Ekologi Mikroalga_2013
-
Upload
kukuh-feryan -
Category
Documents
-
view
51 -
download
4
description
Transcript of Ekologi Mikroalga_2013
EKOLOGI MIKROALGA
Bagian Bioteknologi Kelautan
Departemen Teknologi Hasil Perairan
FPIK – IPB
HABs
Mikroalga
Negev desert in Israel
Ekologi Kimia
Chemical
ecology is the
study of
the chemicals
involved in the
interactions of
living organisms
Ekologi Kimia Mikroalga
the study of
biological and
chemical
interactions
between
microalgae in their
aquatic
environment
Mikroalga
Micro-Algae
Single cell microorganism
Autotropik, CO2 sumber karbon dan cahaya sebagai sumber energi
Mikroalga
Eukaryote excluded procaryotic Cyanobacteria
Terdapat 50 ribu spesies
Taksonomi Mikroalga
6 grup: Bacillariophyta, Chlorophycophyta,
Chrysophycophyta, Rhodophycophyta, Dinophyta,
Cyanobacteria
Kelompok Carotenoids
1. Bacillariophyta
(Diatom)
β-carotene
± -carotene rarely fucoxanthin
Tabellaria fenestrata
Taksonomi Mikroalga
Divisi Carotenoids
2. Chlorophycophyta
β-carotene,
± -carotene rarely carotene
and lycopene, lutein
Coelastrum
Tetraedron
Scenedesmus
Chlorophycophyta
Chlorophycophyta
Chlorophycophyta
Chlorophycophyta
Taksonomi Mikroalga
Divisi Carotenoids
3. Chrysophycophyta
β-carotene, fucoxanthin
Odontella sinensis/
Biddulphia sinensis
Taksonomi Mikroalga
Divisi Carotenoids
4. Rhodophycophyta
β-carotene, zeaxanthin
Porphyridium
Rhodella violacea
Taksonomi Mikroalga
Divisi Carotenoids
5. Dinophyta
(Pyrrophycophyta)
β-carotene, peridinin,
Neoperididnin dinoxanthin,
neodinoxanthin
Taksonomi Mikroalga
Filum Carotenoids
6. Cyanobacteria
β-carotene, phycobilins
Anabaena torulosa
Phormidium subfuscum
Anabaena augstumnalis
Diatom vs. Dinoflagellata
Centrics (Order: Biddulphiales) &
the Pennates (Order: Bacillariales)
Two flagellae
Cells are encased in transparent
glass-like (silica) “container”,
epitheca and hypotheca
Cells are covered by a theca
(sheath) that can be smooth or
ornamented
Photosynthesis Photosynthesis & absorb organic
matter &/or engulf microbial prey
Up to 100,000 species of diatoms
have been recorded
Of the 2000 species known, 60
species produce complex toxins
Mikroalga
Wen et al. 2012
Scaling up?
Habitat Mikroalga
Habitat umum: perairan terbuka (fitoplankton)
Permukaan bebatuan, tanaman tingkat tinggi di perairan dangkal (perifiton)
Habitat Mikroalga
Permukaan tanah dan bebatuan yang lembab
Diisolasi dari hot springs – glacial ice
Habitat Mikroalga
Light, water quality and temperature,
availability of carbon and other essential
nutrients, and depth or tidal exposure
In the tropics, algae grow on hard
substrate like beach rock, coral reefs and on the roots of mangrove trees
Klasifikasi Berdasarkan Habitat
Hydrophilus; aquatic, free floating or completely
submerged algae
Edaphic; Terestrial
Aerial
Cryophytic; living on ice and snow (Eg.
Chlamydomonas)
Symbionts or Endophytes; Symbiotic with fungi, Eg.
Chroococcus, Nostoc, Chlorella and Palmella; Lives
inside the pteridophyte Azolla. Eg. Anabaena azollae.
Endozoic; inside fresh water sponges, Hydra
Parasites; Eg. Cephaleuros virescens
Ekologi
Terrestrial atau akuatik
Planktonik atau membentuk biofilm fototrof
Some are endosymbionts in lichens, plants,
various protists, or sponges
Visible blue-green blooms
Ekologi Diatom
Fitoplankton
Freshwater or marine
Bloom-and-bust cycle
Bloom; dominate phytoplankton
Bust; mucilage production
till thermocline
Ekologi Chlorophycophyta
Freshwater or marine, some aerial Chlorococcales
Planktonic (Volvocalean & chlorooccalean) or benthic
Attach to substrate
Symbiotic: Chlorella pada Hydra
Commercial: Dunaliella (glycerol & ß-carotene)
Winter: Ulothrix, Spring: Stigeoclonium, Summer:
Oedogonium
Ekologi Rhodophycophyta
Freshwater or marine
Tropical to polar waters
Epiphytes
Parasites reduce pigment
Ekologi Dinophyta
Mostly marine, some Freshwater
Planktonic, mostly in warmer waters
Benthic/Symbiotic
Parasit pada invertebrates, ikan
Phagocytic pada algae
Brown or red tides
Toxic: saxitoxin (PSP), brevetoxin (NSP),
ciguatoxin (CFP)
Luminescent
Luciferin-luciferase system pada Noctiluca scintillans
Ekologi Cyanobacteria
Terrestrial atau akuatik
Freshwater or marine, planktonic or benthic
Fotosintesis & fiksasi nitrogen
Some anoxygenic photosynthesis
Synechoccus can tolerate T 74 deg C
Eg. Geothermal di Yellowstone park, distribusi
Cyanobacteria tergantung pada kandungan
sulfit, semakin tinggi sulfit, pertumbuhan
Cyanobacteria makin lambat
Ekologi Cyanobacteria
Antarctic lakes: Phormidium & Lyngbya
Salt concentrates (evaporation), eg. Spirulina
African Rift Valley; food for flamingos
Spirulina for food
Blooms in Baltic Sea: Nodularia,
Aphanizomenon
Mikroalga
Chisti 2008
References
A biology of the algae. Philip Sze
Micro-algal biotechnology. Borowitzka & Borowitzka
Freshwater Algae http://www.algaekey.com/
http://www.algaebase.org/
http://www.oilgae.com
http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/topics/redtide/education.html
Culture Collection of Autotrophic Organisms http://www.butbn.cas.cz