meter to test a device that is not

connected to a power source, by supplying its own low

voltage for the test. A 1.5 volt AA battery is typical; more

sophisticated meters with added capabilities instead or alsouse a 9 volt battery for some types of readings, or even

higher-voltage batteries for very high resistance testing.

CONCLUSION

We can measure voltage ac, dc by multimeter

We can measure ampere by multimeter

We can also check continuity of circuit and diode

It portable

It easy to use and it perform many function by single meter

It is also check capacitance of the capacitor.

(End)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy_and_precisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile_cliphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweezer#Typeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-mount_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_connectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_jackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_jackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNC_connectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_postshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_postshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNC_connectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_jackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_jackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_connectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-mount_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweezer#Typeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile_cliphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision


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EXPERIMENT NO.02

Femilization with electrical equipment

OBJECTIVE;To know what is basic and mist common use electrical equipment.

How to operate.

How take reading

APPARATUS;Ammeter voltmeter dc power supply

Galvanometer Auto transformer function GeneratorCRO Energy meter

THEORY;ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

AMMETERCurrent measuring device\

Use in series in the circuit

Do not use in parallel because it have low resistance

Current measuring in ampere

Modify device of galvanometer by using shunt in the

parallel of galvanometer.

VOLTMETER

Voltage measuring device

Use in parallel in the circuit

When use volt meter, we dont care its polarity

Voltagemeasuring in volt

Modify device of galvanometer by using high series

resistance in the series of galvanometer.

WATT METERWatt meter is measuring device

Watt meter electric power in watt

It is electro dynamic type

It has four terminals, two for current and other two for voltage

In internal system it has two coils, one is current coil and other is pressure coil

which measuring voltage.


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It use in parallel and series current coil terminal use in series and pressure coil

terminals use in parallel in the circuit.

GALVANOMETER

Galvano meter is type of ammeter measuring current and detecting current.

The basic sensitivity of meter might be, for instance, 100 ampere, micro

ampere full scale. Such meters are calibrated to read some other quantity that

can be converted to a current of that magnitude, to use current divider, current

divider allows a meter to be calibrated to measuring largecurrent,

A meter also can beused as a volt meter, when a high resistance attach with

meter in series,

Some meter includes a mirror along marking of the principal scale.

AUTO TRANSFORMERAuto transformer use as step up or step down transformer

Auto transformer has only one winding

Winding has at least three electrical connection one is

common.

Source and load are connect with two taps

Each taps correspond to a different source or voltage

source

Auto transformer can convert voltage zero to maximum

capacity of Auto transformer

ENERGY METER

Induction type meters are the most common form of AC meters. These meters

measureelectric energy in kilowatt-hour. The principle of these meters is

practically the same asthat of the induction wattmeter. In these meters magnet

and spindle is used.

The watt-hour meter consistsof two main coils:

(i) Pressure coil.

(ii) Current coil.

The pressure coil is attached to the source while the current coil is attached to

the load. Inkilowatt-hour meter the breaking magnet is provided to control the

speed of the disc. Thebreaking magnet decreases the breaking torque.


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FUNCTION GENERTORA piece of electronic test equipment to generate electric wave

forms.

This wave form can be repetitive or single short in which case

some kind of triggering source is required.

CATHOD RAY OSCILLOSCOPAn oscilloscope is a type of test

equipment,

The oscilloscope is more versatile and

widely used electronic instrument

It is show wave shop of electrical signal.

It can show frequency wave form show

distortion, and show the relative timing oftwo related signals

It is used many places like hospital,

electrical lab, physics lab etc.

DC POWER SUPPLYDC power supply is use for variable dc supply in electrical and

electronic lab

We can take zero to twelve volt and we can also set current

value, which we want.

CONCLUSIONThese are important for electrical engineers

We can take every type of reading like we can measure voltage by volt meter

ampere measure by am meter, power factor measure by power factor meter etc.

We conclude it is use full in every lab.

Very important meter is multi meter which we can take all reading by single meter

like we can measure volt, ampere, etc.

Watt meter is only measure electrical power does not measure any other powerlike mechanical.

Watt meter is totally different from energy meter it only measure power for instant

but energy meter also record these power.

By Galvano meter we can use it as am meter or as volt meter after some

modification.

CRO is general purpose instrument use in medical and use for calibration of

electrical equipment.

(END)


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EXPERIMENT NO.03

RESISITANCE AND COLOR CODDING.

OBJECTIVE;To know about resistance.

What is behaviour in path of current and voltage.

How can take its value without DMM.

How we take its value with DMM.

APPARATUS;DMM Resistance box power supply

THEORY;RESISTANCE

A material which resist against in the flow of charge

COLOR CODDINGWe can colour code on resistance for find out its value without

digital multimeter.

USESResistor are used as part of electrical network and electronic

circuits

Use as potentiometers

MANUFACTURINGThe electronic colour code discussed have is used to indicate the value of

component, very commonly for resistor, the electronic colour code was

developed in the early 1920 by the Radio Manufacturers Association, now

part of Electronic Industries Alliance

TYPES W.R.T BANDResistance have types with respect to band most common resistance are three

to four band but special or typical resistance are five or six.

PROCEDURETake some resistance or resistance box

Observe value foam table

Measure value by digital multi meter

Calculate the difference between actual and estimate value.


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CONCLUSION

We observe how we can measure resistance value without multi meter.

We also conclude that the given value of resistance is not so much accurate.

We observe the resistance value is different at different temperature.

Resistance value different at room temperature and different when it in circuit.

Resistance are many type like three band, four band, five and six band.

Resistance might be variable might be fixed value.

We learn how we can measure resistance with digital multi meter.We learn when we measuring resistance so our hand should not touch with the

edge of carbon colour code resistance.

We saw only some resistance have six or five band with temperature

coefficient.

This is port able.

It is so cheap so we can largely use it.

(END)


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EXPERIMENT NO.04

OHMS LAW

OBJECTIVE;What is ohms law

What condition of circuit when we apply ohms law

What is basic difference b/w p=v*I and v=i*r

APPARATUS;Resistance box DMM power supply

THEORY;OHMS LAW

Ohms law define that current is directly proportional provided resistance

constant.

EXPLAINATIONOhms law apply only at that place where weather condition constant. When

temperature not change so resistance constant

PRACTICAL OBSERVATIONWe can practical observe of three condition of ohms law

First of all

CONDITION OF OHMS LAW

(1) WHEN RESISTANCE CONSTANTIf we do resistance constant so current is directly proportional to current it

mean if we increase voltage so increase current, if we decrease voltage so

decrease current, thats first condition of ohms law.

V I

(2)WHEN VOLTAGE CONSTANT

If we do voltage is constant so resistance is inversely proportional to current, ifwe increase resistance and voltage constant so current will be decrease.

Similarly, if we decrease resistance so current increase provided voltage

constant.

I 1/R

(3)WHEN CURRENT CONSTANTIf we do current constant in circuit somehow so voltage is directly

proportional to resistance, if we increase resistance in circuit so voltage

increase. If we decrease voltage so resistance decrease in the circuit provided

current constant. V R


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CONCLUSION

We see if resistance does not change so voltage directly proportional to

current.

We see if current does not change so voltage directly proportional to

resistance.

We see if voltagedoes not change so current inversely proportional to

resistance.

ohm law only apply in dc circuit

ohms law only apply where temperature is constant

Ohms law does not apply in ac circuit because there is temperature is change.

(END)


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EXPERIMENT NO.05

VERIFY KIRCHHOFS VOLTAGE LAW (with DC source)

OBJECTIVE;To know what is KVL

How voltage divide in circuit

How voltage zero in circuit


THEORY;KHIRCHHOFS VOLTAGE LAW (dc source)

Summation of voltage in close loop is zero

Applied voltage equal to voltage drop in circuit

PROCEDURELet\s we take an example of series circuit we connect three resistant in series

and give voltage, first of all we measure total voltage which we applied, afterthat then we measure individually across each resistance we observe applied

voltage is equal to voltage drop in circuit.

MATHEMETICAL EXPALINATIONLets take same resistance

R1 R2 R3

88500ohm 100ohm 470ohm

We apply different voltage.

V1 V2 V3

We observe this circuit verify KVL

Vt = V1 + V2 + V3

Rt = 88500+ 100 + 470

It = Vt/Rt = 25 / 8907 = 0.28mA

V1 = I1 * R1 = 0.28 * 88500 = 24.8volt

V2 = I2 * R2 = 0.28 * 100 = 0.03volt

V3 = I3 * R3 = 0.28 * 470 = 0.13volt


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CONCLUSION

The algebraic sum of all voltage in a loop must equal to zero

Multi meter should connect in circuit with same polarity

The voltage drop across each resistance depend on resistor value

Voltage always measure in parallel

Current always measure in series of the circuit

When we are measuring resistance so selector switch on ohm meterMulti meter should use care fully

When we measuring resistance so our hand does not touch with the edge of

resistance

We use DC power supply which we can regulate voltage easily

DC power supply is use for regulation purpose of DC voltage

(END)


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EXPERIMENT NO.06

VERIFY KIRCHHOFS CURRENT LAW

OBJECTIVE;What is KCL

How we can prove

How we study

Why we study


THEORY;KIRCHHOFS CURRENT LAW

The sum of all current in node is zero

In going and outgoing current equal to each other

Sum of all current in a node is zero.

EXPALINATION;

Lets we take a parallel circuitWe know that the value of current in each branch equal to the total current of

the circuit. For prove of KCL we take parallel circuit, because in this circuit

current is distribute.

PROCEDUREMeasure the total current in circuit

Measure the current in each branch

Measure the value of each resistance.

SAFTY PRECUATIONAmmeter always should use in series of the circuit

Connection should be tight

Reading note should carefully

OBSERVATIONSWe observe that I entering = I leaving (in node)

(END)


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EXPERIMENT NO.07

VERIFY KIRCHHOFS VOLTAGE LAW(with AC source)

OBJECTIVE;Main difference KVL with dc source and KVL with ac source

What is purpose of KVL

To verify KVL

APPARATUS;Lamps DMM power supply

Lab tools

THEORY;KIRCHHOFS VOLTAGELAW

KVL is the sum of all voltage in close loop is zero

Vt = V1 + V2+ V3

Applied voltage is equal to voltage drop in circuit across each lamp

EXPLAINATION

Lets we take a series circuitWe know that the value of voltage is equal to the total voltage of the parallel

circuit. For prove of KVL we take series circuit, because in this circuit current

is same but voltage is distribute across each lamp.

PROCEDUREMeasure the total voltage in circuit

Measure the individually voltage across each component

Measure the watt of each lamp.

SAFTY PRECUATIONAmmeter always should use in series of the circuit

Connection should be tight

Reading note should carefully

OBSERVATIONSI observe that

Vt = V1 + V2+ V3

(END)


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EXPERIMENT NO.08

OBSERVE ERROR IN READING IN ENERGY METER AND V*A

OBJECTIVE;To study connection of EM

To study energy meter parts

To take reading from EM

To study the difference b/w apparent and actual power

APPARATUS;Energy meter load circuit DMM

Lab tools auto transformer

THEORY;ENERGY METER (single phase)

Energy meter is an instrument which measure energy in KWH with respect to

time as well as it records the consumed energy.

CONSTRUCTIONEnergy meter has different part

Dialler moving disc

Connection box inside coil (P.c & C.c)

Connection plate casing

DAMPING FORCEDamping system available in energy meter. The disc speed

control by damping force of magnetic pole.

DIFFERENCT B/W ENERGY METER & WATT

METERThe energy meter same as the like watt meter but watt meter measure energy

in watt not Kilo watt hour, energy meter measure the energy as well as it has

record the measured energy.

(END)


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EXPERIMENT NO.09

OBSERVE AND MEASURE WATTAGE BY WATT METER, VOLT

BY VOLT METER AND AMPERE BY AMMETER ALSO OBSERVE ERROR.

OBJECTIVE;To study connection of watt meter

How measure/take accurate reading

Difference in power

(i) Measure by watt meter(ii) Measure by ammeter and volt meter

APPARATUS;

Voltmeter Ammeter lab tools

Watt meter load (lamps)

THEORY;WATT METER (single phase)

Induction type meters are the most common form of AC meters. These meters

measure electric energy in watt.. In these meters magnet and spindle is used.

The watt-hour meter consists of two main coils:

(i) Pressure coil.

(ii) Current coil.The pressure coil is attached to the source while the current coil is attached to the load. In

Watt meter the breaking magnet is provided to control the speed of the disc. The

Breaking magnet decreases the breaking torque.

FEATURES1. They are induction type of instruments.

2. They are light in weight.

3. Torque to weight ratio is very small.

4. Temperature change has very small effect on the

instrument.

PROCEDURE1. First of all the connection is completed.

2. The voltage knob is adjusted at 500 volts.

3. The ampere knob is adjusted at 5 amps.

4. Deflection is measured from deflection scale.

5. Power is measured by above formula mentioned on Electronic Wattmeter.

6. Initially reading of kWh meter is noted and after 15 minutes the final

reading is taken.

7. Change the time (which is in minute) into Hours.

8. The energy measured by electronic wattmeter should be equal to kWh

meter.(END)


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EXPERIMENT NO.10

TODETERMINETHECURRENTANDPOWERFACTORINR-

CSERIESCIRCUIT.

OBJECTIVE;Tounderstandtheconceptofleadingpower factor

Tounderstandtheconceptofimpedance.

Tosuggestmodificationforsetup

APPARATUS;Lamp resistive load

Power supply capacitor

THEORY;R-Cseriescircuit

ItisthecircuitinwhichresistanceandCapacitanceareconnectedinseriesandcurrentleadst

he voltage.

Inana.c.circuittheappliedvoltageVisthevectorsumofvoltageacrossresistorandvoltage

acrossCapacitor.i.e.

DIAGRAM;


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PROCEDURE;Dischargethecapacitorbeforeandafteruse.

Connect the circuit as shown in figure.

Initially set the autotransformer to zero position and switch ON the supply.

Adjusttheautotransformerinstepstogetthreereadings.Record the values of V, I, V,V.

R C

Calculatethevaluesofcircuitcomponentsi.e.resistanceR,capacitanceCandPhase

angle.

Reduce the voltage to zero and switch OFF the supply.

Drawthephasordiagram.

CONCLUSION;

TableformeasuredandcalculatedvaluesofV,Ietc.

(END)


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EXPERIMENT NO.11

TODETERMINETHECURRENTANDPOWERFACTORINR-

LSERIESCIRCUIT.

OBJECTIVE;Tounderstandtheconceptoflaggingpower factor.




Power supply Inductor

THEORY;R-Lseriescircuit

ItisthecircuitinwhichresistanceandInductorareconnectedinseriesandcurrentlagthe

voltage.


acrossInductor.i.e.

DIAGRAMS;


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PROCEDURE;Dischargetheinductorbeforeandafteruse.




R L

Calculatethevaluesofcircuitcomponentsi.e.resistanceR,inductorLandPhase

angle.



CONCLUSION;

(END)


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EXPERIMENT NO.12

TODETERMINETHECURRENTANDPOWERFACTORINRLCSERIESCIRCUIT.

OBJECTIVE;Tounderstandtheconceptoflagging& leadingpower factor.




Power supply capacitorInductor

THEORY;R-L-Cseriescircuit

Itisthecircuitinwhichresistance,Inductor and

capacitorareconnectedinseriesandcurrentlagthe voltage.


acrossInductor.i.e.

DIAGRAMS;


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PROCEDURE;Dischargetheinductorand capacitor beforeandafteruse.




R L C

Calculatethevaluesofcircuitcomponentsi.e.resistanceR,inductorL,

capacitor C andPhase angle.



CONCLUSION;

(END)


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EXPERIMENT NO.13

TO MEASURE THE POWER AND POWER FACTOR BY THREE AMMETER

METHOD.

OBJECTIVE;Tounderstandthepower measuring method.

Tounderstandtheconceptofpower.


APPARATUS;Given circuit board Three Ammeter.

Power supply Connecting Wires

24 Volts Supply

THEORY;POWER MEASURED

BY THREE AMMETER

Onanalysingthegivencircuit,thetotalcurrentI1 i sdividedintoI2 &I3.I2 currentis

passingthroughresistorthereforeitisinphasewithappliedvoltage,whileI3 ispassing throughinductor therefore it is lagged by angle with respect to applied voltage. Graphically it canbe represented as:

DIAGRAMS;I2 I3Ccos

A B

I1 I3 I3 sin

C


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Resolve I into components & consider ABC.

(I1)2 = (I 2+ I3 cos ) 2 + (I3 sin ) 2

(I1) 2 = I2 2 + 2 I2I3 cos + I3 cos 2 + (I3 sin ) 2

I12 - I22 = 2 I2 I3 cos + I3 2 (cos 2+ sin2 )

Now,

Cos = (I12 - I 2 2 - I3 2) / 2I2I3.Now again consider above equation

2I2I3 cos = (I12 - I 2 2 - I3 2)

2(V/R) I3 cos = (I12 - I 2 2 - I3 2)

VI3 cos = (I12 - I2

2 - I3 2) R/2

P= (I12- I2 2- I3 2) R/2.

Real Power = (I12- I22 - I3 2) R/2

(Circuit diagram)

CONCLUSION;V

(Volts)I1

(Amp)

I2

(Amp)

I3

(Amp)

1412414

12

(END)


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EXPERIMENT NO.14

MEASUREMENTOF POWER FACTOR BY THREE VOLTMETER

METHOD.

OBJECTIVE;Tounderstandtheconceptofpower measuring method



APPARATUS;Lamp AC voltmeter.

230 volt AC supply. Circuit board.

AC ammeter Connecting wires

THEORY;POWER MEASURED

BY THREE VOLT METER

Onanalysingthegivencircuititisobservedthatthetwoelements,resistor,andinductor

areconnectedinseriesi.e.thesameamountofcurrentispassingthrougheachelement. The voltage

drop in inductor is leading the current which is graphically can be represented as:

DIAGRAMS;C

V1

V Vsin3 3

A B

V Vcos2 3


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EXPLAINATION;Now from figure,

Apply Pythagoras theorem on ABC.

V12 = (V2 + V3 cos) 2 + (V3sin)2V12 =V22 + 2V2V3cos + V32 Cos 2 + V32 Sin2

V1 2 -V22 -V3 2 = 2V2V3 Cos

Cos = (V12 -V22 -V3 2) / 2V2V3 Eq #1

For real power: -2V2V3 cos = V12 -V22 -V32

2(IR)V3 cos = V12-V22-V32V3 I cos = (V12-V22 -V32)/2R

Real power = (V12-V22-V32)/2R Eq # 2

(Circuit diagram)

CONCLUSION;I=

V1= V2= V3=

(END)


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EXPERIMENT NO.15

MEASUREMENTS OF POWER OF RESISTIVE LOAD BY ANALOGUE

WATTMETER AND THEN CALCULATE ITS POWER FACTOR.

OBJECTIVE;Tounderstandtheconceptofpower measuring method.



APPARATUS;Resistive load. Voltmeter.

Ammeter. Wattmeter.

5. Power supply 220 V Connecting wires

THEORY;Power MEASURE

BY THREE WATT METER

The wattmeter is a measuring instrument use to measure electric power.

The wattmeter is consists of a Pressure Coil and Current Coil. The current coil of the

instrument carries the load current, while the pressure coil carries the current proportional

to, and in phase with the voltage. The deflection of the wattmeter depends upon the

current in these two coils and upon the power factor. Inductance in the pressure coilcircuit should be divided as far as possible, since it causes the pressure coil current to lag

behind the applied voltage. A high non-inductive resistance is connected in series with

the pressure coil in order that the resultant of the coil itself shall be small in comparison,

with the resistance of the whole pressure coil circuit taken by the pressure coil shall be

small.

PROCEDURE;Connect the voltmeter in parallel with the source.

Connect the ammeter in series with the source.

Connect the wattmeter according to the instruction already written on the labelled

diagram.

Now vary the load, and measure voltage, current and power each time.

Finally measure power factor each time.


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(Circuit diagram)

CONCLUSION;Load Power

(Watt)V

(Volts)I

(Amp)cos

(P/VI)

Noload

1Bulbs ON

2Bulbs ON

3Bulbs ON

4Bulbs ON

5Bulbs ON

(END)


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EXPERIMENT NO.16

TODETERMINETHECURRENTANDPOWERFACTORINRLCSERIESCIRCUIT.

OBJECTIVE;Tounderstandthemotor and its types.

THEORY;ELECTRIC MOTOR

An electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical

energy. Most electric motors operate through interacting

magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors to generate

force, although electrostatic motors use electrostatic forces.

The reverse process, producing electrical energy from

mechanical energy, is done by generators such as an

alternatoror a dynamo. Many types of electric motors can be

run as generators, and vice versa. For example a

starter/generator for a gas turbine, ortraction motors used on

vehicles, often perform both tasks. Electric motors and

generators are commonly referred to as electric machines.

INDUCTION MOTOR (A.C MOTOR)

An electric motor turns because of magnetic forceexerted between a stationary electromagnet called

the stator and a rotating electromagnet called the

rotor. Different types of electric motors are

distinguished by how electric current is supplied to

the moving rotor. In a DC motor and a slip-ring

AC motor, current is provided to the rotor directly

through sliding electrical contacts called

commutators and slip rings. In an induction motor,by contrast, the current is induced in the rotor

without contacts by the magnetic field of the stator,

through electromagnetic induction. An induction motor is sometimes called a rotating

transformer because the stator (stationary part) is essentially the primary side of the

transformerand the rotor (rotating part) is the secondary side. Unlike the normal transformer

which changes the current by using time varying flux, induction motors use rotating magnetic

fields to transform the voltage. The current in the primary side creates an electromagnetic

field which interacts with the electromagnetic field of the secondary side to produce a

resultant torque, thereby transforming the electrical energy into mechanical energy. Induction

motors are widely used, especially polyphase induction motors, which are frequently used in

industrial drives.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor_(electric)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip_ring_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip_ring_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_contacthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutator_(electric)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip_ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphase_systemhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Motors01CJC.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Silniki_by_Zureks.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Motors01CJC.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Silniki_by_Zureks.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphase_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip_ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutator_(electric)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_contacthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip_ring_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip_ring_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor_(electric)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_energy


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CONSTRUCTION;The stator consists of wound 'poles' that carry the supplycurrent to induce a magnetic field that penetrates the rotor. In a

very simple motor, there would be a single projecting piece of

the stator (asalient pole) for each pole, with windings around

it; in fact, to optimize the distribution of the magnetic field, the

windings are distributed in many slots located around the

stator, but the magnetic field still has the same number of

north-south alternations. The number of 'poles' can vary

between motor types but the poles are always in pairs (i.e. 2, 4,

6, etc.).

There are three types of rotor:

SQUIRREL-CAGE ROTOR;The most common rotor is a squirrel-cage rotor. It is made up of bars of either solid

copper (most common) or aluminum that span the length of the rotor, and those solid

copper or aluminum strips can be shorted or connected by a ring or sometimes not, i.e.

the rotor can be closed or semiclosed type. The rotor bars in squirrel-cage induction

motors are not straight, but have some skew to reduce noise and harmonics.

SLIP RING ROTOR;A slip ring rotor replaces the bars of the squirrel-cage rotor with windings that are

connected to slip rings. When these slip rings are shorted, the rotor behaves similarly

to a squirrel-cage rotor; they can also be connected to resistors to produce a high-

resistance rotor circuit, which can be beneficial in starting

SOLID CORE ROTOR;A rotor can be made from solid mild steel. The induced current causes the rotation.

DC MOTOR

A DC motor is designed to run on DC electric power. Two

examples of pure DC designs are Michael Faraday's

homopolar motor(which is uncommon), and the ball bearing

motor, which is (so far) a novelty. By far the most common

DC motor types are the brushed and brushless types, which

use internal and external commutation respectively to

periodically reverse the current in the rotor windings.

APPLICATION;Electric motors are found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and

pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives.

(END)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip_ringshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faradayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homopolar_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_bearing_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_bearing_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_toolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_drivehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Electric_motor_cycle_2.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vierpolig-3str%C3%A4nge.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Electric_motor_cycle_2.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vierpolig-3str%C3%A4nge.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_toolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_bearing_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_bearing_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homopolar_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faradayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip_rings


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VISIT REPORT

SITARA ENERGY

LIMITED

ZGL

GRID STATION
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/27/Melbourne_Terminal_Station.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/27/Melbourne_Terminal_Station.JPG


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Our class visit first day

1) 220/132 KV grid station Jaranwala Road Faisalabad.

2) ZGL Lahore road (Guttwala toll plaza) Faisalabad.

Grid Station.A Grid Stationis a part of an electricalgeneration,

transmission, anddistributionsystem, where voltage

is transformed from high to low, or the reverse, or

many other important functions. Electric power may

flow through several substations between generating

plant and consumer, and may be changed in voltage

in several steps.

Grid station control by NTDCIn PAKISTAN Grid stations are controlled by NTDC (national transmission and

dispatch company) A brief overview of NTDC. National Transmission & Despatch

Company (NTDC) Limited was incorporated on 6th November, 1998 and commenced

commercial operation on 24th December, 1998. It was organized to take over all the

properties, rights and assets obligations and liabilities of 220 KV and 500KV Grid

Stations and Transmission Lines/Network owned by Pakistan Water and Power

Development Authority (WAPDA).The NTDC operates and maintains nine 500 KV

Grid Stations, 4160 km of 500 KV transmission line and 4000 km of 220 KV

transmission line in Pakistan.

There we learn many thing, we gain many knowledge we saw in

grid station many section which are following;

1.Control RomWhich control all Grid Station section and power supply as

well as output and input also control.

2.Battery sectionIn this section lots of batteries which store the charge for

control room purpose, in case of any accident these

batteries give back up supply to control room.

3. YardThat area where input and output supply incoming and outgoing, here also all

electrical equipment like transformer, bus bar, PT, CT, isolator and earthing system

as well etc.

Single L ine Diagram

GridStation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Electrical_substation_model_(side-view).PNGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/27/Melbourne_Terminal_Station.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Electrical_substation_model_(side-view).PNGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/27/Melbourne_Terminal_Station.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Electrical_substation_model_(side-view).PNGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/27/Melbourne_Terminal_Station.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation


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Company I ntroduction

1995>Company established under the name Zubair & Ghazanfar (Z &

G) and started work in the field of Transformers related services

including of oil Dehydration under the supervision and guide line from

Engr. Mian Zubair Munir and the full time practical support of Mian

Ghazanfar Munir and his very dedicated team of professionals.

1996> Company name changed from Z&G to ZGL keeping the idea in

view to bring its status from AOP to Private Limited.

1997> The ZGL established a CNG station in parallel to its

Transformers business activities under the name ZGAS, afterward it

was sold out in 2002 and whole investment brought to ZGLto establish

its manufacturing setup on Sheikhupura Road, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.

1998 > Company started to construct the current factory building and

completed its first phaseby the end of 2002 to start the Manufacturing

of Transformers & MV/LV Switchgears.

2002> Manufacturing of Transformers & Switchgear started and

achieved a good name in this very particular field.

2003> Company got registered with SECP, Govt. of Pakistan as Private Limited Company

under the name Zubair Ghazanfar Private Limited and with a log lof ZGL.

2004 > Company recognized by FCCI & PEC for its engineering

contribution to the industrial sector of the Pakistan

2007> Company received ISO 9001:2000 certification from UKAS-

UK through DAS Pakistan in recognition to our international quality

systems being maintained in our production & service activities.

2008>Company also got recognition from IEEE-P as Quality

Manufacturer Company and now is under consideration with FESCO

/ WAPDA for the prequalification as Manufacturer of Transformers

& Switchgears.

Company is also under consideration with C.E. Power, Govt. of

Punjab for issuance of Electrical Contractors License in category A

for Industrial Electrical Inspection & Testing activities etc.


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Company ProductsProducts they made as we have seen in our tour:

1) Transformer

2) Switchgears

How they make it?

1.Selection of Core.The Core is constructed from cold reduced grain oriented laminated silicon steel,which are slit and cut to required size. Core loss induced due to cutting is relieved in a

modern way. Eddy Current losses in the built core are kept to minimum by using bur

free laminations. In order to ensure that the core loss will not increase with service,

the laminations are insulated with a non-ageing phosphate coating.

2.Winding / I nsulation.

Windings are designed and made with three major considerations to

ensure that they have sufficient dielectric strength to withstand

service and test conditions, that they are well cooled, and that they

have a high mechanical strength to withstanding short circuit

stresses.

3.I nspection& Testing

The establishment and maintenance of a

high standard of both material and

workmanship in our factory is achieved by

continuous / stage inspections during the

Manufacturing and our Design &

Development is subsequently proved by

testing. Our laboratory is equipped with

the most modern and precise measuring

instruments current voltage transformers

of class AL accuracy to ensure the exact

characteristics of the transformer.

Transformers are tested in accordance

with the requirements laid down by the IEC, BSS and VDE.

TRANSFORMER


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4.Energy Analyzing

We at ZGL ensure that the transformers manufactured are

well in limits to minimize the hidden energy consumption

through stage inspections and analyzation at each step

during design and development.

5.Transformer Oi l.The oil used is must go tested and verified before filling, as to ensure the

safe life and keep the equipment cool and to meet the stresses in most

severe conditions.

6. FinishingCovers and conservators including Radiators are taken care in a way in our metal treatment

process in which they undergo decreasing, de-rusting and phosphate coating. This is done

before the header plates are welded to ensure that both the inside and outside surface of the

radiator tubes are treated before they go for paint. These are then painted with a priming coat

and tow final coat to BSS in used. (Unless otherwise specified) finishing

How they make it?

Zgl switchgearFront door / outdoor type, sheet steel fabricated free standing front / rear accessibility,

cable or bus duct connection are supplied complete with ACB, MCCB, LBS,

necessary meters, Relays and Instruments etc., Breaker of either fixed or draw out

type version can be supplied as required. ZGL Switchgears are extensible on both

side,Related Voltage: up to 600/750V

Related Current: up to 6300A

Related S.C. Current: up to 100KA

Low VoltageLV Switchgear being one of the major power products of ZGL is produced for indoor

and outdoor installation complying with the latest international standards, i.e. IEC,

BSS or VIDE. ZGL switchboards are steel sheet fabricated, totally enclosed, floor

mounting and vermin & dust proof, These are supplied with factory fitted relevant

components and copper bus bars, internal wiring, terminal block etc.

SWITCHGEAR


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The cubicle housing and doors are fabricated from 2-3mm thick sheet steel, to form a

robust and self-supporting structure. Painting procedure includes through cleaning,

pretreatment and final finishing in standard RAL colors.

Use Of Worldwide accepted vacuum interruptersEquipped with the most wellknown VCB and well accepted

vacuum

Under rated operational current (in) : 20000 Times Under 100% rated SC current (Isc) : 100-125 Times

Our class visited 2nd

daySitara Energy Limited Lahore road Faisalabad.

IntroductionSitara Energy LTD. is one of the most modern and largest captive plants in Pakistan.

Electrical energy is produced by 26 sets. The maximum output power is 86 MW. The power

plant is equipped with a combination of the most modern technology from Japan, Europe and

USA.

A general reconstruction of twenty-four generator sets was carried out from 2005 2007. The

reconstruction included a modification of the generator sets. Their fuel systems were

modified to operate on diesel fuel and natural gas. The whole contract was carried out by

Motor System s.r.o. The Reliance SCADA/HMI system was installed for control andvisualization of the generator sets and also for control of other engineering facilities. The

Reliance system provides communication with WOODWARD Control System over the

Modbus protocol. All important parameters from operation are controlled by Reliance. Data

from the operation is automatically stored in the database. The historical data is used for

displaying the historical trends, alarms/events and other relevant information. The operator

(Sitara Energy LTD.) is very satisfied with the control system installed in its power plant.

They generate electricity from gas and as well as furnace oil.


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Control Room

Output and Synchronization

As the output of sitara is 11 KV so no synchronization withWAPDA.

Maximum 500 KV is needed to synchronize.

The schematic order of Electricity generation

Gas power Plant

From Natural Gas Total capacity = 30 MV

Their consumption is 0.3 million cubic foot.

Generators4 generators of Jenbacher capacity of 3 Megawatt.

6 number of generators Caterpillar ( CAT ) capacity of 2 MV.

From Furnace Oil( HFOheavy fluid oil) Total capacity 48

MV.

Oil Storage& ConsumptionTotal storage is 3000 tons and daily consumption is 150 tons.

Each Power Plant CapacityOn HFO the generators of NAGATA with amount of 6 and capacity of 8 MV each.

On the storage tank the steam heaters used to decrease viscosity of HFO.

Increase Temperature process need 24 V and 500 Amps.

Auxiliary Panel ( Control Panel )

All power plants have their own control room and switch gears and feeders.

When RPM is 80% then voltage excitation is powered on.

Total No. Of Feeders

Total no. of feeders are 6 which distributing electricity todifferent industries.

(END)


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PROJECT REPORT

Transformer converts A.C

220 voltA.C 12 volt

Convertor

Convert A.C 12 volt D.C 12 volt

Filter CircuitRemove the A.C ripples in pulsating

D.C and give pure D.C signal.

Voltage Regulator

It regulates the voltage. Maintain the

voltage level on exact 6 volt.

Transistor

It function is fast switching b/w

battery and input power supply

Lamp

It low onl when batter su l comin .

Battery

it store the charge and give back up supply

when cut off input power supply

EMERGENCY LIGHT


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Save yourself to electricity!

THANK YOU!

END

ELECTRIC Circuit Copy

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