{ejUdoY - grammangal.orggrammangal.org/assets/pdf/Shiskahnvedh 2016/Jan 2016.pdf · & 6 & {ejUdoY &...

$: {ejUdoY - grammangal.orggrammangal.org/assets/pdf/Shiskahnvedh 2016/Jan 2016.pdf · & 6 & {ejUdoY & OmZodmar 2016 Amnë`m g§nyU© amÁ`mVrb {ejU AmO n[adV©ZmÀ`m diUmda C^o Amho,$
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~Xccocm g§nmXH$s` d H$m`m©b`rZ nÌì`dhmanwUo H$m`m©b` : Jm§Yr^dZ n[aga, A§YemioeoOmar, H$moWê$S>, nwUo 411038.g§dmX : 02025386687 Email : [email protected],

_w§~B© H$m`m©c` : A{OV _§S>{bH$, 22, `_wZm, emór hm°b, Oo. S>r. _mJ©,_w§~B© 7. g§dmX : 09869049849

ho _m{gH$ _wÐH$-àH$meH$ A{OV _§S>{bH$ m§Zr J«m__§Jb g§ñWogmR>r BåàoeZ, 22, _wZm,emór hm°b, Oo. S>r. _mJ©, _§w~B© 7 oWo N>mnyZ Ë`mM {R>H$mUmhÿZ à{gÕ Ho$bo.

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~moÝgm` / \$méI Eg. H$mPr / 13

aMZmdmXr {ejUmgmR>r Amdí`H$ dmVmdaU/ S>m°. {XZoe ZohoVo / 14

_mXm_ _m±Q>ogmoar Am{U aMZmdmXr {ejU / gwaoIm n|S>go / 20

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aMZmdmXr {ejUm~m~V nmbH$m§Mr _mZ{gH$Vm / _hoe H$m§~io / 36

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{ejH$m§À`m AmË_hË`m / hoa§~ Hw$bH$Uu / 55

d¥Îm{dœ / 58

J«m__§JcdmVm© / 61

B-c{ZªJ / gm¡{_Ì KmoQ>rH$a / 62

g_wnXoeH$mÀ`m ZOaoVyZ / J§nyXmXm/{H$emoarVmB© / 64

& 6 & {ejUdoY & OmZodmar 2016

Amnë`m g§nyU© amÁ`mVrb {ejU AmO n[adV©ZmÀ`m diUmda C o Amho, hr IynM_hÎdmMr Jmoï> Amho. {dH$mgmÀ`m AZoH$ eŠ`Vm m n[adV©ZmÀ`m Jmä`mV XS>boë`m AmhoV._wbm§À`m Ñï>rZo Va Ë`mMo _hÎd AZÝ`gmYmaU AmhoM, VgoM g§nyU© g_mOmÀ`m CÁÁdb^{dî`mMrhr Vr Zm§Xr Amho. mM àdmhmMm EH$ A{d^mÁ` mJ Agbobr Amnbr "_hmamï´>~mb{ejU n[afX' m aMZmdmXr {ejU{dMmamgmR>r g‚m Pmbr Amho. gmè`m _hmamï> amVyZO_boë`m gd© {ejUào_tMo BWo ñdmJV Amho. AmOÀ`m ~mbH$mgmR>r- åhUOoM CÚmÀ`mVéUm§À`m ^{dî`mgmR>r AmnU Zì`m {dMmam§Mr éOdU H$aV AmhmoV, hr A{^_mZmMr ~m~Amho.

amï´>r` {ejUH«$_ AmamIS>çmV 2005 _Ü o aMZmdmXr {ejUnÕVrÀ`m {dMmamMmàdoe Pmbm, Va _hmamï´> amÁ`mZo 2010 _Ü o `m {dMmamH$So> Amnbo _mohao didbo. "_ybAmnbo AmnU {eH$Vo' `m {dMmamda aMZmdmXr nÕVr {dH${gV Pmbr Amho. 1950 nmgyZ_mZgemó, _|Xÿemó, _mZdd§eemó, VÎdkmZ, ^mfmemó `m emòmV AZoH$ KS>m_moS>rKS>V hmoË`m; Zdr g§emoYZo hmoV hmoVr. kmZ AgVo Hw$R>o? ~mhoa H$s A§V_©ZmV? kmZ åhUOoH$m`? _mUyg {eH$Vmo H$gm? _mUgmbm ~mø _m{hVrMo AmH$bZ hmoVo H$go? Vo ñ_aUmVH$go amhVo? ^mfm H$er {eH$br OmVo?- Aem AZoH$ àým§Mm emoY `m gmè`m joÌm§Zr KoVbmAm{U Ë`mVyZ _mUgmÀ`m {eH$Ê`mMm {gÕm§V _m§S>Umao "AmH$bZemó' V`ma Pmbo. `mMH$mimV {n`mOo, S>çyB©, dm`Jm°Q>ñH$s, ~«wZa `m _mZgemókm§Zrhr _wbmMo AmH$bZ H$go hmoVo,`m~m~V _hÎdmMo {dMma _m§S>bo. aMZmdmXr nÕVrÀ`m _wimer hr {dMmaYmam Amho._w»`ËdoH$ê$Z kmZaMZmdmXmMr B_maV Mma Im§~m§da C^r Amho. EH$ Im§~- AmH$bZemómMm.`m emómZo _Zwî`mbm AmH$bZ H$go hmoVo, ho ñnï> Ho$bo. _Zwî` {eH$Vmo åhUOo Vmo _m{hVrda

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"aMZmdmX' g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r pñdg_mZgemók {n`mOo `mZo _m§S>bobm "kmZJ«hUmMm{gÕm§V' g_OyZ ¿`mdmM bmJVmo. B§{Ð`g§doXZm Am{UH¥$Vr `mÛmao ì`º$sMm ~mø OJmVrb dñVy, ì`º$s,KQ>Zm, {ZgJ© `m§À`mer g§nH©$ hmoV AgVmo. Ë`mVyZZdZdr _m{hVr {_iV AgVo. Voìhm Ë`mVrb {H«$`m-à{V{H«$`m§_YyZ _|XyV "à{V_m' (schema) V`ma hmoVmV.hr à{V_m {Z_m©U hmoUo, {VÀ`mV ~Xb hmoUo åhUOokmZ. hr {H«$`m AI§S> Mmby AgVo. Zdr _m{hVr{_imbr H$s, Zdr à{V_m V`ma hmoVo. Zdr à{V_m dOwZr à{V_m EH${ÌV hmoD$Z Zdo kmZ hmoVo. à{V_m H$m`_amhV ZmhrV, Va Ë`m ~XbVmV Am{U {dñVmaVmV.Ë`mVyZ kmZmMr aMZm hmoV AgVo. `mMmM AW©AZw dboë`m KQ>Zm§Mm, {_imboë`m _m{hVrMm AW©_|Xÿbm bmJVmo. ho AW©-AmH$bZ qH$dm kmZ ì`º$s-{d{eï> AgVo. H$maU àË oH$ ì`º$sMr JVr, j_Vm,nydm©Zw d hm {^Þ AgVmo. åhUyZM _m{hVr XoVm oVo,nU Vr AmH$iyZ KoÊ`mMo H$m_ Á`mMo Ë`mbmM H$amdobmJVo. åhUOoM àË oH$ OU ñdV…À`m kmZmMm {Z_m©VmAgVmo. kmZJ«hUmgmR>r {n`mOoZo Mma Jmoï>tMrAmdí`H$Vm _m§S>bobr Amho : (1) emar[aH$ d_mZ{gH$ n[an¹$Vm, (2) H¥${Verb AZw d, (3)gm_m{OH$ A{^gaU (`m A{^gaUmV ñdV…er dBVam§er hmoUmam g§dmX Iyn _hÎdmMm Amho.) Am{U


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\$io {XgUo_ Ë`mVyZ a§J, AmH$ma g_OUo, Zmd_mhrV hmoUo

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g_OUo. hr à{H«$`m \$im§{df`rÀ`m à{V_m~Xbm§MrAm{U {dñVmamMr Amho.

B`Îmm n{hbrÀ`m dJm©V Ajam§Mr AmoiI H$ê$ZXoVmZm VmB©Zo _wbm§Mo bj AjamÀ`m ÜdZrH$So> Am{UË`mVyZ AjamÀ`m {MÝhmH$So> doYyZ KoVbo. ÜdZr g_OyZXoVmZm _wbm§Mm nydm©Zw d {dMmamV KoD$Z Ë`m§Zm EH$mMÜdZrMo eãX EoH${dbo, Ë`mMr {MÌo Ë`m§Zm XmI{dbrAm{U _wbm§Zmhr Vgo eãX emoYyZ gm§JÊ`mMr g§Yr{Xbr. Ogo "n' AjamMr AmoiI XoVmZm "n' nÅ>r,nßnm, nV§J `mV dñVy§Mr {MÌo XmIdyZ Vo eãX_wbm§gmo~V åhQ>bo d "n' EoHy$ Ambm H$m- Ago {dMmaVË`m ÜdZrH$So> bj doYbo. _wbm§Zm Ago eãX gm§JÊ`mgàmoËgmhZ {Xbo. {MÌo Z XmIdVm ndZ, namJ, ngmamAgo eãX EoH$dyZ "n' EoHy$ oVmo H$m {dMmabo. ho O_V§

Ago bjmV Amë`mda eãXmV "n' Hw$R>o EoHy$ AmbmAgo WmoSo> H$Rr>U AmìhmZ Ë`m§À`m g_moa R>odbo åhUOo"ngmam' _Ü o "n' n{hë`m§Xm EoHy$ Ambm... "_mn',"Vmn' `m eãXmV "n' eodQ>r EoHy$ Ambm, "H$nSo>' `meãXmV Vmo _Ü o EoHy$ Ambm. AmoiIrÀ`m eãXm§H$Sy>Z_wbo AZmoiIr Ajam§n ªV nmohmoMbr. eãXmMm g§nyU©ÜdZr _m{hVr AgVmZm AjamMm gwQ >m ÜdZrAmoiIm`bm {eH$br. m à{H«$ oV _wbm§Mr Üd{ZldUj_Vm dmT>br. {d{eï> ÜdZrMr AmoiI d Ë`mMreãXmVrb {Z{üV OmJm Ë`m§Zm _m{hVrMr Pmbr.ÜdZr-AmoiI d Ë`mMo Ñí` {MÝhê$n `mMr Ë`m§À`m_|XyV `mo½` à{V_m V`ma hmoD$Z AW©-AmH$bZ Pmbo.hr kmZaMZm hmoÊ`mgmR>r àËòH$ _wbmbm bmJUmamH$mbmdYr _mÌ WmoS>m doJdoJim AgVmo.

B`Îmm ghmdrÀ`m dJm©V _wbm§Zr H¥$Vr H$aVm-H$aVm H«$_mZo {ÌÁ`m, ì`mg, narK `m g§H$ënZmAmË_gmV Ho$ë`m. Ë`m§Zm {ÌÁ`m d ì`mg _m{hVrPmë`mda VmB©Zo S>ã`mMr PmH$Uo, dmQ>r, VmQ>br m§À`mdVw©imH$ma AmH$mamMo _mn _moOm`bm gm§{JVbo. ho H$go_moOVm òB©b, `mMm A§XmO H$am`bm gm§{JVbo._moOÊ`mgmR>r H$moUË`m gm{hË`mMm dmna H$aVm oB©b-ho {dMmabo. _wbm§Zr nÅ>r, AY©M§ÐmH¥$Vr nÅ>r, Xmoam,_rQ>a, Q>on Aem dñVy§Zr _mnZ H$aVm òB©b- AgoA§XmOmZo gm§{JVbo. Xmoè`mZo dVw©imMo _mn KoUo, Vr_rQ>a Q>onZo _moOyZ ~KUo- Aer H$m_o _wbm§Zr Ho$ë`mdaVmB©Zo `m "dVw©imbm narK åhUVmV d AmnU narK_moObm', ho gm§{JVbo. Agm narK H$emH$emMm _moOVmòB©b `mMr `mXr _wbm§Zr Ho$br. narKmMm Cn`moJdVw©imH¥$Vr dñVy V`ma H$aVmZm, {dhra-Q>mH$s ~m§YVmZmhmoB©b- ho gm§{JVbo. hr gd© _mnZo àË`j H$ê$Znm{hbr. `mV nydm©Zw dm§Mr gmIir H$er OmoS>br, Vonmhÿ.

g|{Q>_rQ>aZo _mnZ- {ÌÁ`m KoD$Z dVw©i H$mT>Uo -{ÌÁ odê$Z ì`mg emoYUo-narK emoYUo - Cn`moOZH$aUo.


H«$_mZo EHo$H$m nydm©Zw dmda Zì`m kmZmMr drQ>R>odV _wbm§Zr kmZaMZm Ho$br. kmZ Pmë`mda Ë`mMoCn`moOZhr Ho$bo. m VrZhr CXmhaUm§V B§{Ð`g§doXZm,H¥$Vr `m§À`m AmYmao _wbo {eH$br. _wbm§Mo nyd©kmZ,Zdo AZw d, AZw dm§VyZ {_imbobr _m{hVr d Vr_m{hVr KoÊ`mgmR>r- åhUOo {eH$Ê`mgmR>r CËgwH$ _Z`m_wio hr {eH$Ê`mMr à{H«$`m nyU© Pmbr. _wboAZw dmVyZ-H¥$VrVyZ Amnbr AmnU {eH$VmV, Agmgmonm AW© aMZmdmXmMm Amho. {eH$m`Mo H$go, hoM{eH$Vm Ambo Va OÝ_â Amnbo Amnë`mbm {eH$VmoVo.

aMZmdmXr nÕVr :- ì`º$s-KQ>Zm `m§À`mH$Sy>ZòUmao AZw^d, dñVwê$n gmYZo, ÑH²$lmì` Vm§{ÌH$_mÜ`_o hr kmZaMZm hmoÊ`mMr gmYZo AmhoV.

`m gmYZm§À`m AmYmao H¥$Vr H$aV, emoY KoV,BVam§À`m g§nH$m©VyZ {eH$Ê`mMr à{H«$`m KS>V AgVo.

aMZmË_H$ {ejUà{H«$`m

BVam§À`m g§nH$m©VyZ H¥$Vr H$ê$Z - emoY KoD$Z

{ejUmVyZ ^{dî`mgmR>r Cn wº$ Aem j_Vm dH$m¡eë`m§Mm {dH$mg ìhm`bm hdm.1. ñdV…hÿZ {eH$Vm oUo.2. {eH$Ê`mMo _mJ© emoYVm oUo.3. {dMma H$aVm oUo.4. ^mfoMm dmna H$aVm oUo.5. earamMm dmna H$aVm oUo.6. {_imboë`m AZw dmVyZ `mo½` Vo kmZ KoVm oUo.7. emoY KoVm oUo. 8. n`m© m§Mr {ZdS> H$aVm oUo. 9. {ZU© KoVm oUo.10. H$ënZmeº$s dmnaUo.11. Zd{Z{_©Vr H$aVm oUo.

aMZmdmXr ì`dhma - aMZmË_H$ {ejU-à{H«$ oVyZ `m gmè`m j_Vm {dH${gV H$em hmoVrb`mgmR>r Am{U m j_Vm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z Cn`moOZmË_H$

H$m¡eëò H$er {dH${gV hmoVrb, ho bjmV KoD$ZdJm©Vrb aMZmdmXmMm ì`dhma R>admdm bmJVmo. hmì`dhma dJm©V AmUÊ`mgmR>r dmVmdaU, AZw d, H¥$Vrhr VrZ gmYZo AmhoV. `m gmYZm§Mm dmna H$ê$ZkmZ{Z{_©Vr hmoB©b, m kmZmMm Cn`moJ OrdZmVrb àýgmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r hmoB©b. Zd{Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r hmoB©b.`mAmYmao aMZmdmXr ì`dhmamMr nmM gyÌo gm§JVmòVrb.

1. dmVmdaU {Z_m©U H$aUo.2. AZw d g§Yr {Z_m©U H$aUo.3. H¥$Vr H$aÊ`mg gmYZo XoUo.4. Cn`moOZ OrdZmer OmoSy>Z KoUo.5. Zd{Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mg AdH$me XoUo.~mbemioVrb aMZmdmXr {ejUmMm {dMma

H$aVmZm {ejUVÁk \«o$S>[aH$ \«$m°~ob d _m[a`m_m±Q>ogmoar `m§À`m nÕVr g_OmdyZ KoUo, Ë`m§Mm AmYmaKoUo, Ë`mV Zì`m g§emoYZm§Mr Amdí`H$ Vr a KmbUoJaOoMo Amho.

_wbo OÝ_V… {H«$`merb AgVmV. hmbMmbr,Ioi, aMZm H$aUo mVyZM Vr {eHy$ eH$VmV, ho bjmVKoD$Z \«o$S>[aH$ \«$m°~obZo _wbm§gmR>r "H«$sS>Z nÕVr' V`maHo$br; Va _m[a`m _m±Q>ogmoar~mBªZr "_wbm§Mm j_Vm{dH$mgZ¡g{J©H$arË`m H$gm hmoV AgVmo', `mÀ`m emómMmAä`mg H$aV ñdmZw^dmVyZ AË`§V gw §Xa Aer"gmYZmYm[aV nÕVr' {dH${gV Ho$br. `m XmoKm§Zremór` ~mb{ejUmMm nm`m aMbm. OJâ Ë`mMmàgma Ho$bm. g§nyU© OJmVrb ~mbH$m§gmR>rM VrAZ_mob XoUJr R>abr. H«$sS>Z d gmYZmYm[aV nÕVrøm _wimVM aMZmdmXr AmhoV. Ë`mVrb aMZmdmXrnÕVrbm "Z¡g{J©H$ aMZmdmX' åhUVm oB©b. ñdV…hÿZH¥$Vr H$aV {eH$Ê`mÀ`m Z¡g{J©H$ àd¥Îmrg `m nÕVrV`mo½` g§Yr Amho. \«$m°~obZo _wbm§gmR>r {JâQ²g' åhUOoXoU½`m (Ioi) d "Am°Š`wnoeÝg§' åhUOo ì`dgm`(CnH«$_) {Z_m©U Ho$bo. "{JâQ²g'_Ü o {d{dY àH$maMo{Ì{_Vr` R>moH$io, n¥ð>mH¥$Vr AmH$ma, {d{dY AmH$ma,


AmH$ma_mZm§Mo bhmZ VwH$So>, H$mS>çm Aem dñVyAmhoV. `m dñVy §À`m AmYmao dñVy §Mo AmH$ma,AmH$ma_mZ, ~mOy, H$S>m, H$monao, bhmZ-_moR>onUm, nyU©,AYm©, nmd Aem AZoH$ g§H$ënZm _wbo g_Oy eH$VmV.dñVyMo ñWyb d gyú_ ê$n g_OVo. ~mø dñVy§Mo d `mIoimVrb dñVy§Mo gmYå`© bjmV `oVo. gmYå`m©VyZH$ënZoZo _wbm§Zm ~mø dñVy§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aVm oVo. dñVy-{Z{_©VrMm AmZ§X {_iVmo, dñVy{Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`mg_OVo. "Am°Š wnoeÝg'_Yrb H$mJX, _Ur, H$mMm,{~`m, H$mS>çm, H$mnS> Aem dñVy§_YyZ ZjrH$m_,H$mJXH$m_ Aer H$bmHw$garMr H$m_o H$aVm oVmV._wbm§gmR>r ñd §{ejUmÀ`m H$ënZm d {Z{_©VrÀ`m anyag§Yr {Z_m©U H$aUmè`m \«$m °~obbm "aMZmdmXr{ejUmMm OZH$' Ago åhUVm oB©b. `m nÕVrgmR>rAmdí`H$ Agbobm ghm`H$, _mJ©Xe©H$, ào_i{ejH$- hr \«$m°~ob nÕVrVrb gdm©V _hÎdmMr ~m~Amho.

_m[a`m _m±Q>ogmoatZr {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m {ejU-nÕVrV e¡j{UH$ gmYZo, gmYZm§Mm dmna, gmYZm§Mr_m§S>Ur, {eH$Ê`mMr nÕVr, {ejH$- y{_H$m AgmgmH${bH$ {dMma Amho.

_m[a`m _m±Q>ogmoatMr gmYZo B§{Ð`mZw dmMr AmhoV.^mfm, J{UV, {dkmZ `m {df`mVrb g§H$ënZm ñnï>H$aUmar AmhoV. gmYZo dmnamMr nÕV d _m§S>Ur_wbm§Zm ñd §{eñVrH$So>, ZrQ>ZoQ>Ho$nUmH$So> ZoUmar Amho.ñdmV§Í`, gm¢X ©, ñd §{eñV, em§VVm m _yë`m§Mm ghOñdrH$ma hmoB©b Aer gmYZm§Mr _m§S>Ur d dJ©aMZm~mBªZr {Z_m©U Ho$br. {ejUmVyZM "_Zwî`ËdmMm{dH$mg' hmoD$ eHo$b, {dœem§VrMo ñdßZ gmH$ma H$aVmoB©b- Agm Ë`m§Mm {dœmg Amho. _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrMm

{dZme Q>mim`Mm Agob, Va em§VVm Am{U gm¢X ©_mUgm-_mUgmV éOm`bm hdo. `mM ^mdZoZo Ë`m§Zrembo dmVmdaUmMm Am{U Ë`mg nyaH$ Aem {ejH$-

y{_Ho$Mm AmJ«h Yabm Amho.{eH$Ê`mÀ`m nÕVrV _m±Q>ogmoat~mBªZr ñdV§ÌnUo

{eH$Uo, g_d`ñH$m §H$S y >Z {eH$Uo, _m oR >çmghH$mè`m§H$Sy>Z {eH$Uo Am{U {ejH$mÀ`m _mJ©Xe©ZmZo{eH$Uo- Aer aMZm Ho$br hmoVr. gmYZmYm[aVJQ>{ejU, ñd`§{ejU, {ejH$mÀ`m _mJ©Xe©ZmZo{ejU hr nÕVr aMZmdmXr nÕVrV Ano{jV AmhoAm{U åhUyZM aMZmdmXr nÕVrMr Zmi _m±Q>ogmoaterOmoS>mdrer dmQ>Vo.

^maVmV emór` ~mb{ejUmMr C^maUrH$aVmZm {JOw mB© ~YoH$m§Zr _m±Q>ogmoar {ejU nÕVrMmAmXe© R>odbm. _wbm§gmR>r n[anyU© ~mbemim C^rHo$br. bmoH$m§Zm ~mb_mZg g_OmdyZ XoÊ`mMm à`ËZHo$bm. {JOw mBªÀ`m {eî`m Vmam~mB© _moS>H$ d Ë`m§À`m{eî`m AZwVmB© dmK `m§Zr _hmamï´>mVrb ehar dAm{Xdmgr n[apñWVrbm AZwê$n Aem e¡j{UH$gmYZm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br. emim, Ka, n[aga `mVrbO_Vrb Vgo AZw d _wbm§Zm {Xbo.

AZw dmVyZ {eH$Uo - AZw dmMo VrZ _w»`JQ> H$aVm oVrb.

1) H¥$VrMo AZw d - hmVmZo H$aÊ`mÀ`m H¥$Vrd B§{Ð`mZw d.

2) ^m{fH$ AZw d - ldU, A{^ì`º$s H$aUo`m§Mo AZw d.

3) d¡Mm[aH$ AZw d - {dMma H$aUo, VH©$ H$aUo,A§XmO H$aUo `m§Mo AZw d.

dJm©V nmhÊ`mMo, EoH$Ê`mMo, MdrMo, dmgmMo,ñnem©Mo- Ago B§{Ð`mZw d {_im`bm hdoV. H$ënZmH$aÊ`mMo, {dMma H$aÊ`mMo, ~mobÊ`mMo, MMm©H$aÊ`mMo, A{^ì`º$ hmoÊ`mMo, {d{dY _mÜ`_ohmVmiÊ`mMo Ago ^m{fH$ d d¡Mm[aH$ AZw^demio_Ü`o {Z_m ©U H$amdo bmJVmV. kmZaMZmhmoÊ`mgmR>rMo gdmªV _hÎdmMo gmYZ Amho "^mfm'.dm`Jm°Q>ñH$sZo åhQ>ë`mà_mUo- "^mfm ho {dMmaH$aÊ`mMo, kmZ {_i{dÊ`mMo, kmZ ñ_aUmV R>odÊ`mMo_mZggmYZ' (_|Q>cQy>c) Amho. Ë`m_wio ho gmYZbIbIrV H$ê$Z R>odm`bm hdo. EH$ Zìho Va XmoZ-


VrZ ^mfm EoH$Ê`mMo-dmnaÊ`mMo AZw^d _wbm§ZmÚm`bm hdoV.

dJm©V AZw d XoVmZm -AZw d ânya AgmdoV.AZw d Zd-Zdo AgmdoV.d`mZwê$n AZw d gmono, H$R>rU d ì`m{_l

hmoV OmUmao AgmdoV.KamV, n[agamV, g_mOmV ghO {_iUmè`m

AZw dm§H$So> OmUrdnyd©H$ ~Km`bm {eH$mdo bmJVo.AZw dm§VyZ kmZ KoUo d kmZmbm AZw dm§er OmoSy>Zn o$ H$aUo, kmZmMm dmna H$aUo Aer ì`m{_l à{H«$`m{ejUmV KS>mdr bmJVo. `m à{H«$òVyZ AmH$bZ-{dMma-H$ënZm-{Z{_©Vr Aer gmIir V`ma hmoVo.`mgmR>r gmono, H$R>rU d ì`m{_l hmoVm OmUmao AZw d_wbm§Zm Úmdo bmJVmV. AZw dm§Mr aobMob d ZmdrÝÀgmdo bmJVo. Ho$di emioÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rV AZw dm§Mr{d{dYVm Am{U ì`mnH$Vm gmYUo H$R>rU Amho;åhUyZM emim, Ka, g_mO, n[aga {_iyZ emim~Zbr nm{hOo. `mMmM AW© {eH$Ê`mMm n[aga Iynì`mnH$ Amho. {eH$Ê`mÀ`m g§Yr hdogma»`m g§nyU©dmVmdaUâ ngaboë`m AgVmV. _m±Q>ogmoar~mBªZr The

absorbent mind` _Ü o åhQ>bo Amho- _wbmMo _Z hmEH$ ñn§O Amho. gma§ emofyZ KoÊ`mMr j_Vm Ë`mÀ`mVAmho. emofyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r _wbm§Zm H$moUVo dmVmdaU{_iVo, Vo _hÎdmMo. dmVmdaUmMm AmnU XmoZ ñVam§da{dMma H$ê$. EH$- embo` dmVmdaU Am{U XmoZ-Z¡g{J©H$arË`m àËòH$ _wbmbm bm^bobo dmVmdaU.n{hco embo dmVmdaU _wbm§Mr {eH$Ê`mMr BÀN>m{Z_m©U H$aUmao Agmdo. H¥$Vr H$aVm oVrb Aem dñVy-e¡j{UH$ gmYZo, emoY KoVm oB©b Ago dmMZ-gm{hË`,Hw $V yhb OmJ¥V hm oB ©b Ago gm{hË`, Aemñd`§{ejUmÀ`m g§Yr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar"emim' `m ì`dñWoVrb gdmªMr Amho. emioV{eH$mdogo dmQ>Ê`mgmR>r àgÞVm, gwì`dñWm AgmdrbmJob. dJmªMr A§V~m©ø aMZm {eH$Ê`mÀ`m g§YtZr

ào[aV Agmdr. _wbm§Zm {Z © nUo, ñdV§ÌnUo, ñdV…À`mJVrZo, j_Vm§Mm `mo½` dmna H$aVm, nwaogm AdH$me{_iV {eH$Vm `m`bm hdo. "^md{ZH$ gwa{jVVm'Agob, VaM _|Xÿ {eH$Ê`mg V`ma Agob. {ejH$ hmHo$di {eH${dUmam Zmhr; Va _wbm§~amo~a Vmohr{eH$Umam Pmbm, _wbm§Mm ghm`H$ Pmbm, Va _wbm§À`m{dH$mgmg `mo½` e¡j{UH$ dmVmdaU {_iob.

Xþgao dmVmdaU åhUOo _wbmMo Ka, Ë`mMmn[aga d g_mO.

g_mOemó, _mZdd§eemó `m emóm§Zrhrì`º$sÀ`m {dH$mgmV Ë`mÀ`m ^modVmbMr ^mfm,g_mO, g§ñH¥$Vr mMo _hÎd gm§{JVbo Amho. {n`mOoMmg_H$mbrZ ^mfmemók d _mZgemók boddm`Jm°Q>ñH$s `mZo _wbm§À`m {dH$mgmMm g§~§Y{n`mOoà_mUo \$º$ emar[aH$-_mZ{gH$ n[an¹$Voer ZOmoS>Vm g_mOmer OmoS>bm. {eH$Uo ì`{º$JV AgboVar g_mOmÀ`m g§nH$m©{edm` {eH$Uo AeŠ` Amho._wbmMr ^mfm g_mOg§nH$m©VyZM {dH${gV hmoVo. VgoMg_mOmVrb dmVmdaUmMm, g§ñH¥$VrMm, ^m¡Jmo{bH$n[agamMm n[aUm_ BVa ~m¡{ÕH$ {dH$mgmdahr hmoVAgVmo. Á`m g_mO d n[agamV _yb amhVo, VoWrbdmVmdaU H$go Amho; Am{W©H$ ñW¡ © {H$VnV Amho;^md{ZH$ gwa{jVVm _wbm§Zm {_iVo H$m; ^mfoMm dmna{H$Vr g_¥ÕnUo Ho$bm OmVmo; H$moUË`m _yë`m§Mo g§ñH$ma{VWo hmoVmV; ZmVog§~§Ym§Mr OnUyH$ H$er hmoVo; H$bm§MoH$moUVo AZw d {_iVmV; {dMma {dH${gV hmoVrb AgoH$moUVo AZw^d {_iVmV- `mda _wbmMm {dH$mgAdb§~yZ AgVmo. mVyZ _wbm§Mr mfm, H$bm§{df`rMrOmU, ì`mnH$Vm, A{^éMr V`ma hmoVo. {dMmaH$aÊ`mÀ`m, VH©$ H$aÊ`mÀ`m, H$ënZm H$aÊ`mÀ`m g§Yrg_mOmVyZ {_imë`m ZmhrV; Va {dMma, H$ënZm,VH©$eº$s `m§nmgyZ _yb XÿaM amhrb.

H$Wm-H$mì`-g§JrV-^mfUo EoH$Uo, {MÌ-Z¥Ë`-dmXZ Aem H$bm§Mm AmñdmX KoUo, H$bm§{df`r OmUrd


{dH${gV hmoUo, VH©$gwg§JV {dMma H$aUo, H$ënZm H$aUo`mgmR>rMo AZw^d Z {_iUo åhUOo gm§ñH¥${VH$ dd¡Mm[aH$ ÑîQ>çm A{dH${gV amhUo hmo . àm. a_oe nmZgo`mbm "gm§ñH¥${VH$ Xm[aÐç' Ago g§~moYVmV. Agogm§ñH¥${VH$ Xm[aÐ` bhmZ IoSo>Jmdm§_YyZ, Am{Xdmgrg_mOm§_YyZ, eham§Vrb dñË`m§_YyZ AmT>iVoMAmT>iVo. _J Ago g§nÞ H$aUmao AZw d emim§_YyZnwa{dUo, ho Amnë`mg_moarb EH$m AmìhmZ Amho. Aemg_mOmnmgyZhr Xÿa amhUmar _wbo ~mbJ¥ho, ~mbgwYmaH|$Ðo, AZmWmbò `m§_Üò AmhoV. `m _wbm§À`m{dH$mgmMo H$m`, mMm {dMma Amnë`mgma»`m g_§Og_mUgm§Zr H$am`bmM hdm. `m _wbm§Odi VaOJÊ`mÀ`mM D$_u ZgVmV, CËgmh ZgVmo; Va {eH$UoH$go? H$moUË`m Zì`m H$ënZm§Mo Yw_mao \w$Q>Uma? VH©$-gwg§JV {dMma H$gm H$aVm oUma? AË §V Ag§Vw{bV,Agwa{jV Aem dmVmdaUmV g§Vw{bV ^mdZm§Mr {nT>rH$er {Z_m©U hmoUmam? `mMm AW©- EdT>çm bmImo_wbm§H$Sy>Z g_mOmÀ`m, XoemÀ`m {dH$mgmbm hmV^mabmJUma Zmhr. `m gmè`mH$So> OmUrdnyd©H$ nmhÿZaMZmdmXr {ejUmMo gmao Am`m_ Agbobo dmVmdaUàË oH$ n[apñWVrVrb àË oH$ _wbmn ªV H$go nmohmoMob,ho Amnë`m nwT>rb _moR>o AmìhmZ Amho. "kmZaMZm-dmXmVrb AZw d' `m eãXmMr ì`már g§H$ënZm ñnï>

hmoÊ`mnmgyZ g_¥Õ _Z, {dMma KS>{dÊ`mn ªV ì`mnH$H$am`bm hdr; VaM EH$m gwÑT>-g_¥Õ g_mOmMr{Z{_©Vr hmoD$ eHo$b.

`m Ame`mMm gmam§e åhUyZ aMZmdmXmMr \$º$VrZ _yb yV VÎdo AmnU H$m`_ bjmV R>ody `m.

_wbo ñdV…Mr ñdV… {eH$V OmVmV._wbo ñdV… H¥${Verb AZw dm§VyZ {eH$VmV._wbo Zoh_rM Amnë`m AmYrÀ`m kmZmMm AmYma

Zdo {eH$VmZm KoVmV.(VgoM Amnë`m nwT >rb _hÎdmÀ`m VrZ

AmìhmZm§Mm {dMma H$ê$.)EH$ : nmbH$à~moYZ - g_mOmVrb àËòH$

àm¡T>mn`ªV aMZdmXr {ejUmMo _hÎd g_OUo. _|Xÿ{eH$Vmo H$gm, ho g_OUo.

XmoZ : gw§Xa, em§VVmnyU© OrdZ n`m©daUmgAZwHy$b Ago dmVmdaU emioV d n[agamV {Z_m©UH$aUo.

VrZ : g§nyU© XoemVrb gm§ñH¥${VH$ Xm[aÐç ZmhrgoH$aUo. ho KS>bo VaM gdmªMo Am{U n`m© mZo XoemMo,OJmMo ^{dî` gwa{jV-àJë^ ~Zob.

(_hmamï´> ~mc{ejU n[afXoV gmXa Ho$coco~rO^mfU)

gwf_m nmÜ o

dm{f©H$ dJ©Ur én o 400/-

Ì¡dm{f©H$ dJ©Ur én o 1000/-

qH$dm J«m__§Jb g§ñWobm 10,000 én o dm A{YH$ XoUJr Úm.

"80 Or' H$b_mImbr Am`H$amVyZ gyQ> {_idm Am{U

Xa_hm "{ejUdoY'Mm A§H$hr {_idm.

dJ©Ur/amoI/MoH$/S>mâQ>Zo "J«m__§Jb' `m ZmdmZo nmR>dy eH$Vm.

_w§~B©-nwUo ~mhoarb MoH$gmR>r én o 30/- dQ>Umdi Amdí`H$.

nwUo H$m`m©b` :J«m__§Jb, Jm§Yr ^dZ

n[aga, A§YemioeoOmar,

H$moWê$S>, nwUo 411038.

g§dmX : 02025386687


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N>mZ JmU§§ dmOm`M§.... XÿaXe©Zda !!dmQ>m`M§ {H$Vr _OoV AmhoV nmoa§ !!

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Xáa ZmdmMm Xmog OmD$Z, Jwcm_rM§ ZdrZ gmYZ ~ZV Joc§gwQ>H$m hdr AmoÂ`mnmgyZ, Ho$di døm nwñVH$m§À`m Zìho Va "_m{hVr'

ZmdmÀ`m "dmàg' Omo _|XÿV "_mUygnU' {Q>Hy$Z XoV Zmhr...§Ì ~ZyZ gmoS>V§,

~mcnUmÀ`m H$modù`m amonm§M§ "~moÝgm`' H$ê$Z Q>mH$V§.

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_Zwî` hm {eH$Ê`mMm gVV à`ËZ H$aUmam àmUrAmho. _Zwî`mMm _|Xÿ hm Ë`mÀ`m {ejUmMm Ad`dAmho Am{U Vmo kmZo§{Ð`m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Aì`mhVnUoZd-ZdrZ kmZ AmË_gmV H$aV AgVmo. _Zwî`mMo{ejU ho Ë`mZo ñdV§ÌnUo Ë`mÀ`m Am wî`mV Amboë`mg_ñ`m §da _mV H$ê$Z AmZ§XmZ o OrdZ OJyeH$Ê`mgmR>r Agmdo, Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. åhUOoM{ejU ho Ano{jV àým§Mr CÎmao {_idUo ZgyZ,_Zwî`mÀ`m {d{dY j_Vm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Agmdo;OoUoH$ê$Z Vmo ^{dî`mV oUmè`m {d{dY àH$maÀ`mAmìhmZm§Zm Vm|S> Úm`bm Vmo gj_ Agob. j_Vm§Mm{dMma H$aVm; àm_w»`mZo g_moa oVmV Ë`m {ZU© j_Vm,emoYj_Vm, AmH$bZj_Vm BË`mXr. pñdg emókOrZ {n`mO|Zr emoYyZ H$mT>bo H$s doJdoJù`m d`mV_|XÿÀ`m doJdoJù`m j_Vm§Mm {dH$mg hmoVmo d Ë`mj_Vm§À`m {dH$mgmZwê$n kmZmMr aMZm _wbo ñdV…

aMZmdmXr {ejUmgmR>rAmdí`H$ dmVmdaU

H$aVm§Zm {XgVmV.Ooìhm AmnU H$moUË`mhr aMZoMm {dMma H$aVmo

Voìhm àË oH$ aMZoV AmYr H$mhr _yb yV Jmoï>r R>adë`mOmVmV Am{U _J Ë`m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z Ë`mda nwT>rbaMZm Ho$br OmVo. {n`mO|À`m H$m_mMm {dMma H$aVmZmAgo bjmV oVo H$s, gJù`mV AmYr {Z_m©U hmoVo VrAmH¥$Ë`m d AmH¥$Vr~§Y AmoiIÊ`mMr j_Vm. go_-go_ d Zmo go_-go_ g_OÊ`mMr j_Vm. `m AmH¥$Ë`md AmH¥${V~§Y \$º$ {XgÊ`merM g§~§{YV ZmhrV; VaAmnë`m àË oH$ kmZ|{Ð`mÀ`m- S>moio, H$mZ, ZmH$,Or^, d ËdMm `m§À`m- Amnmnë`m H$m_m§er g§~§{YVAmhoV. CXm.- S>moio : Á`mV a§Jm§À`m AJ{UV N>Q>m,dñVy§Mo {d{dY AmH$ma, VgoM doJdoJio nmoV ho ZOaoZoAmoiIVm oVmV. ZmH$: Á`mZo doJdoJio Xn©, gwdmgAmoiIVm oVmV. Or^ : Á`mZo {d{eï>> Md ghOAmoiIVm `oVo. VgoM, H$mZ : `m§Zr AmdmOmVrbAË`§V gyú_ \$aH$ Agbobr H§$nZ§ AmoiIÊ`mMr

{dMma_§WZ


j_Vm. Va ËdMoVyZ- åhUOoM ñnem©Zo Vmn_mZ,AmÐ©Vm VgoM Xm~ Am{U Ë`mVrb gyú_ \$aH$AmoiIVm oVmV. OodT>r `m àË oH$ B§{Ð`mMr gyú_\$aH$ AmoiIÊ`mMr j_Vm OodT>r OmñV, VodT>r nwT>oOmD$Z hþemar OmñV. H$maU Hw$R>ë`mhr Jmoï>tMoAmH$bZ hmoÊ`mgmR>r _Zwî` mM _yb yV Jmoï>tMm dmnaH$aUma AgVmo. H$ënZm H$am H$s- Oa {MÌH$mambma§Jm§À`m N>Q>m AmoiIVm Amë`m ZmhrV, Va?g§JrVH$mambm AmdmOmVrb N>Q>m AmoiIVm Amë`mZmhrV, Va? AJXr Xoe MmbdUmè`m nwT>mè`m§ZmË`m§À`m njmVrb qH$dm Ë`m§À`m {damoYmVrb bmoH$m§À`mdmJÊ`mVrb \$aH$ AmoiIVm Ambm Zmhr, Va?

_J j_Vm{dH$mgmgmR>r dmVmdaU H$go Agmdo;Á`mV _wbm§Zm bhmZnUrM- Ooìhm Ë`m§Mm _|Xy-{dH$mghmoV AgVmo, VoìhmM- m Jmoï>r H$aÊ`mbm dmd {_iob.{ejH$ d nmbH$m§Zm Amnë`m g§ñH¥$VrVrb g_Om§_wio`mgmR>r g_mOmbm ~è`mMXm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJob Am{UË`mgmR>r Amnbr V`mar Agmdr bmJob. CXm.- _mPm_wbJm bhmZ AgVmZm Ë`mMr EH$ gd` hmoVr. AJXrZ¡g{J©H$VoZo Vmo nmZmV dmT>boë`m àË`oH$ nXmWm©MmIm`À`m AmYrM dmg ¿`m`bm YS>nSo> Am{U Ë`mÀ`mAmB©bm `mMm hmoUmam _mZ{gH$ Ìmg ghZ H$ê$Z

Ë`mbm Vo H$ê$ Úmdo bmJo. H$maU AÞmMm dmg KoD$Z`o, Agm gm§ñH¥${VH$ g_O {VÀ`m _ZmV ImobéObobm hmoVmM; nU Ë`m_mJMm emór` Ñ{ï>H$moZhr_m{hVr hmoVm. Xþgao AgoM CXmhaU åhUOo- EH$XmVmo Ë`mÀ`m AmOmo~m§gmo~V Mnbm§À`m XþH$mZmV {eabm.Ë`mbm VoWrb Mm_S>çmMm dmg Zdm hmoVm. Vmo g_OyZKoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo M¸$ EH$ H$moar Mßnb CMbbr dgai ZmH$mbm bmdbr Am{U ~m~m§Zm g_OmdVm-g_OmdVm _mÂ`m ZmH$mV X_ Ambm. AmO _bm AmZ§XAmho H$s, gwX¡dmZo Amåhr Ë`mbm Vo dmVmdaU XoD$eH$bmo, Á`mV Ë`mbm Ë`mÀ`m kmZo§{Ð`m§Mm j_Vm-{dH$mg H$aÊ`mbm dmd hmoVm.

AmnU Á`m doir _wbm§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>rModmVmdaU åhUVmo, Ë`m doir Vo _w»`Ëdo VrZ àH$maMoAgVo. 1. ^m¡{VH$ dmVmdaU, 2. _mZ{gH$ dmVmdaUd 3. gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaU

^m¡{VH$ dmVmdaU :Á`mV emar[aH$ hmbMmbtZm dmd {_iob. `mV

KamV {d{dY Ioi AgmdoV, Ë`m§Zm Ioimdogo dmQ>ob VoIoiÊ`mMr Ë`m§Zm _w^m Agmdr. nmZgo gam§À`m~mobÊ`mV EH$ dmŠ` Zoh_r oVo, Vo Iyn _hÎdmMo Amho.Vo, _wbm§Zm Ioi qH$dm IoiUr AmdS>V Zmhr, Va

S>m°. {XZoe ZohoVo


_wbm§Zm Ioim`bm AmdS>Vo; Ë`m§Zm Ioiy Úm. "~mbnUrKa ho Ioim`bm àd¥Îm H$aUmao' nU Ë`mM~amo~a gwa{jVAgmdo. emioÀ`m Ñï>rZo nm{hbo Va emioV {d{dYgmYZo, Ioi VgoM q^VtdaMo H$m_ _hÎdmMo Amho.Á`mV q^Vr ~mobŠ`m Agmì`mV; Á`m {d{dY{df`m§Vrb {Okmgm dmT>dVmV, Oo g_Obo Ë`mÀ`mnwT>À`m _m{hVrMr OmUrd H$ê$Z XoVmV, Zì`mZo H$mhrVar {Okmgm {Z_m©U H$aVmV.

{Okmgm hr CnOVM AgVo. AJXr bhmZ _wbonm{hbrV? nS>ë`m-nS>ë`m Ë`m§À`m IoiÊ`mbm hmVmZoqH$dm nm`mZo Y¸$m _maVmZm? H$m H$aVmV Vo Ago? Vr{Okmgm Amho, Vo H$m` Amho ho g_OyZ KoÊ`mMr. Y¸$mbmJbm Am{U IoiÊ`mZo AmdmO Ho$bm, Va naV-naV Y¸$m bmdyZ òUmam AmdmO hm AmnU `mIoiÊ`mbm Y¸$m {Xë`mZoM òVmo Amho, ho g_OyZKoÊ`mMr. d`moJQ>mà_mUo `m {OkmgoMo ê$n ~XbVAgVo. CXm.- 2 Vo 2.5 d`moJQ>mV Ioi IoiVAgVmZmM BVa Jmoï>r g_OyZ KoUogwÕm gwê$ AgVo.EH$m _wbmMo Ago CXmhaU Amho H$s, Vmo Ë`mMm-Ë`mMmIoi IoiV hmoVm AZ² XmamdaMr K§Q>r dmOVo. Vmo Xma

CKS>Vmo Am{U ~mhoa ~KVmo Va- {VWo H$moUrM ZgVo.Vmo naV oD$Z Ë`mÀ`m IoimV a_Vmo. nwÝhm K§Q>r dmOVo,Xma CKS>Vmo- ~mhoa H$moUrM Zmhr! Ago XmoZ-VrZXmhmoVo. Voìhm hm hþema hiyM _mJë`m XmamZo OmD$Z~m~m§Zm JwnMyn K§Q>r dmOdVmZm nH$S>Vmo. ho H$m`- VaIoimV a_bobm AgVmZmgwÕm ~mhoa H$moU Amho hoOmUyZ KoÊ`mMr {Okmgm. WmoS>çm nwT>rb d`moJQ>mVJobmo; gmSo>nmM/ghm df©o- {n`mOo Á`mbm concrete

operational stage åhUVmV- Va `m doimV hr{Okmgm VH©$ewÕ Pmbobr {XgVo. CXmhaU Úm`Mo PmboVa- `m d`mV _mÂ`m _wbmZo àý {dMmabo hmoVo : 1.AmnU Zoh_r noQ´>mob n§nmda OmVmo Am{U naV-naVnoQ´>mob âVmo, Vo gm`boÝga _YyZ ~mhoa nS>Vo H$m? BWoVH©$ewÕVm (cognition) Amho. Oo AmV OmVo, Vo Hw$Ry>ZVar ~mhoa `m`bm hdo. 2. Ë`mMm Xþgam àý hmoVm -_rAmnë`m KamVbm ZmoH$a Amho H$m? `mbm H$maU hmoVoH$s, Am_À`m eoOmar Ë`mÀ`m {_ÌmH$So> EH$ ZmoH$ahmoVr, gJio {Vbm H$m_o gm§JV Am{U Am_À`m KamVhm EH$Q>mM N>moQ>m, Ë`m_wio gJio `mbm H$m_o gm§JV.Ë`mVyZ "_r `m KamVbm H$moU Amho?' hm àý {Z_m©U


hmoUo, hr {Okmgm. EH$ _hÎdmMr Jmoï> bjmV ¿`m`bmhdr. Vr åhUOo _wbmVrb {Okmgm, EImXr Jmoï>g_OyZ KoÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr, hr KS>dÊ`mMr Jmoï> ZgyZ Vr{Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mMr Jmoï> Amho.

Ogo {n`mO|Zr _yb AZw dmVyZ Ë`mMo Vo {eH$Vo`mMm emoY bmdbm, VgoM dm`Jm°Q>ñH$s¨Zr j_VmdmT>rÀ`m d`mV Ë`m-Ë`m Jmoï>rgmR>rMo AZw dg§nÞdmVmdaU (zone of proximal learning / WmoS>rer_XV {_imbr Va H$ê$ eHo$b, Ago dmVmdaU){_imë`mg Ë`m j_Vm§Mm {dH$mg A{YH$ doJmZo hmoVmo,ho emoYyZ H$mT>bo. åhUOoM _yb ~mobm`Mm à`ËZ H$aVAgob, Ë`m H$mimV Ë`mÀ`mer ~mobUo Ho$bo Jobo; Va_yb ~m obm`bm bdH$a {eH$Vo. _yb AmH$maAmoiIÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aV Agob Am{U Ë`mbm{d{dY AmH$mam§Mr OwiUr H$aÊ`mMr {d{dY àH$maMrIoiUr/gmYZ§ {_imbr, Va Vo pŠbï> AmH$mahr ghOAmoiIm`bm {eH$Vo, B. WmoS>Š`mV, Ë`m§Mo dmVmdaUË`m§Zm AZw^dm§Zr g§nÞ H$aÊ`mg nyaH$ Agob,Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`mMr AmìhmZmË_H$ aMZm Agob; Va_wbm§Zm gVV Zdo {eH$m`bm AmdS>Vo. AmìhmZmË_H$aMZm åhUOoM oV Zgboë`m na§Vw WmoS>çm à`ËZmZoO_Vrc Aem Jmoï>r àË oH$ doir gVV H$am`bm {_iVamhUo. ho Pmbo ^m¡{VH$ dmVmdaU. AmVm AmnU ~Ky`m ^md{ZH$ dmVmdaU H$go Agmdo.

^md{ZH$ dmVmdaU :kmZmMr aMZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ogo AZw dg§nÞ na§Vw

gwa{jV ^m¡{VH$ dmVmdaU Amdí`H$ AgVo, VgoMË`mbm AZw^dg§nÞ Am{U gwa{jV ^md{ZH$dmVmdaU {_iÊ`mMr gwÕm JaO AgVo. qH$~hþZm _råhUoZ CÎm_ kmZaMZm hmoÊ`mgmR>r md{ZH$ gwa{jVVoMrA{YH$ Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. _wbm§Mo ^md{ZH$dmVmdaU àm_w»`mZo Imbrb ZmË`m§da Adb§~yZAgVo. {dÚmWu-{dÚmWu, {dÚmWu-{ejH$,{dÚmWu-nmbH$, nmbH$-{ejH$, VgoM {ejH$-ì`dñWmnH$. `m àË oH$ ZmË`mV Agbobr dV©UyH$,Ë`m§Mr ^mfm, Ë`m ^mfoV Agbobm Q>moZ, Ë`m§Mr

_mZ{gH$Vm, Ë`m§Mr Xoh~mobr- m gJù`mMm _wbm§À`m^md{ZH$ KS>m_moS>tda n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmo. m àË oH$ZmË`mV EH$ {dœmg {Z_m©U hmoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.`m ZmË`m§V ^md{ZH$ Agwa{jVVm {Z_m©U Pmbr, Va_|XÿMo S>mD$Z {epâQ>§J hmoVo. åhUOoM Agwa{jVdmVmdaUmV _|XÿVrb {ZU© mMo ñWmZ ~m¡{ÕH$ _|XÿH$Sy>Z(Neocortex) ^md{ZH$ _|XÿH$So> (Limbic system)

d ^md{ZH$ _|XÿH$Sy>Z ganQ> _|XÿH$So> (brain stem)

OmVo. Wm oS >Š`mV, ^md{ZH$ÑîQ>çm Agwa{jVdmVmdaUmV ~m¡{ÕH$ MMm© qH$dm H$m_ hmoÊ`mEodOr{VWo ^md{ZH$ {ZU© hmoVmV Am{U IynM Agwa{jVdmQ>m`bm bmJbo, Va \$º$ ñdV…bm dmM{dÊ`mgmR>rMo{ZU©` hmoVmV- Oo XmoZM àH$maMo AgVmV. EH$Vagive-up qH$dm attack, Flight or fight, niyZ OmqH$dm A§Jmda YmdyZ Om. Oa Iè`m AWm©Zo kmZmMraMZm ìhm`Mr Agob d kmZaMZoV gO©ZerbVm hdrAgob; Va {VWo rVrMm _mJ_yghr AgyZ MmbV Zmhr,Ago _|XÿMo emó gm§JVo.

~è`mMXm ~mobbo OmVo- h„r Hw$R>o {ejm H$aVm`oVo hmo? emioV AmdmO dmT>dbm Var {ejH$m§MrH$åßboÝQ> Ho$br OmVo. BWo bjmV KoVbo nm{hOo H$s-{ejm Z hmoUo, _ma Z {_iUo åhUOoM ^md{ZH$gwa{jVVm, Ago Zmhr. _wbmbm {_iyZ-{_giyZ H$m_H$am`bm AmdS>Vo, EH$Ì ~gyZ H$m_ H$am`bmAmdS>Vo; åhUyZ JQ>mV ~gyZ H$m_ H$aVmZm Vo IyeAgVmV. VgoM, KamVrb H$m_mV Ë`m§Zm gh^mJrH$ê$Z KoVë`mg qH$dm EH$Ì ~gyZ Ë`m§À`m~amo~aIoië`mg Ë`m§Zm gwa{jV dmQ>Vo, AmnbonUmMr(belongingness Mr) ^mdZm {Z_m©U hmoVo. KarAmë`mda _wbm§Zm Iyn Jmoï>r gm§Jm`À`m AgVmV,H$moUr Var EoHy$Z KoUmao hdo AgVo; bJoM XþéñË`m qH$dmg„o ZH$mo AgVmV. bJoM MwH$m XmIdë`mZo qH$dmEoHy$Z Z KoVë`mZo Vr {ha_wgbr hmoVmV; Ë`m§À`mV^md{ZH$ Agwa{jVVm {Z_m©U hmoVo. nmbH$, {ejH$d emim `m §V EH$dmŠ`Vm Zgob; {ejH$nmbH$m§~Ôb, nmbH$ {ejH$m§~Ôb qH$dm emio~Ôb{dœmgmh© ~mobV ZgVrb, Va _wbm§_Ü o Agwa{jVVoMr


^mdZm {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$Vo. Amnë`m gmoB©Zwgma AmnUOo ~m~m§Mo qH$dm {ejH$m§Mo amjgrH$aU H$aVmo, Ë`mZo_wbm§V Agwa{jVVoMr mdZm {Z_m©U hmoVo. ZdrZ {nT>rVOr ng©Zbr KoÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr {XgVo Am{U Á`mVyZ ãbo_Jo_ gwê$ hmoVmZm {XgVmo, Vo md{ZH$ ÑîQ>çm Agwa{jVdmQ>Ê`mMo ~mø ñdê$n Amho. We are producing

generations after generations with the same

feelings. Oa AmO Vwåhr Hw$Umhr ì`dñWmnH$mbm{dMmamb, Va bjmV oB©b H$s- Ë`mMm gJù`mV_moR>m àm°ãbo_ Ë`mÀ`m Q>r_bm `m ãbo_ Jo__YyZ ~mhoaH$go R> ody, hmM Agob. ~hþVoH$ OU àm°ãboåggmoS>{dÊ`mEodOr justifications XoV AmhoV, H$m? H$goKS>dyZ AmUVm oB©bEodOr H$go hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr,hoM ~mobV AmhoV; H$m?

Oer AmnU BVa ZmVr nm{hbr, Vgo ì`dñWmnZ-{ejH$ ho ZmVogwÕm {dœmgmh© Agm`bm hdo; Ogo_wbm§Mo dmVmdaU ^md{ZH$ Ñï²>`m gwa{jV hdo VgoM{ejH$m§gmR>rMo dmVmdaUgwÕm md{ZH$ ÑîQ>çm gwa{jVAgmdo. Ë`mZo {ejH$m§_Ü o gwÕm _|XyMo S>mD$Z {epâQ>§JhmoUo Q>iVo Am{U nyU© emimM ^md{ZH$ gwa{jVVm{Z_m©U H$ê$ eH$Vo. WmoS>Š`mV- _moR>çm§À`m ZmË`mV^md{ZH$ gwa{jVVm Agob, {dœmgmh©Vm Agob; Va_wbm§ZmgwÕm ^md{ZH$ gwa{jVVm CnbãY hmoB©b.

AmVm AmnU diy `m gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaUmH$So>.gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaU :dm`Jm°Q>ñH$s¨Zr Ë`m§À`m g§emoYZm§VyZ Ago ì`º$

Ho$bo Amho H$s- _wbm§À`m {dH$mgmda g_mOmMm,g§ñH¥$VrMm _moR>m à^md AgVmo. _wbm§Mr kmZmMr aMZmhr Oer Ë`m§À`m AZw dm§da Adb§~yZ Amho, VerMVr Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ g§X^mªda Adb§~yZ AgVo. OoAZw d _wbo O_dV AgVmV, Ë`m§Mo g§X © ~è`mMXmË`m§À`mH$So> gm_m{OH$ à{V{H«$ oVyZ Ambobo AgVmV.åhUyZM _wbm§Mo kmZ ho Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ g§X^mªnmgyZdoJio hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. g_mOmVrb {d{eîQ>> ì`º$s,gmoeb J«wßg, VgoM g_mOmMo amOH$s` d Am{W©H$dmVmdaU mMm _wbm§À`m {dH$mgmda àË`j-AàË`j

n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmo. CXmhaUmW©- Z¡g{J©H$arË`m _wbo{Okmgy AgVmV, Ë`m§Zm OJ OmUyZ ¿`m`Mo AgVo;na§Vw Oa g_mOaMZoV qH$dm g§ñH¥$VrV Ë`mbm dmdZgob- {H$Vr àý {dMmaVmog Jßn ~g, _Yo-_Yo ~mobVOmD$ ZH$mog, ho Ambo hþíema- Ago Cnamo{YH$nUoåhQ>bo OmV Agob. VgoM ^moMH$, Mm|~S>m åhUyZbo~b Ho$bo OmV Agob... AWdm BVa _mJmªZr Ë`m§ModmJUo A`mo½` Agë`mMo XmIdyZ {Xbo OmV Agob,Ë`m§Zm BZìh°{cSo>Q> (invalidate) Ho$bo OmV Agob; VaAem gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaUmV _wbm§Mr {Okmgy d¥Îmrhiyhiy H$_r hmoVo, {H$Ë oH$Xm Vo àý {dMmaUoM ~§XH$aVmV Am{U ho Ë`m§À`m {ejUmÀ`m Ñï>rZo Iyn KmVH$Amho.

Elizabeth Hurlock `m§À`m åhUÊ`mZwgma,_wbm§Mm {dH$mg hmoV AgVmZm `oUmè`m ^md{ZH$AS>Wi`m§_wio _wbo social adjustment H$aVmV.Hw$R>brhr Aer Jmoï> Or `mo½` ^md{ZH$ {dH$mgmÀ`mAmS> oVo, Vr _wbm§Zm n[apñWVrer OwidyZ ¿`m`bm^mJ nmS>Vo Am{U ho OwidyZ KoUohr nwT>o OmD$Z Ë`mMr_mZ{gH$Vm ~ZVo. dJm©V {ejoÀ`m ê$nmV Oahumiliation Pmbo, Va _wbm§Mo nyU© ì`{º$_Îd ~XbyZOmÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. {ejUmMm, emioMm{VañH$ma {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo; EdT>oM ZmhrVa _ZmdaÀ`m `m AmKmVm§Mm Ë`m§À`m nwT>rbAm wî`mda, Ë`mÀ`m ì`{º$_Îdmda H$m`_Mm AmKmVhmoD$ eH$Vmo. aMZmdmXmV `m Jmoï>tMm {dMma H$aÊ`mVAmbobm Amho Am{U åhUyZM `mV H$moUË`mhr Zì`mZonwT>o Amboë`m AZw^dm§Mm Ame` bjmV KoUo, VmoAmnë`m nyduÀ`m AZw^dm§er d Ë`mVyZ ñd{Z{_©VAme`mer OmoS>Uo, Amnë`m _wiÀ`m AmH$bZmVAmdí`H$ ~Xb H$aUo, AmYr Oo g_Obo Amho Ë`mg_OmVM XþéñVr H$aUo `m Jmoï>tZm ñdmV§Í` {XboboAmho. kmZmMr ZdaMZm d kmZmMr Zd{Z{_©Vr `mbmaMZmdmXmV Iyn _hÎd {Xbobo Amho. AWm©VM Ë`m_wio"_yb MwH$bo'hm g_OM `m {ejUnÕVrV Zmhr. _ybho Ë`mMr kmZaMZm H$m`_ Zì`mZo H$aV AgVo d H$aUma


Amho; `m _mZ{gH$VoVyZ g_mOmZo, VgoM {ejH$,nmbH$ d BVa ì`º$s¨Zr _wbm§H$So> ~Km`Mo Amho.

_wbm§_Ü`o gm_m{OH$Vm H$er KS>V OmVo `mModU©Z Elizabeth Hurlock `m§Zr Ë`m§À`m Child

Development m nwñVH$mV Ho$bo Amho. gmYmaUnUoVrZ/gmSo>VrZ d`mÀ`m _wbm§V gm_m{OH$sH$aUmMrgwédmV hmoVmZm {XgVo. gwédmVrÀ`m d`mV _wbo \$º$EH$Ì ~gyZ IoiV AgVmV, na§Vw Ë`m§Mm Ioi BVam§nojmñdV§Ì AgVmo. Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m Q>ßß`mV _wbm§Zm EH$Ì~gÊ`m~amo~aM Xþgao _yb Or IoiUr qH$dm Ioi IoiVAgob Vo IoiÊ`mMr BÀN>m hmoVo Am{U Ë`mnwT>rbQ>ßß`mV Iè`m AWm©Zo ghH$m`m©bm gwédmV hmoVo._wbm§À`m dmT>rMo ho ê$n nm{hë`mg R>amdrH$ d`mV_w~bH$ à_mUmV IoiÊ`m§Mr d gmYZm§Mr ì`dñWmAgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. VgoM d`mZwgma Z§VaÀ`mH$mimV EH$Ì ~gyZ IoiVm oVrb Ago Ioi qH$dmEH$Ì H$aVm `oVrb Aer H$m_o `m§Mr _m§S>UrdmVmdaUmV AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. mM d`mV _wboñdV… nwT>mH$ma KoD$Z EH$Ì H$m_ H$am`bm CËgwH$AgVmV Am{U m d`mVrb AZw d Ë`m§Mr _mZ{gH$VmKS>dÊ`mV _hÎdmMm dmQ>m CMbVmV. CXm.- m d`mVOoìhm Vo JQ>mVyZ H$m_ H$aV AgVmV d Vo H$m_ nyU©hmoUo hr JQ>mMr O~m~Xmar AgVo; Voìhm Oa emioVqH$dm g_mOmV nwZ:nwÝhm EImÚmbm _hÎd {Xbo JoboqH$dm {hUdbo Jobo, Va Aem dmVmdaUmV dmT>bobr_wbo nwT>o OmD$Z JQ>mV H$m_ H$aVmZm Ag_W© R>aVmV.They fail in teamwork. Aem _wbm§À`m kmZ- aMZoVJQ>mV H$m_ H$aÊ`m~Ôb EH$ Va Ý yZJ§S> {Z_m©U hmoVmoqH$dm Ah§J§S> {Z_m©U hmoVmo. MyH$ hmoÊ`mMr gVV rVrqH$dm gVV _mPoM ~amo~a hr àd¥Îmr- `m XmoÝhr_mZ{gH$Vm JQ>mV H$m_ H$aÊ`mgmR>r A`mo½` AmhoV.WmoS>Š`mV- àH$ën Oa N>mZ Pmbm Va Ë`mV àË oH$mZoAmnmnbm dmQ>m CMcbobm AgVmo, åhUyZ gJù`m§ZmË`mMo lo {_iUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. Á`m dmVmdaUmVho KQ>H$ AgVmV VoWrb Q>r_dH©$ N>mZ hmoVmZm {XgVo.CXm.- OnmZ_Yrb bmoH$ ho CÎm_ Q>r_ ßbo a AmhoV,Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.

Amnë`m gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrH$So> nm{hbo, Va~hþVoH$ bmoH$ Ë`m§À`m d¡ {º$H$ àJVrH$So>M ~KVm§Zm{XgVmV. àmoOoŠQ>da H$m_ H$arV AgVmZm Q>r__Ü oH$m_ H$aV AgyZhr d¡ {º$H$ H$m¡VwH$mMr d ~{jgmMrAnojm H$aV AgVmV; H$m? Am{U ~è`mMXm d¡ {º$H$àJVrgmR>r àH$ënmMm ~ir Úm`bmhr V`ma AgVmV.Oa Imobda OmD$Z {dMma Ho$bm Va bjmV oB©b H$s,`mMr _wio AmnU _wbm§Zm XoV Agboë`m gm_m{OH$dmVmdaUmV XS>bobr AmhoV.

{ZîH$f© : aMZmdmXr {ejUnÕVrgmR>r nyaH$dmVmdaU H$moUVo, Agm {dMma Ho$bm; Va Á`mg_mOmV _wbm§Zm A{^ì`º$s ñdmV§Í` {_iVo. Ë`m§À`mAä`mgy d¥ÎmrMo H$m¡VwH$ Ho$bo OmVo, Ë`m§À`m Zd{Z{_©VrMmAmZ§X gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo, {OWo nwT>mH$ma KoD$Z H$m_H$am`bm CÚwº$ Ho$bo OmVo, Á`m dmVmdaUmV _wbm§Zm_mZ{gH$ ñdmV§Í` AZw dVm oVo, MyH$-~amo~a S>md§-COd§ hm oX OmUdV Zmhr. WmoS>Š`mV- Oo ^m¡{VH$,_mZ{gH$ d gm_m{OH$ ÑîQ>çm gwa{jV d AZw dg§nÞAgob Ago dmVmdaU {Xbo; Va àË oH$ _yb gj_nUod gO©Zerb kmZaMZm H$ê$ eHo$b.

_bm dmQ>Vo- AmO AmnU Agm {ZJ«h H$ê$ZBWyZ {ZKy `m H$s, `mnwT>o AmnU Amnë`m _wbm§gmR>r-Amnë`m {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r Ago dmVmdaU {Z_m©U H$ê$,Oo aMZmdmXr {ejUmbm nyaH$ Agob; Oo Amnë`m_wbm§Zm ñdV§ÌnUo Ë`m§À`m kmZmMr aMZm H$aÊ`mbm_XV H$aob.g§X^©:1. Downshifting of brain http://www.brains.org/

2. Physiology and Brain Science pdf file at

https://us.sagepub.com

3. aMZmdmXr {ejU - a_oe nmZgo.4. aMZmdmXr {ejU XmoZ boI - a_oe nmZgo.5. {ejUdoY A§H$ - aMZmdmX àË`jmV, gßQ>|2013 .6. Child Development - Elizabeth Hurlock.

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_mXm_ _m±Q>ogmoar `m emóewÕ ~mb{ejUmÀ`màUoË`m åhUyZ OJ^a _mÝ`Vm nmdboë`m {ejUVÁkAmhoV. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m {ejUnÕVrV ~mbñdmV§Í`hm _wÔm AmJ«hmZo _m§S>bm Amho. ho ñdmV§Í` åhUOoAmnbm AmnU ñdV§ÌnUo {dMma H$ê$Z Amnë`m~wÕrMm dmna H$aUo, {ZU© KoUo d Ë`mà_mUo H¥$VrH$aUo. `mgmR>r _wbm§Zm ì`dgm`{ZdS>rMo ñdmV§Í`{_im`bm hdo. Ë`m§À`m A§V:àoaUoZo Ë`m§Zm Oo H$amdogodmQ>Vo, Vo H$ê$ Úmdo. Z¡g{J©H$arË`m H$mhr Jmoï>r Ë`m§Zm{eH$m`À`m AgVmV, åhUyZM ñdà`ËZmMo ñdmV§Í`hrÚm`bm hdo. gma»`m gyMZm Z H$aVm _wbm§Zm àË`jAZw d KoD$ Úm, Va Ë`m§Zm Iyn AmZ§X {_iV AgVmo.`m~amo~aM _wbm§Zm {dMmam§Mo ñdmV§Í` hdo. ñdV: {dMmaH$ê$Z {ZU©` ¿`m`Mm Agbm H$s n[aUm_m§MrO~m~Xmar AmnmoAmnM oVo. N>moQ>çm-N>moQ>çm g_ñ`m§Mo{ZamH$aU Ho$ë`mZo _wbm§Mr {dMmaeº$s dmT>rg bmJVo.

_ wbo hiyhiy ñdmdb§~r hm oVmV. Ë`m §À`mVAmË_{dœmghr {Z_m©U hmoVmo. nwT>o Ë`m åhUVmV : _wbm§ZmMm¡H$Q>r~Õ CnH«$_mV AS>H$dVm H$m_m Z o. àË oH$~mbH$mV ñd §ñ\y$Vu AgVo. CXm.- Ë`mÀ`m H$ënZoV_moa {Zù`m a§JmMm Agob, Va Ë`mbm {Zù`m a§JmZoa§Jdy Úm. ñd §ñ\y$Vu hr ~mbH$mbm {dH$mgmH$So> ZoUmarAgVo. Ë`mVyZM ñd §{ejU hmoVo. ñdmV§Í` åhUOoñd¡amMma ZgyZ ñdV:da KmbyZ KoVbobo ~§YZ Amho.Ë`mV ñd §{eñV AmnmoAmnM oVo.

~mb{ejU ho ~mbH|$Ðr ìhmdo, `mgmR>r gdmªV_moR>o Am{U _yë`dmZ `moJXmZ _m±Q>ogmoar ~mBªMo Amho.~mbH$mbm H|$ÐñWmZr R> odyZ Ë`mÀ`m gdmªJrU{dH$mgmÀ`m Ñï>rZo nmofH$ dmVmdaU{Z{_©Vrda Ë`m§Zr^a {Xbm. `m~amo~aM ì`{º$JV {ejU Am{UAZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejU `mMm Ë`m§Zr nmR>nwamdm Ho$bm._m±Q>ogmoar~mBªZr Amnë`m {ejUnÕVrV e¡j{UH$

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{ejU hr gVV MmbUmar Z¡g{J©H$ à{H«$`m Amho.

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aMZmdmXr {ejUmVbm AmUIr EH$ _wÔm_hÎdmMm Amho. _wbo kmZmMr aMZm ñdV:M H$aVAgVmV. Ë`m_Ü o Ë`m§Mr j_Vm, BÀN>m `m§Zm _hÎd

gwaoIm n|S>go


Amho. j_VoZwgma AZw d AgVrb, Va _wbm§Zm Ë`m_Ü oJmoS>r dmQ>Vo Am{U {eH$Ê`mMr BÀN>m {Z_m©U hmoVo.`mVyZ _yb {eH$m`bm V`ma hmoUo JaOoMo Amho. _wbm§MoHw$Vyhb d {Okmgmd¥ÎmrMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z, VgoM àgÞdmVmdaUmMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z _wbm§Mr EH$mJ«Vm dmT>dVmoVo. `m dmVmdaUmV AZoH$ g§Yr, ânya gm{hË` d

Jmoï>r Amdí`H$ R>aVmV. Ë`m_wio {ejUmMm doJdmT>Vmo. _wbo kmZmMr aMZm H$aVmZm {e{jH$m_wbm§~amo~aM AgVo Am{U kmZ{Z{_©VrV Ë`mbm _XVH$aVo. JQ>mVyZ IoiVmZmhr _wbo CÎm_ kmZ{Z{_©VrH$aVmV. Ë`m_Ü o BVa _wbm§Mr Ë`m§Zm _XV hmoV AgVo._mXm_ _m±Q> ogm oar `m§À`m {ejUnÕVrV Am{UaMZmdmXr nÕVrV H$mhr Jmoï>tV gmaIonUm Amho. EH$Va ñdmV§Í` hm XmoÝhr nÕVtMm Jm^m Amho. Ë`m_wio_wbo àgÞ _ZmZo {eH$VmV. Ë`m§Zm ^md{ZH$ pñWaVm{_iyZ {dH$mgmH$So > dmQ>Mmb hmoVo. _yVm©H$Sy >ZA_yVm©H$So>, gmoß`mH$Sy>Z AdKS>mH$So>, ñWybmH$Sy>Zgyú_mH$So>, kmVmH$Sy>Z AkmVmH$So> ho {eH$Ê`mMo V§Ìhrg_mZ Amho. ~mBªZr nyd©kmZmMo _hÎdhr bjmV KoVboAmho. åhUyZM CXmhaU - Ë`m åhUVmV : Á`m _wbm§Zm{_l a§J OmUyZ ¿`m`Mo AmhoV, Ë`m§Zm _yi a§J(Á`mnmgyZ {_l a§J V`ma hmoVmV) n o$ _mhrV Agbonm{hOoV.

{ejU ho AZw dmda AmYm[aV hdo, ho aMZmdmXmMoVÎd Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo AZw^dm§gmR>r _m±Q>ogmoatZr{d{dY {df`m§Mr gmYZo V`ma Ho$br. B§{Ð`- {ejUmdaË`m§Zr â {Xbm. \$aH$ EdT>mM H$s, hr gmYZo Iyn_hmJ AgVmV. g^modVmbÀ`m n[agamVyZ B§{Ð` {ejUhmoD$ eH$Vo. ho aMZmdmXmZo XmIdyZ {Xbo Amho.A§ §JUdmS>rVmB ©À`m à{ejUmgmR>r OmbZm{OëømVrc EH$m IoS>çmV Jobo hmoVo. "emioÀ`mAmdmamV \o$a\$Q>H$m _mê$Z Vwåhmbm Á`m dñVyAmdS>Vrb d {XgVrb Ë`m KoD$Z m' Ago {e{jH$m§Zmgm§{JVbo hmoVo. gdmªZr doJdoJio XJS>, H$mS>çm, {~`m,nmZo-\w$bo, ~mQ>ë`m, ~wMo, ~m§JS>çm§À`m H$mMm Aem

Ag§»` dñVy AmUë`m. `mMm Cn`moJ Amnë`mH$emgmR>r H$aVm òB©b, Vo àËòH$sbm {bhm`bmgm§{JVbo. àËòH$sMo AZw^d EH$Ì Ho$bo. Ë`mVyZ_moOUr, H«$_, ñne©, a§J, dmg, AmH$ma, gmå`- oX,OmS>-~marH$, bhmZ-_moR>m, gwemo Z Aem {H$Vr Varg§H$ënZm {_imë`m. _wbm§Zm Agm AZw d {Xë`mZ§VaË`m§À`m H$ënZmeº$sbm dmd XoD$Z Vr ñd §{ejU KoD$eH$Vrb, ho {e{jH$m§Zm nQ>bo.

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_m±Q>ogmoar~mBªZr OrdZì`dhmamda â {Xbm Amho;na§Vw _bm dmQ>Vo, {MÌH$bm d hñVì`dgm` `mdaË`m§Zr H$_r â {Xbm. aMZmdmXmZo Vrhr CUrd ^ê$ZH$mT>br Amho. {ejm, ~{jgo, XS>nU, ^rVr, ñnYm©narjm `m Jmoï>tZm XmoÝhrhr {R>H$mUr ñWmZ Zmhr._yë`_mnZmda â Amho. _mÌ j_VoZwgma _yë`_mnZìhmdo, ho kmZaMZmdmX AmJ«hmZo gm§JVo. {ejH$m§Mr

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_m±Q>ogmoar~mªZr "emór` ~mc{ejU H$go Agmdo?'`mMm AmXe© OJmnwT>o R>odcm. AmVm Ë`mÀ`mhr nwT>oOmD$Z kmZaMZmdmXnÕVrZo Ë`mda H$ig MT>{dcmAmho, ho Z¸$sM.

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OmñV ~mb H$m_Jmam§Mr g§»`mCÎma àXoe 18.50 bmI {~hma 9.12 bmI _hmamï> 6.3 cmI

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BVa Xoem§Vrb pñWVr1. ~m§JbmXoe - amï´>r` ~mbH$m_Jma 2003 À`m gd}jUmZwgma, ~m§JbmXoe_Ü o 32 bmI~mbH$m_Jma AgyZ Vo A{Ve` hbmIrÀ`m pñWVr OrdZ H§$R>V AmhoV. Ë`mVhr 13 bmI ~mbHo$YmoH$mXm`H$ AdñWoV H$m_ H$aV AmhoV. CËnmXZjoÌmV 27.6% Am{U eoVr Am{U ì`mnmajoÌmVAZwH«$_o 20.1 Q> o$, 19.4 Q> o$ EdT>o à_mU Amho.2. nm{H$ñVmZ - 1996 À`m ~mbH$m_Jma gd}jUmZwgma 33 bmI ~mbHo$ H$m_ H$aVmV.Ë`mVrb 71% Q> o$ _wbo AHw$eb H$m_Jma åhUyZ H$m_ H$aV AmhoV.3. lrb§H$m - 2008-09 À`m OZJUZm AhdmbmZwgma, 17 bmI _wbo H$ï>mMr H$m_o H$aVAmhoV. Ë`mVrb 66.3 Q> o$ _wbo KaJwVr, eoVr Am{U ~m§YH$m_ H$m_Jma åhUyZ am~VmV.4. Zonmi - 2011 À`m Zonmi gaH$maÀ`m H|$Ðr` ã wamoZo {Xboë`m AmH$So>dmarZwgma, 16 bmI~mbH$m_Jma AmhoV. `mVrb ~hþg§»` _wbo eoVr Am{U CËnmXZjoÌmV H$m_ H$aVmV.

g§H$cZ : hoa§~ Hw$cH$Uu


_mZdr OrdZ{dH$mgmV AÜ``Z Am{UAÜ`mnZmg AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a{ejUà{H«$`m hr ì`ŠVrÀ`m OÝ_mnmgyZ Vo _¥Ë yn ªVMmbUmar AI§S> à{H«$`m Amho. H$mi, ñWi Am{Ug_wXm`mZwgma {ejUà{H«$`m hr ~XbV Agbr Var_mZdr OrdZ{dH$mgmV e¡j{UH$ à{H«$`oMo H$m`©A{dñ_aUr` Amho. _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m gwédmVrnmgyZ_mZdmZo Ë`mÀ`m {dH${gV _|XÿÀ`m ~imda {d{dYg§H$Q>m§Zm Vm|S> XoD$Z Amnbo OrdZ g_¥Õ H$aÊ`mgmR>rA\$mQ> à`ËZ Ho$bo AmhoV Am{U Ë`mVyZM ñdApñVËdd g_mO hr g§H$ënZm ê$T> Pmbr. g_mO, ZmVr d{nT>rda {nT>r `m§Ûmao OwÝ`m AZw dm§Mm R>odm {d{dY_mJmªZr OVZ H$aÊ`mV _Zwî`àmUr eñdr hmoV Amho.

gÚ n[apñWVrMm {dMma H$ê$Z Amnë`mAÜ``Z-AÜ`mnZnÕVrV WmoS>m ~Xb Ano{jV Amho.

1. àmñVm{dH$ : AmYw{ZH$ {ejUmMm OZH$

åhUyZ ê$gmoMm C„oI Zoh_r Ho$bm OmVmo. \«$mo~obMmOÝ_ B. g. 1782 _Ü o Pmbm Am{U B. g. 1852_Ü o Vmo H$mbde Pmbm. B. g. 1817 gmbr EH$meoVH$è`mÀ`m PmonS>rV \«$mo~obZo Amnbr n{hbr emimCKS>br. ê$gmoÀ`m _¥Ë yZ§Va OdiOdi 40 dfmªZr\«$m o~obÀ`m e¡j{UH$ H$m_mbm gwédmV Pmbr.ñdm^m{dH$M \«$mo~obÀ`m {ejU{df`H$ H$m_mMo_yë`_mnZ H$aVmZm Amnë`mbm Ë`mZo VËH$mbrZ{ejUmVrb H$moUVo {gÕm§V _mÝ` Ho$bo Am{U H$moUVoZdo {gÕmV à{VnmXbo `mMm {dMma H$amdm bmJob.AmOÀ`m {ejUmV _hÎd nmdboë`m H$mhr àd¥ÎmtMmnwT>mH$ma \«$mo~obZo Ho$bm Am{U `mVM Ë`mMo Ðï>onU dWmoadr gm_mdbobr Amho.

2. \«$mo~ob :

ì`{º$OrdZ : ñdV:bm {_imbobo {ejU H$gohmoVo, ho gm§JVmZm Ë`mZo åhQ>bo Amho H$s- yJmobmMm

\«$mo~obMo ~mb{ejU

n[a{ecZ


àË`j OrdZmer H$mhrM g§~§Y ZgyZ ZH$memda{XgUmè`m {d{dY a§Jr~oa§Jr {R>nŠ`m§Mm AWdm {MÝhm§MmAW© ~amo~a gm§JVm `oUo åhUOo OUy ^yJmobmMoAÜ``Z! ^mfoMo AÜ``Z åhUOo OUy eãXmMrdU©aMZm (spelling) nmR> H$aUo. {ejU H$go AgyZ o mMm OUy {Od§V AZw dM Ë`mZo bhmZnUr KoVbm.

eodQ>r d`mÀ`m 23ì`m dfu ñdV:À`m OrdZhoVyMmemoY bmJbm.noñQ>m°bm°OrMo EH$ {eî` S>m°. J«wZa m§À`m\«±$H$\$Q>©_Yrb g§ñWoV {ejH$ åhUyZ Vmo XmIb Pmbm.`m emioV H$m_ H$aV AgVmZm _ wbm §À`m{dH$mgmdñWoer gwg§dmX gmYyZM AÜ`mnZ Ho$bonm{hOo, Aer OmUrd Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`mZo noñQ>°mb°mOrÀ`mg§ñWoV H$mhr H$mi H$mT>cm. noñQ>m °b°mOrÀ`mghdmgmMm Am{U Ë`mÀ`m g§ñWoVrb dmVmdaUmMm\«$mo~obÀ`m _mZ{gH$ KS>Urda \$ma n[aUm_ Pmbm.H«$sS>m, g§JrV Am{U {ZgJm©Mo gmpÝZÜ` `m§Mm~mbH$mÀ`m {dH$mgmMr gmYZo åhUyZ {H$Vrn[aUm_H$maH$ Cn`moJ hmoVmo, mMo àË §Va Ë`mbm mMH$mimV Ambo. B. g.1817 _Ü`o Ë`mZo ñdV:Mrnyd©àmW{_H$ {ejUg§ñWm ñWmnZ Ho$br.

3. \«$mo~obMo {ejU{df`H$ {gÕm§V

ñdV:À`m OrdZmV Oo {d{dY AZw d {_imbo,Ë`m§VyZ Ë`mMo {ejU{df`H$ {dMma AHw§$[aV Pmbo.

A) {ejU åhUOo Am§V[aH$ {dH$mg :{ejH$mMo H$m_ {eH${dÊ`mnojm _wbmbm {dH$gy XoUohmo`. Z¡{VH$, ~m¡{ÕH$ Am{U ì`mdhm[aH$ eŠVrMog§dY©Z _mZdmÀ`m A§Va§JmV Pmbo nm{hOo. ~mø H¥${Ì_Cnm`m§Zr Vo hmoD$ eH$Uma Zmhr. ~mhoê$Z _mZdmÀ`mA§Va§JmV OmñVrV OmñV H$mhr KmbUo, hm {ejUmMmhoVy ZgyZ; _mZdmÀ`m A§Va§JmVrb OmñVrV OmñV ~mhoaH$mT>Uo, {dH${gV H$aUo hm {ejUmMm hoVy Amho.{dH$gZm_wio AmH$ma AWdm g§»`m m§Mr dmT> Xe©{dbrOmV ZgyZ aMZoVrb g§H$sU©Vm, eŠVr AWdm H$m¡eë o`m§~m~VMr àJVr Am{U Z¡g{J©H$ H$m_o nma nmS>Ê`mVrcd¡{dÜ` `m Jmoï>r {ZX}{eV hmoVmV.

Am) ñd §H¥$Vr : ~wÕr, _Z, eara m§Mm {dH$mgË`m§À`m Cn`moJmVyZM hmoV AgVmo. earamMm {dH$mgH$amd`mMm Agob, Va earambm ì`m`m_ {Xbm nm{hOo.ñdV:Mr ~wÕr Cn`moJmV AmUÊ`mZoM ~wÕrMm {dH$mghmoB©b. hr Jmoï> ñd §H¥$VrÀ`m _yë`mdarb Ë`mMr lÕmXe©{dVo. _mÌ ~wÕrMr, earambm AJa _ZmbmÚmd`mMm hm VmU AJa H$amd`mMm hm Cn`moJ ~wÕrbm,

g§Oy qMVm_Ur _mZo


earamMr Am{U _ZmMr eŠVr AmoiIyZ `mo½` doirHo$bm Jobm nm{hOo. Amkm XoD$Z qH$dm _m{hVr XoD$Z{eH$dm`Mo Zmhr, Va AZw^dmÛmao {ejU XoÊ`mMmà`ËZ H$amdm. nwñVH$mnojm H¥$Vrda â Agmdm.\«$m o~ obZo V`ma Ho$bobr N>m oQ >r-N>m oQ >r JmUrhrñd §H¥$VrVyZ {ejU `m _yë`m§da AmYmabobr {XgyZòVmV.

\«$mo~ob åhUVmV H$s- _mÂ`m {ejUg§ñWobm Zoh_r{Xbo OmUmao "{eewemim' ho Zmd _r XoD$ BpÀN>V Zmhr.H$maU Vr emim AgUma Zmhr. `m g§ñWoV _wbmbm"{eH$>{dbo OmUma Zmhr, Ë`mÀ`m _wŠV {dH$mgmbmhmV^ma bmdbm OmB©b.'

B) {dídmVrb Am{U _mZdmVrb EH$Vm :gd© {dœmV Agboë`m {d{dY àH$maÀ`m MamMa g¥ï>rVEH$Vm Amho Am{U åhUyZM kmZmMohr {d^mOZ H$aVmoUma Zmhr. _mZdmMm {dH$mg EH$g§Y Amho. _m{hVrMo

VwH$So> åhUOo kmZ Zìho. _m{hVrÀ`m VwH$S>çm§V EH$Vmàmá hmoVo Am{U _mUgmMr eŠVr, ~wÕr, kmZ|{ÐòBË`mXr Ooìhm H$m_ H$aVmV Voìhm kmZmMm CX` hmoVmo.Ë`mVyZ {dœmVrb EH$VoMm _mZdmbm àË`` oVmo. kmZåhUOo AmË_gmV Ho$bobr Am{U `mo½` nañnag§~§YmV_m§S>bobr _m{hVr hmo . {ZgJ©, nwñVHo$, {d{dY H¥$Vr`m§Mm {_bm\$ {ejUmV Agbm nm{hOo, Aer Ë`m§MrûmÕm hmoVr.

B©) H«$sSo>Mo _hÎd : ~më`mdñWoV hmoUmam ~amM{dH$mg H«$sSo>ÛmamM hmoV AgVmo. _mZdmÀ`m ~m¡{ÕH$Am{U AmÜ`mpË_H$ {dH$mgmV H«$sSo>bm \$ma _moR>o ñWmZAgë`m_wio ~mbH$mÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r H«$sSo>Mm nwaonyaCn`moJ H$ê$Z KoVbm nm{hOo. H«$sSo>Ûmam _yb Ë`mÀ`m{d{dY Ad`dm§Mm Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mg {eH$Vo Am{UË`mVyZM Ë`mbm Amamo½`mMr àmár hmoVo. g^modVmbrAgUmè`m {d{dY dñVy§Mo AmH$ma_mZ, JVr, a§JBË`mXr§Mr OmUrd Ë`mbm {d{dY Ioim§Ûmao hmoD$ eH$Vo.g_mOmÀ`m H$mhr {Z`_m§Mo AZwnmbZ Ho$bo nm{hOo hrOmUrdhr H«$sSo>Ûmao ~mbH$mV {Z_m©U hmoVo. _wbm§À`m

~m¡{ÕH$ {dH$mgmghr H«$sS>m \$ma CnH$maH$ R>ê$ eH$Vo.

4.~mbmoÚmZ nÕVr : (qH$S>a JmQ>©Z)

{H$ÊS>a JmQ>©Z hm O_©Z eãX AgyZ Ë`mV qH$S>aåhUOo ~mbH$ d JmQ>©Z åhUOo JmS©>Z qH$dm ~mJ hmo .WmoS>Š`mV, qH$S>a JmQ>©Z åhUOo ~mbmoÚmZ. ~mbHo$åhUOo CÚmZmVrb ZmOyH$ amonQ>r Am{U {ejH$ åhUOo`m amonQ>çmMr OmonmgZm H$aUmam _mir, Va {ejUåhUOo ~mbH$mMm gdmªJrU {dH$mg. amonQ>çmMo g§dY©Zìhmdo åhUyZ _mir `mo½` Vo dmVmdaU {Z_m©U H$aVmo.Ë`mà_mUo ~mbmoÚmZnÕVrÀ`m emioVrb {ejH$mZo~mbH$m§Mm emar[aH$, _mZ{gH$ d Z¡{VH$ {dH$mghmoÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` Vo dmVmdaU {Z_m©U H$amd`mgnm{hOo. àË oH$ ~mbH$ åhUOo B©ídamMm A§e Amho.àËòH$ ~mbH$ jUmjUmbm {dH${gV hmoV AgVo.~mbH$mÀ`m A§Jr Agboë`m X¡dreŠVrMm {dH$mgH$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$mZo _wbm§Zm ào_mZo dmJ{dbo nm{hOoË`m§Zm _moH$ionUmZo Ioiy {Xbo nm{hOo, Ë`m§À`m {d{dYH¥$VtZm ghmZw yVrnyd©H$ _mJ©Xe©Z Ho$bo nm{hOo; Am{Uho _mJ©Xe©Z {ó`m§ZrM H$aUo C{MV R>aob. ~mbH$mÀ`mB§{Ð`m§Mm {dH$mg hmoÊ`mgmR>r {Za{Zamir _Zmoa§OH$gmYZo nwa{dbr nm{hOoV.

A) hmbMmb, hmd^md Am{U g§JrV :

ñd`§H¥$VrVyZ AmË_m{dîH$ma `m \«$m o~obÀ`m{gÕm§Vm_wio ~mbmoÚmZnÕVrV ~mbH$m§Mr hmbMmbAm{U hmd^md `m§Zm _hÎd àmá Pmbo. {d{dY^mdZm§À`m Am{dîH$mamgmR>r _yb Z¡g{J©H$arË`mMhmbMmb d hmd^md H$[aV AgVo. hmbMmbtZm dhmd^mdm§Zm H$mhr ZmXm§Mr OmoS>hr _yb XoV AgVo._wbm§À`m Z¡g{J©H$ OrdZmer AÜ`mnZnÕVrMm OmñVrVOmñV gw_oi gmYbm nm{hOo.

_wbm§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmÀ`m ñdm^m{dH$ {dH$mgm-gmR>r hmbMmb d hmd^md`wŠV JmUr A{Ve`_mobmMr AmhoV.

Am) XoU½`m : ~mbmoÚmZnÕVrÀ`m gmYZm§Mr-


\«$mo~obZo XoU½`mMr (gift) aMZm Ho$br. XoU½`m `mR>amdrH$ AmH$mamÀ`m dñVy AgyZ Ë`mMo AmH$ma Z~XbVm Ë`m§Mr {daMZm H$amd`mMr AgVo. n{hbrXoUJr åhUOo ghm {Za{Zamù`m a§Jm§Mo bmoH$ar M|Sy>Agbobr noQ>r. `m_wio a§J, ê$n, MbZ, {Xem dñZm y§Mr g§doXZeŠVr `mg§~§YrÀ`m kmZmMm {dH$mghmoVmo. Xwgè`m XoUJrV EH$ bmH$S>r Jmob, KZ dX§S>Jmob AgVmV. `m_wio JmobmMo MbZerbËd,KZmMo pñW{VerbËd d X§S>JmobmMo C^èrbËd `m§MokmZ hmoVo. {Vgar XoUJr åhUOo EH$ _moR>m Mm¡H$moZr KZd Ë`mMo AmR> g_mZ VwH$So>. {Vgè`m XoUJrVyZ Q>o~b,IwMu, {OZm Ago AmH$ma ~Z{dVm oVmV. Aem VèhoZo\«$mo~obÀ`m nÕVrV ZD$ XoU½`m AmhoV. àËòH$XoUJrbm Ioi Amho. Ë`mVyZ ñZm y§yZm d kmZ|{Ð`m§ZmdiU bmJVo.

B) ì`dgm` : _wbo H¥${Verb AgVmV. Ë`m§ZmhmVmZo gmaIo H$mhr Var H$amdogo dmQ>Vo. _wbm§Zm AmnbohmV nÕVera dmnê$Z hmVm§À`m ñZm yMo MbZdbZgmÜ` H$amdo. mgmR>r _wbm§Zm {d{dY {H«$`m H$amd`mgXoVmV. ì`dgm`mVyZ AmH$ma KS>{dUo, ~XbUo, ZrQ>H$aUo `mVyZ A{^éMrMm n[anmof hmoD$ eH$Vmo.ì`dgm`mgmR>r H$mJX, _mVr, bmHy$S>, nwR²R>m BË`mXrgm{hË` gwM{dbo Amho. `mVyZ doJdoJù`m aMZmH$amd`mÀ`m AmhoV. H$mJX, _mVr, nwR²R>m m§À`m dñVyV`ma H$aUo, {MÌ H$mT>Uo, âVH$m_ BË`mXr ì`dgm`\«$mo~obZo gwM{dbo AmhoV. {e{jHo$Mo H$m_ \$ŠV{ZarjU H$arV amhÿZ _mJ©Xe©Z H$amd`mMo; _wbm§Zm_mamd`mMo Zmhr, _wbm§da amJdm`Mo Zmhr. Ë`m§À`mH$boà_mUo KoD$Z Ë`m§Zm ì`dgm` H$amd`mg bmdUo,{Za{Zamù`m XoU½`m ì`dpñWV hmVmiUo, _wbm§Zr_mam_mar qH$dm ^m§S>U Z H$aUo, Ioi-JmUr-Jmoï>rBË`mXt_Ü o dJm©Mr {eñV nmiyZ ghH$m © H$aUo dJ¡aoJmoï>tH$So> bj Úmd`mg nm{hOo. `m{edm` {e{jHo$MoH$m_ åhUOo, _wbm§Mr emar[aH$ ñdÀN>Vm d H$nS>çm§MmZrQ>ZoQ>Ho$nUm `mH$So> nmhmd`mMo. _wbm§À`m {d{dY

ñZm y§Zm d kmZ|{Ð`m§Zm mo½` diU bmdyZ Ë`m§Mm {dH$mghmoUo, _wbm§Mr gO©ZerbVm OmJ¥V hmoUo Am{U Ë`m§À`m~w{Õ_Îmm, H$ënH$Vm BË`mXr eŠVtMm {dH$mg hmoUo-Ago AZoH${dY hoVy ì`dgm`m§Ûmao gmYbo OmdoV.

B©) ~mbmoÚmZ nÕVrVrb Aä`mgH«$_ :{ZgJm©Mm Aä`mg, emar[aH$ l_ d ì`dgm`, ^mfmAm{U J{UV, {MÌH$bm, Z¡{VH$ {ejU Agmgd©gmYmaU Aä`mgH«$_ Amho. Jmoï>r, H${dVm d JmUr`m§À`m Ûmao ^mfoVrb {d{dY eãXm§Mm n[aM` _wbm§ZmH$ê$Z XoÊ`mV oVmo. {d{dY eãXm§À`m à{V_m _wbm§À`m_Zmda R>gmì`mV åhUyZ {MÌo nmhUo d Jmoï>r EoH$Uo `mgmYZm§Mm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmV Ago. {ZarjU, ldU,^mfU Am{U boIZ Agm ^mfm {ejUmMm H«$_\«$mo~obZo gm§{JVbm. XoU½`m d ì`dgm` `m§Mm dmnaH$aV AgVm, _wbo JmUrhr åhUV {eH$VmV.newnmbZgma»`m ì`dgm`mVyZ Ë`m§Zm {dkmZ{df`H$~arM _m{hVr {_iVo. JmUr åhUV AàË`jarË`mË`m§À`m mfoMm {dH$mg hmoVmoM, Ë`mM~amo~a g§JrVmMr


Vm|S>AmoiI hmoÊ`mghr _XV hmoVo. {e{jHo$H$Sy>Zgm §{JVë`m OmUmè`m Ym{_©H$, Eo{Vhm{gH$ dAX² wVaå` H$Wm Am{U emioV åhQ>br OmUmar àmW©Zm`m§À`m_wiohr _wbm§da gX²d¥¥ÎmrMo g§ñH$ma hmoV AgV.

C) ~mbmoÚmZmV {e{jHo$Mo ñWmZ : `mnÕVrV {e{jHo$bm \$ma _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. _wbm§Mm{dH$mg `mo½` àH$mao ìhmdm åhUyZ Ë`mbm {d{dYgm{hË`m§Mm d ì`dgm`m§Mm dmna H$amd`mg bmdUo,JmUr åhUdyZ KoUo, {d{dY dñVy V`ma H$aÊ`mg àd¥ÎmH$aUo, Jmoï>r gm§JUo Agm nwT>mH$ma {e{jHo$bm ¿`mdmbmJVmo. Ë`m§À`m IoimV, ì`dgm`mV d JmÊ`mVgh^mJr ìhmdo bmJVo.

5) \«$mo~obMr {ejU{df`H$ H$m_{Jar :

A) emim- EH$ CÚmZ : \ « $m o~ ob hmn oñQ >m °bm °OrMm {eî` Agë`m_wio J wê$À`m{eew{ejUm{df`rÀ`m H$ënZm A{YH$ ñnï> H$ê$ZË`m§Zm {d{eï> moOZoMo ñdê$n Ë`mZo {Xbo. {ejUmÀ`mB{VhmgmV ~mbmoÚmZ nÕVr hm EH$ _moR>m d¡Mm[aH$Q>ßnm Amho. ~mbH$mbm {dH$mgmH$So> Z T>H$bVm Ë`mbm{dH$mgm{^_wI ~Z{dUo, {d{eï> gmÀ`mV _wbmbm ZH$m|~Vm Ë`mÀ`m {dH$mgmbm `mo½` Vo _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo-hm {ejUmMm hoVy Agë`mMm Zdm {dMma hr e¡j{UH$OJVmbm \«$mo~obZo {Xbobr EH$ _moR>r XoUJr Amho.ñdV:À`m {ejUg§ñWobm emim Z åhUVm Ë`mZo CÚmmZåhQ>bo Amho. `mdê$Z Ë`mMr {ejU{df`H$ H$ënZmñnï> hmoVo.

Am) {Ì{dY {ejU : ì`ŠVrMm {dH$mg hm{Ì{dY åhUOo ~m¡{ÕH$, _mZ{gH$ d emar[aH$ AgmAgVmo Am{U Aem {dH$mgmg g§Yr XoUo, hoM {ejUmMoH$m_ Amho. hm {dMma \«$mo~obZo àH$fm©Zo nwT>o _m§S>bm.`m VrZ àH$maÀ`m {dH$mgmV VQ>~§XrÀ`m q^Vr ZmhrV;CbQ> Vmo {dH$mg EH$mË_arVrZo hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.`m YmaUobm _mÝ`Vm {_i{dÊ`mV \«$mo~obMo H$m_ \$ma_hÎdmMo R>aVo.

B) H¥$VrÛmam {dH$mg : Á`m§Mm {dH$mgìhmd`mMm Amho, Vmo {dH$gZmÀ`m à{H«$ oV H¥${VerbKQ>H$ Agë`m{edm` {dH$mg g§ dV Zmhr. Am{UåhUyZ H¥${VÛmam {ejU XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Agbm nm{hOo.

B©) {ejUmV kmZ|{Ð`m§Zm _hÎd : kmZmMm{dH$mg hmoÊ`mgmR>r kmZ|{Ð`m§Mm dmna Pmbm nm{hOo,VaM _m{hVrMo kmZmV ê$nm§Va hmoB©b, `mMm àË``\«$mo~obÀ`m H$m_mZo {ejUjoÌmVrb _§S>itZm {_imbm.

C) H«$sS>m ho AmË_m{dîH$mamMo EH$ gmYZ :H«$sS>m ho AmË_m{dîH$mamMo EH$ _hÎdmMo d Cn wŠVgmYZ Agë`m_wio {ejUmV Ë`m§Mm A§V^m©d hoVwV:Ho$bm nm{hOo, `m {dMmamMo OUy àmË`{jH$M \«$mo~obZoAmnë`m ~mbmoÚmZmÛmam {Xbo.

C) {eew{ejUmg _hÎd : VËH$mbrZkmZH|${ÐV d {ejH$Ho${ÐV e¡j{UH$ OJmV \«$mo~obZo~mbH$m§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r Ë`m§Zm AZwHy$b Aem{ejUnÕVrMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho, ho AmdOy©Zgm§{JVbo Amho. {eewAdñWm hr _mZdmÀ`m {dH$mgmMrEH$ _hÎdmMr AdñWm Amho, `mH$So >hr Ë`mZo{dMmad§Vm§Mo bj doYbo.

6) ~mbmoÚmZnÕVrÀ`m _`m©Xm :

A) {ejH$H|$Ðr nÕV : m nÕVrV {ejH$mbm\$ma _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Agë`m_wio _wbm§Zr H$m`H$amd`mMo, ho {ejH$M R>adVmV. Ë`m_wio _wbm§À`mAmË_m{dîH$mambm, ñd §{ejUmbm nwaogm dmd {_iVZmhr; hr ~mbmoÚmZnÕVrMr EH$ _`m©Xm Amho.

Am) \«$mo~obÀ`m {d{dY XoU½`m§Mm dmna H$aVmZm_wbm§Zm OrdZ{df`H$ H$mhr gË o àVrV hmoVrb, hm{dMma ~më`mdñWoV Agboë`m _wbm§À`m ~m~VrVA{Va§{OV dmQ>Vmo.

B) {d{eï> XoU½`m§Mm {d{eï> H«$_mZo dmna Pmbmnm{hOo, hr H$ënZm gmMo~Õ dmQ>Vo.

\«$mo~obÀ`m ~mb{ejUmMm {dMma Ho$bm Va Ago{XgyZ oB©b H$s- ~mb{ejU ho H¥${VÛmao {ejU d


ñd`§H¥$VrVyZ {ejU H$go {Xbo nm{hOo, ho Ë`m§À`m{ejUnÕVrVyZ {XgyZ òVo. åhUyZ 3 Vo 6 `md`moJQ>mVrb _wbm§Zm AmO H$moUË`m àH$mao {ejU {XboJobo nm{hOo qH$dm Ë`mMr JaO H$m` Amho, hr g_ñ`mbjmV KoD$Z bhmZnUmnmgyZM {d{dY g§~moY qH$dmg§H$ënZm Ë`m§À`m H¥$VrVyZ ñnï> Pmë`m; Va Ë`m§MoAÜ``Z Mm§Jë`m àH$mao hmoB©c qH$dm gdmªJrU {dH$mghmoÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b. åhUyZ bhmZ _wbm§Zm Ë`m§À`md`moJQ>mZwgma `mo½` àH$mao AÜ``Z-AZw d XoÊ`mMmà`ËZ Ho$ë`mg Ë`m§Mo ~m¡{ÕH$, emar[aH$ d _mZ{gH${dH$mg hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b.

_wbm§À`m ~m¡{ÕH$, _mZ{gH$, emar[aH$ d BVaj_Vm dmT>dÊ`mÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Zì`m wŠË`mà wŠË`m,H$ënZm, H¥$Vr gmXa H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. Ë`mgmR>ràË oH$ emim Amnmnë`m narZo à`ËZerb AmhoV.

1. df© 3 Vo 6 d`moJQ>mVrb _wbm§À`mJUdoem_Üò _wimjao d g§»`m Xe©dUmarN>mnbobr Ajao V`ma H$aUo.

AmOÀ`m KS>rbm Zdm AÜ``Z-AZw^dXoÊ`mgmR>r A§JUdmS>r d ~mbdmS>r_Üò H$mhrZmdrÝ`nyU© H¥$VtMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. åhUyZ emioÀ`mJUdoemÛmao {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r _wimjao d g§»`mN>mnbobm JUdoeM V`ma Ho$bm, Va Ë`m§Mo AÜ``Zgwb^ hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b. JUdoemMr aMZm AerAgmdr H$s, JUdoemÀ`m _mJo d nwT>o EH$-EH$ Ajad g§»`m N>mnbobr Agmdr. doJdoJù`m a§JrV H$ban±Q>Mr aMZmhr Aer Agmdr.

Aer aMZm Ho$br, Va _wbm§Mr AÜ``Zm~amo~aAmH$bZj_Vmhr dmT>ob. Aja d g§»`m `m§MrOwidm-Owidr H$aVm oB©b. Ajam§Mr AmoiI hmoB©b,Ajam§Mr AXbm~Xb H$aVm òB©b, Ajam§Mm H«$_bmdVm òB©b; VgoM A§H$m§Mr Ë`mMnÕVrZo H$aVmoB©b. _wbm§À`m S>moù §mg_moa Aja d g§»`m gVV

Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo AÜ``Z Mm§Jë`m nÕVrZo hmoÊ`mg_XV hmoB©b.

2. bhmZ _wbm§À`m hmbMmbr d hmd^md _wŠVAgVmV, åhUyZ `m JQ>mVrb _wbm§Zm _yb^yVhmbMmbtMm gamd XoD$Z, Aja d g§»`m `m§Mmhrdmna H$ê$Z {d{dY Ioihr KoVm oVmV. Aem àH$maMoCnH«$_ emioV KoV AgVrb, Va Ë`mV gmVË`nUmAgmdm åhUOo Ë`m§Mo {dñ_aU hmoUma Zmhr. Ë`m§MooOoUoH$ê$Z ÑT>rH$aU H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$amdm.

{ejU åhUOo Am§V[aH$ {dH$mgmMr à{H«$`mAmho. Ë`m à{H«$ oV ~wÕr, _Z Am{U eara `m {VÝhrKQ>H$m§Mm {dMma Pmbm nm{hOo. {ejUà{H«$òV{dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m ñd`§H¥$Vrbm A{Ve` _hÎd Amho.{ejUmV H«$sSo>bmhr _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Agbo nm{hOo.Oo {dMma \«$mo~obZo AmJ«hmZo à{VnmXbo, Ë`m§Mm n[aUm_AmO Ho$di ~mbH$m§À`m emim§daM {XgVmo Ago Zìho;Va àmW{_H$ d _mÜ`{_H$ {ejUmdahr Ë`m§Mm ImobR>gm C_Q>bobm {XgyZ oVmo.

\«$mo~obÀ`m ~mb{ejUmV {e{jHo$bm OodT>o _hÎdAmho, VodT>oM AmOÀ`m ~mb{ejUmVhr Amho. nUAmOÀ`m {e{jHo$Zo _mJ©Xe©ZmMo H$m © H$amdo, VgoMì`{º$_Îd CËgmhr AgmdoV. _wimjao d g§»`mXe©dUmè`m JUdoem_wio Aja-AmoiI d g§»`mkmZhmoÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b, Ajao d g§»`m gVV g_moaAgë`m_wio AÜ``Z d AmH$bZ Mm§Jë`m nÕVrZohmoÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b. Aja d g§»`m `m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z{d{dY Ioi KoVm oVrb. {ejUà{H«$`m hr ñWb-H$mbmà_mUo ~XbUo Amdí`H$ Amho. {ejU CnH«$_mVkmZg§nmXZmÀ`m à{H«$ oV {ZgJ© _hÎdmMr y{_H$m ~OmdyeH$Vmo. Z¡{VH$, ~m¡{ÕH$$ Am{U ì`mdhm[aH$ eŠVrMog§dY©Z _mZdmÀ`m A§Va§JmVM Pmbo nm{hOo. AÜ`mnZmVnwñVH$mda â XoÊ`mnojm H¥$Vrda XoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.~më`mdñWoVrb gH$mamË_H$ {dH$mgmV H«$sSo>Mr^y{_H$mhr _hÎdmMr Amho. qH$S>a JmS© >Z hr{ejUì`dñWoMr n{hbr nmàr Amho. `m d`moJQ>m_Ü oboIZj_Vm Ambr Zmhr Var Mmbob, boIZH$m¡eë`Z§Va AmnmoAmn gwYmaob.

rr


^maVr` ~mc{ejUmMo AmÚ àUoV o lr.{J[aOme§H$a ~YoH$m åhUOoM {JOw mB© ~YoH$m `m§Zr~mc{ejUmMr Midi gwê$ H o $cr. _mXm__m±Q>ogmoar~mBªZm VÎdm§Mm ñdrH$ma H$ê$Z Ë`m_ÜòñdV:cm hdo AgVrc, mo½` AgVrc Ago ~Xc H$ê$Z~mc{ejUmMr gwédmV Ho$cr. Ë`m§À`m `m H$m`m©VVmam~mB© _moS>H$ gh^mJr Pmë`m d ~mc{ejUmcmgwédmV Pmcr. Ë`m doiÀ`m n[apñWVrZwgma ^maVr`~mc{ejUmMo 1) àmMrZ / Z¡g{J©H$ ~mc{ejU, 2)AmYw{ZH$ ~mc{ejU Ago ^mJ nmSy>Z Ë`mMo {ddoMZAm{U `m XmoÝhr nÕVtV aMZmdmXmMr y{_H$m ñnï>H$aUo gmoB©Mo hmoB©c.

1) àmMrZ/ Z¡g{J©H$ ~mc{ejU : nyduÀ`m

H$mir ~mc{ejU åhUOo H$m`, hoM cmoH$m§Zm _m{hVrZgë`mZo Ë`m H$mimV `m {ejUmH$S>o Xwc©j Pmco.Ë`m ~mcH$m§H$S>ohr Xwc©jM Pmcoco {XgyZ òVo._mJmgconUm, A{e{jVnUm `m_wio ~mc{ejUXwc©{jV am{hco Agmdo. Aem {~H$Q> n[apñWVrVhr~mc{ejUmMr Ywam C§Mmdcr Vr Vmam~mB© _moS>H$ m§ZrcmoH$m§À`m {dMmamVrc _mJmgconU Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>rË`m KamoKar OmD$Z nmcH$m§M§ à~moYZ H$ê$ cmJë`m.{ejUm{df`r Ë`m§À`m _ZmV AmË_r`Vm OmJ¥V H$ê$cmJë`m. Ë`m§À`m à`ËZm§Zm è Amco Am{U nyd©-~më`mdñWoV AgUmè`m _wcm§Mr n{hcr ~mcdmS>r gwê$Pmcr. ~mcdmS>rV oVmZm _wcm§Mr VH«$ma hmoD$ cmJcr,Va Ë`m§Zm ~mcdmS>rV Am_À`mgmR>r nmZm-\w$cm§ZrgOcocr ~¡cJmS>r V`ma Ho$cr Am{U `m ~¡cJmS>rVyZ

^maVr` ~mb{ejUnÕVrd aMZmdmX

{dMma


_wc§ ~mcdmS>rV hgV-hgV oD$ cmJcr.~mcdmS>r : ~mcdmS>r åhUOo dñVrnmgyZ WmoS>§g§

cm§~ AgUmè`m EH$m _moR>çm PmS>mImcr ^aUmar Vr~mcdmS>r. {ZgJm©À`m gm{ÞÜ`mV, Iwë`m dmVmdaUmV_wcmM§ {ejU hmoD$ cmJc§ Ë`m doir e¡j{UH$ gmYZoKoVm oVrc Aer n[apñWVrM Zgm`Mr; Voìhm _JH¥$VrVyZ {ejU XoU§ Mmcy hmoV§. ñdÀN> PmS>coë`mO{_Zrda _mVrV _wcm§Zr hmVmZo, ~moQ>mZo, H$mS>çm§MmCn`moJ H$ê$Z aoImQ>Z H$am`Mo. {MÌ aoImQ>m`Mr, aMZmV`ma H$am`À`m. nydu J{UVr` {ejUM àW_ {Xc§OmV hmoV§, H$maU Vo _wcm§Zm g_OU§ gmon§ hmoV§. Ë`mgmR>rIS>oo, XJS>-JmoQ>o, JdVmÀ`m H$mS>çm, g_moa {XgUmarZ¡g{J©H$ {MÌ, PmS>m§Mr nmZo-\w$co m gmYZm§Mm Cn`moJhmoV Ago. CXm.- O{_Zrda H$mS>çm§À`m gmhmæ`mZo VrZMm¡H$moZ AmIyZ Ë`m_Ü`o EImÚm A§H$mBVHo$ XJS>R>odco, Va Cacoë`m XmoZ Mm¡H$moZm§V _yi VodT>çmM dñVyAmUyZ R>odV.

gy`m©_wio àH$me {_iVmo, ho Ë`m§Zm {dkmZ-

{ejUmV {eH${dVmZm {Xdgm O{_ZrM§ VmnU§, amÌrnwÝhm W§S> hmoU§ ho Ë`m ~mcH$m§Zr AZw^dë`m_wio{ZgJ©MH«$mMm A{YnVr gy © Amho, ho doJi§ gm§JÊ`mMrJaO Zgm`Mr. nmD$gmMo nS>Uo, T>Jm§Mo JS>JS>Uo{dOm§Mo M_H$Uo ho àË`j AZw dmVyZ Amcoco, åhQ>coVa ^mfoMo d åhQ>co {dkmZmMo {ejU {Xco OmV hmoVo.

N>moQ>çm-N>moQ>çm ~S>~S>JrVm§VyZ, Jmoï>tVyZ ^mfoMo{ejU {Xco OmV hmoVo. _mVrnmgyZ {d{dY dñVy~Zdm`À`m, {~`m§Mm-nmZm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z aMZmH¥$VrH$ê$Z Ë`mcm Zmd XoUo, Ë`mÀ`mgma»`mM BVa dñVy§MrZmdo gm§JUo, KamVrc BVa gXñ`m§Mr Zmdo gm§JUo, ZmVogm§JUo- Ogo AmOr-AmOmo~m, XmXm, VmB© B.

PmS>mdê$Z BH$S>o-{VH$S>o ~mJS>Umao njr ~KyZË`m§Mr Zmdo gm§JUo, PmS>m§Mm-\$im§Mm-àmÊ`m§Mmn[aM` XoUo, àmUr-njr `m§À`mà_mUo H¥${V`wº$hmcMmcr H$ê$Z XmI{dUo; Ë`m~amo~aM ñdV:Mo Zmdgm§JUo- `m gdmªVyZ Ë`m§Mm ^mfm{dH$mg AË`§VMm§Jë`m àH$mao hmoV hmoVm.

àkm H$a§XrH$a


gd©M _wcm§Zm IoiUo, ~mJS>Uo AmdS>Vo. H$maH$-H¥${V wŠV hmcMmcr H$aUo AmdS>Vo. aMZmdmXmV mM{H«$`m§Zm _yV© ñdê$nmMo {ejU XoUmè`m {H«$`m åhQ>coOmVo.

XmoÝhr nm`m§da CS>r _maUo, YmdUo, c§JS>r KmcUo,g§ñWmà_mUo, CS>çm _maUo, hmVmZo _mgm nmohVmoË`mà_mUo hmV hcdUo, nmM ~moQ>m§Zr XJS> CMcUo,XmoZ ~moQ>m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo nmZ VmoS>Uo, dmHy$Z O_rZ gm\$H$aUo, gmadUo `m H$maH$ hmcMmct_wio _wcmÀ`m

ñZm y§À`m mo½` hmcMmcr hmoD$Z emar[aH$ {dH$mg{ZH$mon hmoV Ago.

Ë`m H$mirhr _Zmoa§OZmgmR>r Amnë`mMKamVrc-dñVrVrc EImÚm ì`º$sMr Z¸$c H$ê$ZXmI{dUo, àmÊ`m§À`m hþ~ohÿ~ ZH$cm H$aUo. CXm._mH$S>mÀ`m ZH$cm H$aVmZm PmS>mda MT>Uo, hÿn@hÿn@ AmdmO H$aV hmVmZo A§J ImOdUo.~m ocr^mfoVrc _moS>H$irg Amcocr JmUråhUUo- `mVyZ Ë`m§Mo _Zmoa§OZ hmoV Ago.

gU-CËgd Ë`m doir AJXr gmÜ`m nÕVrZogmOao Ho$co OmV hmoVo, Varhr Ë`m§Mr _m{hVr _wcm§ZmgU gmOam H$ê$Z {Xcr OmV Ago.

~mc{ejUmÀ`m nmMhr VÎdm§Mm dmna Ë`mH$miÀ`m {ejUmV nwaonya hmoVmZm {XgV hmoVm.

Or _wc§ emioV oD$ eH$V ZìhVr, AemAm{Xdmgr nmS>çmVrc _wcm§Zm {eH${dÊ`mgmR>rË`m§À`m A§JUmVM OmD$Z {ejU {Xco OmV hmoVo.Am{Xdmgr nmS>o ho AË §V _mJmgcoë`m AdñWoVAgë`m_wio VoWrc _wcm§Zm gwédmVrnmgyZMo-åhUOo ~gUo, CR>Uo, ImU§-{nU§-nmgyZ{ejUmMr gwédmV Ho$cr Om`Mr. Ë`mgmR>r ñdV§Ì{dH$mgdmS>r ZmdmM§ ~mc_§{Xa Ë`m H$mirApñVËdmV hmoVo.

N>moQ>çm-N>moQ>çm Jmdm_Ycr _wc§ (emioV)~mcKamV oD$ eH$V ZìhVr, Ë`m doioV Vr Jwam§ZmMmaÊ`mgmR>r Hw$aUmV KoD$Z OmV AgV. Ë`m _wcm§n ªV{ejU nmohmoM{dÊ`mgmR>r Hw$aUemim§Mm CX` Pmcm.Hw$aUmda Jwam§gmo~V `oVmZmhr _wc§ Xáam§M§ AmoP§dmhm`Mr ZmhrV, Va ^mH$ar ~m§Ycoc§ EH$ JmR>moS>§KoD$Z Vr Om`Mr. Aem _wcm§Zm {eH$dU§ \$ma _moR>§AmìhmZmË_H$ H$m_ hmoV§; nU Ë`mhr n[apñWVrV {ejUhmoV Joc§. Jwam§Zm Mam`cm gmoSy>Z JmUr, Jmoï>r, Jßnm,Ioi, ZH$cm, ZmQw>H$cr B. àmW{_H$ {ejU {Xc§ OmVhmoV§. Ë`mZ§Va ~H$è`m AmoirZo Cä`m Agë`m Va-


A_wH$ a§JmÀ`m ~H$arMm Z§~a {H$Vdm? ~H$è`m{dIwaë`m Joë`m Va- {VH$S>o Jocoë`m ~H$è`m d BH$S>oam{hcoë`m ~H$è`m {_iyZ EHy$U {H$Vr? _wcm§ZmM am§JoVC o H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m gmdë`m _moOUo. Xmå`mMr gmdcr{H$Vdr? doJdoJù`m gmdë`m Hw$R>o nS>VmV? H$moUË`m~mOycm nS>VmV? Aem àíZm§_YyZ {dkmZ-J{UVmMo{ejU {Xco OmV hmoVo.

_wcm §_Üò OÝ_V:M gwá eº$s AgVmV,ñdV:À`m {dH$mg Vo ñdV:M H$ê$ eH$VmV. Ë`mgmR>rHo$di Ë`m nÕVrMo dmVmdaU Ë`m§Zm nwadmdo cmJVo.nydu ~mc{ejUmV ñnYm© ZìhVr, ~mc_§{XamV ñnYm©ZìhVr, _wcm§_Ü o ñnYm© ZìhVr; Ë`m_wio _wcm§Zm {ZIi{ejUmMm AmZ§X KoVm oV hmoVm. m àmMrZ/ Z¡g{J©H$~mc{ejUmMo \$m`Xo åhUOo _wcm§_Ü o {ejUmMr{dcjU AmdS> {Z_m©U Pmcr. _wcm§_Ü o AgUmè`m{Okmgy d¥Îmrcm, H$ënZmeº$scm dmd {_iV Agë`mZoË`m§Mm ~m¡{ÕH$ {dH$mg Ë`mM {ZIiVoZo d doJmZo hmoVhmoVm. ñd`§ {ejUm_wio _wcm§_Üò {ejUmMr éMr{Z_m©U hmoD$ cmJcr. _wc§ ñdV: {eH$Ê`mMm à`ËZH$ê$ cmJcr. ~mcKamV H$moUVrhr ~§YZH$maH${ejUnÕVr Zgë`mZo {ejm, MyH$-~amo~a Aem{ZamemË_H$ g§H$ënZm ZìhË`m.

àËòH$ _yc àËòH$ Jmoï>rH$S>o Ë`mÀ`m ZOaoVyZ~KV AgVo, Ë`mà_mUo {dMma H$ê$Z Amnco _V ì`º$H$aV AgVo. Ë`m_wio EH$mM Jmoï>rH$S>o nmhÊ`mMr dmË`m~ÔcMo àË oH$mMo _V doJdoJio AgUma, ho g_OyZKoD$ZM {e{jHo$Zo Ë`m§Mr _mJ©Xe©H$mMr ^y{_H$mgmH$mam`Mr AgVo.

Am{Xdmgr nmS>çm§_Ü o {^Vtda aoImQ>cocr {MÌohr~mc{ejUmM§ EH$ CÎm_ CXmhaU åhUyZ gm§JVmoVrc. VoWrc _wc§ Kam§À`m q^Vr§da {eH$maMr, Z¥Ë`

H$aUmar, àmÊ`m§Mr, AmdS>Ë`m nú`m§Mr Aer {d{dY{MÌ§ H$mS>rÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo aoImQ>VmV.

AmQ>çmnmQ>çm, Jcmoc Mmc{dUo, XJS>mMr cJmoa

\$moS>Uo, dñVy O_{dUo, {d{dY a§Jr nmZm§Mo-\w$cm§Mog§H$cZ H$aUo, Ë`mVyZ a§J - AmH$ma >m§Mo kmZ {_i{dUo- hmgwÕm aMZmdmXr ~mc{ejUmMm \$m`XmM åhUmdmcmJoc.

JdVmÀ`m H$mS>çm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z nú`m§M§ KaQ>§qH$dm Imonm ~Z{dUo, Ë`mM§ {ZarjU H$aUo, MMm©Ë_H${dícofU H$aUo - m gdmªVyZ hñVH$cm, {dkmZm{Y{ð>VAÜ``ZmH$S>o _wcm§Mm H$c dmT>rg cmJcm.

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dm{f©H$ dJ©Ur én o 400/-

Ì¡dm{f©H$ dJ©Ur én o 1000/-

qH$dm J«m__§Jb g§ñWobm 10,000 én o dm A{YH$ XoUJr Úm.

"80 Or' H$b_mImbr Am`H$amVyZ gyQ> {_idm Am{U

Xa_hm "{ejUdoY'Mm A§H$hr {_idm.

dJ©Ur/amoI/MoH$/S´>mâQ>Zo "J«m__§Jb' `m ZmdmZo nmR>dy eH$Vm.

_w§~B©-nwUo ~mhoarb MoH$gmR>r én o 30/- dQ>Umdi Amdí`H$.

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_Zwî` Amnë`m AZw dm§Ûmao ñdV:À`m kmZmMraMZm H$aV AgVmo.

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kmZmMr {Z{_©Vr Am{U Ë`mcm AmH$ma XoÊ`mMoH$m_ H¥$VrVyZ, AZw dmVyZ hmoVo.

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a§JH$m_ ho chmZ-_moR>çm Aem gJù`m§ZmAmZ§X XoVo. _r _wcm§Zm Ë`mH$aVm doJdoJir _mÜ`_oOgo - H«o$Am°Ýg, dm°Q>aH$ca, noñQ>c H$ca dmnam`cm{Xco. KamÀ`m q^Vr `m _wcm§Mm nona Pmcm Am{Ua§Jm §À`m {d{dY {_lUm§V yZ {Z_m ©U hm oUmè`ma§Jg§JVr_Üò _wc§ ~amM doi Kmcdy cmJcr.ZXr{H$Zmar Joë`mda {_iUmè`m {d{dY AmH$mam§À`mXJS>-JmoQ>çm§daXoIrc a§Jm§Mr H$am_V AO_mdyZH$cmH¥$Vr ~ZdÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. {d{dY PmS>m§MrnmZo, \w$co, {~`m, PmS>m§À`m H$mQ>çm-Hw$Q>çm ho Ë`m§Moam°-_Q>o[aAc ~Zco.

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dmT>{Xdgmcm oUmè`m _wcm§À`m Zmdm§Mr mXr~Z{dUo, Ë`m §À`mH$aVm {H$Vr {JâQ> AmUmdrcmJVrc- ~Zdmdr cmJVrc, ho _wc§M H$ê$ cmJcr.dmT>{Xdgmcm [aQ>Z © {JâQ> åhUyZ _wcm §H$S y >Z

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6. emór` {Z`moOZ, à{ejUmMm A^md,à{ejUmV Ho$di ì`m»`mZmda â AgVmo.

7. aMZmdmXmV àË`j H¥$VrV AmUVmZm H¥$Vrd ì`dhmamVrc AS>MUr gmoS>{dÊ`mH$So> Xþc©j hmoVAmho `mgmR>r àË oH$ {ejH$m§Zr H¥$Vrg§emoYZmda âÚmdm. 8. g§ñWmMm nm{R>§~m {_iV Zmhr. 9. gm{hË`,gmYZo, g§gmYZm§Mr CncãYVoMm àíZ.10. ZdrZà`moJm§Zm nmR>~i Z {_iUo.

Cnm` - 1. aMZmdmXr {mjUmMr gmoß`m nÕVrZo_m§S>Ur ìhmdr. 2. gd© KQ>H$m§Mo CX²~moYZ ìhmdo.


3. {d{dY àH$maMr gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr ìhmdr.4. CX²~moYZmMo CnH«$_ Am`mo{OV H$amdoV.

dfm© CX`Z Hw$cH$Uu `m AÜ`jmñWmZmdê$Z~mocVmZm åhUmë`m, ""{Okmgm hr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMrZgyZ {Q>H${dÊ`mMr Amho, dmVmdaUmÀ`m Ñï>rZo^md{ZH$ gwa{jVVm hr _hÎdmMr Amho, Ë`m§ZraMZmdmXr {ejUmgmR>r gÜ`m AgUmè`mdmVmdaUmMm C„oI H$ê$Z Vo ~XcUo, h oAmnë`mg_moaMo AmìhmZ Agë`mMo gm§{JVco.Power Point Presentation Ûmao Amnco dmVmdaUH$go Agmdo ho ñnï> Ho$co. _moH$im œmg KoVm oB©cAgo {ejU emim§VyZ {Xco nm{hOo. `mgmR>r~mc{ejUmV gmYonUm, gwQ>gwQ>rVnUm Agcmnm{hOo. gmYonUmV gm ¢X`© AgVo. gm ¢X`© h o{eH${dÊ`mMm ^mJ ~ZdmdrV, kmZmMr gwédmVgmYonUmV Amho, {dZ_«Vm, g{hîUwVm d¥Îmr AmnU_wcm§_Ü o {Z_m©U H$amdr, VaM aMZmdmXr dmVmdaUV`ma hmoB©c. _wco emionojm g_mOmV OmñV dmdaVmV.Ë`m_wio gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaU Mm§Jco ìhmdo, `mgmR>raMZmdmXr emim§Zr H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr JaO Ë`m§Zrgm§{JVcr. {ejH$m§Zr A{cpIV ~§YZo nmicrnm{hOoV,'' ho Ë`m§Zr AmdOy©Z gm§{JVco.

S>m°. A{OV nmQ>rc `mZr "_wcm§Mo Amamo½` Am{UAmhma' `m§da ~mocVmZm åhUmco, ""_wcm§Zm AmdS>VoVo XoD$ ZH$m, Amdí`H$ Vo Úm. Ë`mZr earamMr AmoiIH$ê$Z {Xcr. gmpÎdH$ Amhma H$moUVm, \$io, ^mOr-nmcm, H$S>YmÝ o `m§Mo _hÎd d Ë`m§nmgyZ {_iUmarOrdZgÎdo `m§~Ôc _m{hVr {Xcr. emar[aH$ Amamo½`~amo~a _mZ{gH$ Amamo½` OnUo _hÎdmMo, {ejH$ dnmcH$ m§Zr _wcm§À`m ~wX²Ü`m§H$m~amo~a mdZm§H$mH$So>cj XoUo JaOoMo Amho,'' Ago à{VnmXZ Ho$co.{ejH$m§Zr {dMmacoë`m Amamo½`{df`H$ àíZm§ZmË`m§Zr CÎmao {Xcr.

g§Ü`mH$mir "aMZmdmXmda AmYm[aV {d{dY{df` XmcZmMo àXe©Z' nmhÊ`mgmR>r Iwco H$aÊ`mVAmco. Ywio emIm, \w$cmoam ~mc_§{Xa `m§Zr e¡j{UH$gmYZm§Mr _m§S>Ur Ho$cr hmoVr.

amÌr {d{dY emIoZo gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m ©H«$_ gmXa

Ho$cm.A{YdoeZmÀ`m eodQ>À`m 18 Zmoìh|~a 2015

amoOr àm.a_oe nmZgo gam§Mr lr_Vr Am{XVr ZmVy, S>m°.{XZoe ZohoVo, lr. g§O` nmQ>rc `m§Zr àH$Q> _wcmIVKoVcr. m§V àm. nmZgo gam§Mm ~mc{ejU d H$mog~mS>_Yrc àdmg, emór` ~mc{ejU d Aemór`~mc{ejU, ~mc{ejU hoM joÌ {ZdS>Ê`mMo H$maU,dV©ZdmX d aMZmdmX `m§Vrc \$aH$, kmZaMZoÀ`mg§X^m©V {ejU VÁkm§Àæ`m {gÕm§Vm_Ü`o AgUmam\$aH$, aMZmdmXmMo \$m`Xo, aMZmdmXr {ejUm~m~VMmH¥ $Vr H$m` ©H « $_, aMZmdmXmV ^mfoMo ñWmZ,~mc{ejUmV H$m_ H$aVmZm Amcoco AZw d, Ë`m§Mmgm{hË` àdmg, aMZmdmX, ~mc{ejUmVrc H$m`m©MmnmZgo gam§Mm àdmg, {ejUh¸$ g_Ýd` g{_VrÛmao_amR>r emim§gmR>r Ë`m§Zr {Xcocm cT>m, _hmamï´>~mc{ejU n[afX ñWmnZm d H$m © `m§~m~V ~mocVoH$aÊ`mMo H$m_ _wcmIVH$mam§Zr Ho$co. ñnY}À`m wJmV{Q>H$Ê`mgmR>r emioÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rV nma§n[aH$ {ejU XodyZ_wcm§Zm hþema ~Z{dÊ`mnojm ì`dhmakmZmMo {ejU XodyZË`mcm McmI ~Zdm, Ago AmdmhZ Á oð> {ejUVÁkàm. a_oe nmZgo m§Zr Ho$co. XþX£dmZo emim, H$m°coO_YyZMm§Jë`m {ejUmMr dmZdm Agë`mMr I§V ì`ŠVHo$cr. emioÀ`m {ejUmnojm _hm{dÚmc`rZ{ejUmMr AdñWm AË §V dmB©Q> Amho. H$m°coO_Ü o{dÚmWu H$mhr {eH$V ZmhrV Am{U àmÜ`mnH$hr H$mhr{eH$dV Zgë`mMo {MÌ AmO Amho. emim§MrhrAdñWm VrM Amho. {ejH$ {eH$dVmV _mÌ,{dÚmÏ`mªZm Zo_H§$ H$m` Ano{jV Amho, `mMm {dMmahmoV Zgë`mZo {eH${dcoco H$mhr H$iV Zmhr.{dMmaeŠVr em~yV R>odÊ`mgmR>r emar[aH$ hmcMmcrAË`mdí`H$ AmhoV. emar[aH$ hmcMmcr_wio_|XynoetMr OwiUr hmoD$Z Ë`mVyZ {eH$Ê`mMr ghOAmdS> {Z_m©U hmoVo. aMZmdmX åhUOo H$m` ho gm§JVmZmåhUmco X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhma OJVmo Vmo aMZmdmX, H$ê$Z{eH$Uo aMZmdmX. ñdV:hÿZ {eH$U§ hm aMZmdmX dXþgè`m§Zr {eH${dUo hm dV©ZdmX hmo`. H¥${Verc,ñd §erc {ejU åhUOo aMZmdmX. AmO aMZmdmXemioV am~dVmZm H$mhr AmìhmZm§Zm gm_moao Omdo cmJoc.


`mV 1) àË oH$ emioV n[adV©ZmMr doi Amcr Amhoho AmoiIVm oUo. 2) {ejH$m§Mr _mZ{gH$Vm ~XcUo.3) nmcH$ dJm©Mo à~moYZ. 4) emgZmÀ`m ñVamdan[adV©Z hmoV Amho nU g§ñWm MmcH$m§Mo _Zo `mgmR>rCKS>Ê`mMo _moR>o AmìhmZ Amho. `mZ§Va _mPr emimhr {MÌ\$sV XmIdÊ`mV Amcr.

Iwë`m A{YdoeZmV CnpñWV à{V{ZYrZr àíZ{dMmaco, mV A§JUdmS>çm ~mc{ejU n[afXog OmoS>m- lr. g§nV Jm`H$dmS> {Zd¥Îm gh g§MmcH$,J«m__§JcZo Am°ZcmB©Z aMZmdmXr à{ejU Úmdo, nwT>rcH$mimgmR>r ~mc{ejU n[afX H$er Agmdr,emoY{Z~§Y gmXa H$aÊ`m~m~V _mJ©Xe©Z ìhmdo,_.~m.{e.n.Mo nXm{YH$mar `m§Zr gh^mJ KoVcm.A{YdoeZmV lr_Vr {demIm Xoenm§So> `m§Zr R>amdm§ModmMZ Ho$co.

A{YdoeZmV nwT>rc R>amd H$aÊ`mV Amcom emgZmZo ~mc{ejUmMo nwT>rc _hÎd cjmV

¿`mdo - ~mcH$m§À`m Ñï>rZo `m {d{eï> d`mVrc (3 Vo6 d`mVrc) emar[aH$, ~m¡{ÕH$, ^md{ZH$ H$m¡eë`,gm_m{OH$ _|XyMm gmYUmao ho joÌ Amho.m emco {ejUmÀ`m Ñï>rZo _wcm§Mr nyd©V`mar

H$ê$Z XoUmao, Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejUmgmR>r cmJUmamj_Vm§Mm nm`m _O~yV H$aUmao Am{U emioVrcH$m_{Jar XO}Xma H$aUmao Ago joÌ Amho.m Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m Ñï>rZo, _wcm§À`m dmJUwH$sVyZ

Hw$Qw>§~mcm d AmemXm`r ~Z{dUmao, ZmVog§~§Y KÅ>H$aUmao, ^mdr H$mimV Am{W©H$ pñWVr gwYmaUmao dgm_m{OH$ ñWmZ C§MmdUmao Ago ho joÌ Amho.m g_mOmÀ`m Ñï>rZo, gm_m{OH$ ~o{eñV H$_r

H$aUmao, JwÝhoJmar H$_r H$aUmao, H$m`Xm - Ý`m`ì`dñWm- gm_m{OH$ gwì`dñWm `m§darc ^mdr H$mimVrcIMm©V ~MV H$aUmao Ago ho joÌ Amho.m amï>mÀ`m Ñï>rZo, Jw§VdUwH$sda BVa H$moUË`mhr

Am{W©H$ joÌmnojm OmñV naVmdm XoUmao, amï´>mÀ`mAm{W©H$ {dH$mgmg hmV^ma cmdUmao Ago ho joÌ Amho.m maVr` ZmJ[aH$ËdmÀ`m Ñï>rZo g_Vm {Z_m©U

H$aUmao, ~§Yw md _wcm§À`mV éO{dUmao, Ý`mæ`VoMr ~yOamIUmao Am{U nm`m^yV ì`pŠVñdmV§Í`mMo _hÎd

nQ>{dUmao Ago ho joÌ Amho. åhUyZ1) emgZmZo ~mc{ejUmcm àmYmÝ` XoD$Z

Ë`mcm {dH$mgmÀ`m à`ËZmV ñdV§Ì ñWmZ Úmdo,Ë`mgmR>r Amnë`m A§XmO nÌH$mV Xagmc ~mc-{ejUmVrc Jw§VdUwH$sgmR>r dmT>Vr VaVyX H$amdr.

2) ~mc{ejUmgmR>r g_mOmH$Sy >Z {ZYrCncãY ìhmdm, mgmR>r gaH$maZo Ago ~m±S>g², Om{hamVH$ê$Z {dH«$sg H$mT>mdoV H$s, Á`mda Xhm Vo ~mam Q>ŠHo$ì`mOmZo, nmM Vo Xhm dfmªV ~m±S>YmaH$m§Zm cm^ hmoD$eHo$c.

3) Am`H$a {d^mJmZo, ~mc{ejUmgmR>r{Xcoë`m XoU½`mda 80 Or H$c_mImcr gdcVOmhra H$amdr. Am`H$a nÌH$mda ~mc{ejUmgmR>rXoUJr {Xë`mMm C„oI hmoÊ`mgmR>r Mm¡H$Q> Agmdr.

g_mamon àg§Jr CnpñWVà_wI nmhþUo åhUyZcm^coco _m. lr. {dZmoXHw$_ma cmo{h`m, _m. lrnmag^mB© Amogdmc _hmamï´> ~mc{ejU n[afXoÀ`mAÜ`jm lr_Vr AcH$m {~`mUr, {ejUVÁk àm.a_oe nmZgo, _hmamï> ~mc{ejU n[afXoMo nXm{YH$mar,_hmamï´> d Jmodm amÁ`mVyZ Amcoco n[afXoMo gXñ`,gd© {ejH$, nmcH$ Am{U nÌH$ma, CnpñWV hmoVo.

g_mamon H$m ©H«$_mV -à_wI nmhþÊ`mÀ`m n[aM` g§ moOH$ lr. amOJm|S>m

d{idSo> H$ê$Z {Xcm, g§nyU© VrZ {Xdg Mmccoë`mA{YdoeZmMm AmT>mdm - H$m ©dmh lr _hmqcJ ñdm_rKoVcm, H$m ©H«$_mÀ`m AÜ`jm lr_Vr AcH$m {~`mUrhmoË`m. Am^ma lr. g§O` nmQ>rc `m§Zr _mZco.

VrZ {Xdg Mmccoë`m m A{YdoeZmVyZ aMZmdmXr~mc{ejU {df`mda emoY{Z~§Y, à_wI dŠË`m§Mo {d{dY{df`m§darc mfU, _m. àm.a_oe nmZgo gam§À`m KoÊ`mVAmcocr àH$Q> _wcmIV, XmIdë`m Jocoë`m {MÌ\$sVr,aMZmdmXr ~mc{ejUmda AmYm[aV adcoë`m {d{dY{df` XmcZmVyZ d A{YdoeZ H$mimV Pmcoë`m MM}VyZg_mOmcm, {ejH$m§Zm, nmcH$m§Zm OmJ Amcr AgocAer Amem ì`ŠV Pmcr. emim§-emimVyZ aMZmdmXr{ejUmMr à{H«$`m gwê$ ìhmdr, hr BÀN>m màg§Jr ì`º$Ho$cr Jocr.

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H$m_mda AgVmZm _¥Ë y nmdbo; H$mhtZr ñdV:da VaH$mhtZr d[að>m§da Jmoù`m PmS>ë`mV. {ejH$s noemVÁ`m AmË_hË`m Pmë`m AmhoV, Ë`mMo VnerbO_{dbo; Voìhm ~m§YH$m_ m H$m_mZo gdmªV OmñV ~irJobo AmhoV, hm {ZîH$f© Amcm. XoemV gd© {ejUA{^`mZ Ambo. m A{^`mZmV gdmªV OmñV ~m§YH$m_oPmbr. Vr ~m§YH$m_o Zmdmbm emioÀ`m ì`dñWmnZg{_VrZo H$amdrV Ago Ano{jV hmoVo, VargwÕm Vo H$m_{ejH$m§Zm H$amdo bmJm`Mo Am{U Am{W©H$ ì`dhma_mÌ gan§MmÀ`m hmVmV hmoVo. gan§Mm§Zr aH$_m IM©H$ê$Z Q>mH$Uo, R>oH$Xma {_Ìmbm H$m_ XoD$Z Ë`mZo\$gdUyH$ H$aUo, {ZH¥$ï> gm_mZ dmnê$Z Ë`mMm Xmof{ejH$mda òUo- Ago AZoH$ àH$ma KS>bo. nwÝhmJmdmVrb XmoZ JQ>m§Mo amOH$maU. J«m_gôV hmoUmarMMm©, «ï>mMmamMr VH«$ma `mV AZoH$ {ejH$ âS>boOm`Mo Am{U XþgarH$Sy>Z H$m_ nyU© Z Ho$ë`mg nJmaWm§~{dbo OmÊ`mÀ`m Y_Š`m A{YH$mar Úm`Mo. `mVyZ{ejH$m§Zr AmË_hË`m Ho$ë`m.

g§ñWmMmbH$m§À`m X_XmQ>rVyZ hmoUmè`m$ AmË_hË`mhmhr EH$ n¡by Amho. _mJÀ`m AmR>dS>çmV EH$m à{gÕamOH$s` ZoË`mÀ`m g§ñWoVrb {ejH$mZo AmË_hË`mHo$br. qhJUKmQ> oWrb {enm`mZo "ZmoH$ar gmoS>, ZmhrVa H$mTy>Z Q>mHy$' `m X_XmQ>r_wio Zmoìh|~a 2014 _Ü oAmË_hË`m Ho$br hmoVr. ImgJr g§ñWmMmbH$ ho EH$ñdV§Ì g§ñWmZ AgVo. Ë`m XheVrVbo AË`mMma~mhoahr oV ZmhrV.


embo` nm ofU Amhma `m oOZm hr AmO{ejH$m§À`m _moR>çm VUmdmMo H$maU ~ZV Amho. OmoVm§Xÿi JmdmVrb aoeZ XþH$mZmV {_iVmo Am{U Oo Vob,_rR>, {_aMr JmdmÀ`m XþH$mZmV {_iVo; Vo AmOR>oHo$Xmam_m\©$V amÁ`mVrb àË oH$ emiobm nmohmoM{dboOmVo. `mV àdmgmMm IM© Am{U Ë`m_wio dmT>Umar{H$_V hm ~moOm {dZmH$maU dmT>Vmo. Hw$R>brMì`dhm`©Vm Zgbobr hr H$ënZm Ho$di R>oH$XmanmogÊ`mgmR>r Am{U Ë`mÀ`mH$Sy >Z {_iUmè`mH${_eZgmR>r am~dbr OmVo. `m amOH$s`nmR>~im_wio ho CÔm_ R>oHo$Xma AË §V {ZH¥$ï> _mbnwa{dVmV, Vm§Xÿi H$_r nwa{dVmV Am{U A{YH$mar_mÌ VnmgUr H$aVmZm {ejH$m§Zm Om~ {dMmaVmV.{dO` ZH$meo hm `m R>oHo$XmarMm ~ir Amho. J°g{_i{dUo, ^mOrnmbm AmUUo d {H$MH$Q> aoH$m°S©>{b{hUo `m gJù`mV VUmd dmT>V OmVmo.

EH$ ì`dñWm åhUyZ àý hm nS>Vmo H$s- R>oHo$Xmam§ZmOm~ {dMmabm OmV Zmhr, ~m§YH$m_mV ^«ï>mMmaH$aUmè`m gan§Mm§Zm {ejm Zmhr Am{U H$madmB©MrY_H$s _mÌ {ejH$m§Zm {Xbr OmVo; Á`m n§Mm`VamOg{_VrÀ`m oQ>r_wio hr AmË_hË`m Pmbr. AerMAmË_hË`m OmqbXa OmYd m {ejH$mZo Ah_XZJa{OëømVrb AH$moë`mVrb n§Mm`VamO g{_VrÀ`m

oQ>rÀ`m doir ~m§YH$m_mÀ`m VUmdmVyZ Ho$br hmoVr.Voìhm n§Mm`VamO g{_VrÀ`m oQ>rZo XmoZ AmË_hË`mPmë`m AgVrb Va `m g{_VrÀ`m H$m`©nÕVr-~Ôbhr Omhra MMm© H$amdr bmJob. `m g{_VrgmR>rH$_©Mmè`m§H$Sy>Z gº$sZo n¡go Jmoim Ho$bo OmVmV

bmoH$à{V{ZYrda _mÌ Hw$R>ohr `m AmË_hË`m§MrO~m~Xmar oD$ {Xbr OmV Zmhr, hmhr EH$ n¡by bjmV¿`m`bm hdm. ~m§YH$m_mV BVŠ`m gan§Mm§Zr KmoQ>mioHo$bo, nU {ejH$mbm O~m~Xma Yabo Jobo. AmOembo nmofU AmhmamV R>oHo$Xmam§Zm amOH$s` g§ajUXoUmao gwa{jV AmhoV. qH$~hþZm, ZH$meo AmË_hË oMmY¸$mXm`H$ CÎmamY© hm Amho H$s- Á`m Am_Xmam§ZrË`m§Zm Ad_m{ZV Ho$bo, Ë`m§Mr gmYr Mm¡H$erhr Zmhr;

CbQ> Á`m A{YH$mè`mZo gdmªV eodQ>Mr oQ> Ë`m emiobm{Xbr, Ë`m n§{S>V n§S>mJio ZmdmÀ`m {ejH$m§Mm _§MMmb{dUmè`m bmoH${à` A{YH$mè`mda JwÝhm XmIbH$aÊ`mV Ambm.

`m_Üò nwÝhm àemgZ Am{U {ejH$ `mVrbg§~§YmMm _wÔm nwT>o Ambm Amho.... {~«{Q>e àemgZ-nÕVrZo Amnë`m àemgZmMr aMZm Pmë`m_wioA{YH$mar d H$_©Mmar m§À`m g§~§Ym§V EH$ CVa§S> Amho.ImbÀ`m nmàrda Agboë`m ì`º$sbm Jwbm_g_OÊ`mMr _mZ{gH$Vm Amho. `mVyZ VimÀ`mCVa§S>rda Agboë`m ì`º$sda VUmd dmT>V OmVmo.

VUmdmVyZ Pmbobo _¥Ë y hm EH$ ñdV§Ì MM}Mm {dfÀmho. ZJa {OëømVrb AH$m oë`mV Jw{hao `mH$m`_ñdê$nr emioV 15 df} {~ZnJmar H$m_ Ho$boë`m_w»`mÜ`mnH$mMm _¥Ë y Pmbm. hm _¥Ë y AmË_hË o-BVH$mM H$éU Amho. _hmamï´>mVrb {dZmAZwXm{ZVemioVrb {ejH$ AmVm {Zame PmboV. 15 df}{dZmdoVZ H$m_ H$ê$Z d 100 Am§XmobZo H$ê$Zhr emgZEoH$V Zgë`mZo Ë`m§À`mVrb AZoH$OU Z¡amí oÀ`m JV}VAmhoV.

eoVH$ar AmË_hË oÀ`m doir EH$ _wÔm Agm AmbmhmoVm, H$s- eoVH$ar Am§XmobZo Ooìhm amV hmoVr, VoìhmeoVH$è`m§Zm EH$ AmYma dmQ>V hmoVm Am{U Z§Va Vr_moS>br, Voìhm EH$Q> onUm dmT>bm. {ejH$m§À`mg_ñ`m§~m~V {ejH$ g§KQ>Zm m VUmdJ«ñV {ejH$m§ZmAmYma H$m dmQ>V ZmhrV; ho àý gmoS>dm`bm {ejH$-ZoVo H$_r nS>VmhoV H$m, hmhr `m{Z{_ÎmmZo CnpñWVPmbobm _hÎdmMm àý Amho.

Voìhm Ae¡j{UH$ H$m_o VmVS>rZo H$mTy>Z KoUo,{ejH$m§er g§dmX {Z_m©U hmoB©b Ago A{YH$mè`m§ModV©Z AgUo Am{U {ejH$m§Zm EH$_oH$m§er g§dmX(whats up da Zìho) H$aVm oB©c, Aer ì`mg{nR>oJmdmoJmdr {Z_m©U hmoUo, hoM `mda XrK©H$mbrZ CÎmaAmho.

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n¥ÏdrMo dmT>Vo Vmn_mZ : YmoŠ`mMm Bemamb§S>Z : dmT>Ë`m Vmn_mZmÀ`m YmoH$mXm`H$ à^mdm_wio Ordg¥ï>rda AmoT>dUmè`m g§H$Q>m~m~V

J§ ra Bemam XoV {~«Q>Z_Yrb EH$m {dÚmnrR>mVrb g§emoYH$m§Zr g¥ï>rda AmoT>dUmè`m g§H$Q>mH$So> Ad¿`mOJmMo bj doYV doirM Cnm``moOZm H$aÊ`mg gwM{dbo Amho.

g_wÐmMo Vmn_mZ H$mhr A§em§Zr dmT>ë`mg n¥Ïdrdarb Am°pŠgOZMo (àmUdm y) à_mU H$_r hmoD$eH$Vo. n[aUm_r, àmUr Am{U bmoH$m§À`m _moR>çm g§» oZo _¥Ë yZo g¥ï>rMo ê$nm§Va _é y_rV hmoD$ eH$Vo,Agm Bemam `m g§emoYH$m§Zr {Xbm Amho. n¥Ïdrdarb Vmn_mZ A{YH$ dmT>Uma Zmhr, `mgmR>r H$m`H$m` Cnm` H$aUo Amdí`H$ AmhoV, `mda n°[ag oWo OJâmVrb ZoVo, n`m©daUVÁk {dMma_§WZmgmR>rEH$dQ>bo AgVmZm {~«Q>Z_Yrb w{Zìh{g©Q>r Am°\$ {bgoñQ>a_Yrb g§emoYH$m§Zr hm Aä`mgnyU© {ZîH$f©H$mT>V g_ñV _mZdOmVrMo S>moio CKS>bo AmhoV. g_wÐmMo Vmn_mZ 2100 n ªV Odinmg 6 A§egopëgAgda Joë`mg Am°pŠgOZMo àmUdm y CËgO©ZM g§nwï>mV oB©b. Am°pŠgOZM Ad¿`m g¥ï>rMmàmU Amho. àmUdm yMo à_mU H$_r Pmë`mg EHy$UM Ordg¥ï>rMm Zme AmoT>dob, Ago oWo gm§{JVco.

n¥Ïdrda ^{dî`mV AmoT>dUmè`m g§H$Q>m§n¡H$s gdm©{YH$ ^`mZH$ g§H$Q> Agob Vo nwamMo W¡_mZ.A§Q>m{ŠQ©>H$m_Yrb ~\©$ {dViyZ oUmè`m nwamZo OJâmV hmhmH$ma CSo>b; n[aUm_r, Ordg¥ï>rMm ZmehmoD$ eH$Vmo, Ago `m {dÚmnrR>mVrb J{UV {d^mJmMo àmo. gJ}B© noQ´>moìhñH$s `m§Zr gm§{JVbo.

MrZ_Yrc nmcH$m§Zm {_iUma {Xcmgm~rqOJ - "X Mm`Zm \$mC§So>eZ \$m°a nm°dQ>u' `m ñd §godr g§ñWoZo {gMwAmZ àm§VmV EH$m nWXeu

àH$ënmMr gwédmV Ho$br Amho. m àH$ënm§VJ©V ZmoH$ar{Z{_Îm ~mhoa amhUmè`m nmbH$m§Mr _XV H$aÊ`mMmà`ËZ g§ñWoZo Ho$bm Amho.

nmbH$m§À`m AZwnpñWVrV Ë`m§À`m nmë`m§H$So> bj XoUmao H$moUrhr ZgVo. hm àH$ën 3 dfmªgmR>rnWXeu ñdê$nmV am~{dÊ`mV oB©b. {gMwAmZ àm§VmVrb 100 Jmdm§Mr `mgmR>r {ZdS> H$aÊ`mV AmbrAmho. EH$m JmdmgmR>r EH$ AmB©, Aer `mMr g§H$ënZm Amho. hr {Z wº$ Ho$bobr _{hbm (AmB©)JmdmVrb gd© ~ƒo H§$nZrMr XoI^mb H$aob. Ë`mgmR>r {Vbm doVZ {Xbo OmB©b. hr `moOZm èñdrPmbr, Va {gMwAmZ àm§VmVrb 35 hOma _wbm§À`m XoI^mbrMm àý {_Q>ob. Ë`mZ§Va BVa àm§Vm§Vhr`mMr A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mMm g§ñWoMm {dMma Amho.

H°$Ýgada Zdr CnMmanÕVr {dH${gV^monmi - _Ü` àXoemVrb ^monmi oWrb S>m°. n„dr {Vdmar `m§Zr A_o[aHo$V amhÿZ H°$Ýgadarb

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`m CnMmamV H°ÝgaÀ`m é½Um§Mr Am°ßQ>r_mBÁS> Q´>rQ>_|Q> H$aUo eŠ` hmoB©b. Ë`m_wio S>m°ŠQ>am§Zm ho

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amÁ`mMo {ejU Am wº$ nwéfmoÎm_ mnH$a m§Zr hr _m{hVr {Xbr. mnH$a åhUmbo, ""àJV e¡j{UH$

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gaH$maZo KoVbm Amho.

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