,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lk;

gFjp I --- ,e;jpa muRk; mjd; vy;iyfSk; (Art 1-4)

,e;;jpah- ghujk; vd;gJ khepyq;fs; ,ize;j xd;wpak;.- Art 1 (xd;wpak; -coined by Dr. Ambedkar)

khepyj;jpd; gug;igf; $l;l> ngah; khw;wk; nra;a ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; „ Art 3

President Kd; mDkjp Njit.

simple majority.

khepyk;- cUthf;Ftjw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;l fkpl;bfs;; :

S.K. jhh; fkpl;b- Nov 1948- not favour for linguistic states.

JVP committee- 1948 report in 1949

nghl;b =uhKY kuzk;- Me;jpuh cUthdJ- Oct 1> 1953 (nkhopthhpahf gphpf;fg;gl;l Kjy; khepyk;)

khepy kWrPuikg;G fkpl;b- 1953 Dec 22

Chairman- ghrpy; myp

Members- HN Fd;];U

KN gzpf;fh;

16 khepyq;fs;> 3 UTs- ghpe;Jiu

khepy kWrPuikg;G rl;lk;- 1956

14 States & 6 UTs - nkhopthhp khepyq;fs; gphpg;G- 1956.

JK rpwg;G me;j];J- Art 370- eilKiw- Nov 17> 1952.

jdp rhrdk;- 1957> Jan 26

Part II ---- FbAhpik (Art 5- 11)

Latin word- Civis

Xw;iw FbAhpik

FbAhpik rl;lk;- 1955. 1986> 2003 fspy; jpUj;jk;.

FbAhpik- IBRD

Registration- 5 years

Naturalisation- 1 year

1948 july 19f;F Kd; India y; FbNawp trpg;gth;fs;.

FbAhpik ,og;G- Art 10

ntspehl;L FbAhpikia jhNk tpUk;gp xUth; Vw;why; Vw;fdNt cs;s ehl;bd; FbAhpikia ,oe;J

tpLthh;.

gpuNtrp ghujpa jpth];- 2003-

Jan 9- LM rpq;tp fkpl;b ghpe;Jiu

FbAhpik njhlghd mjpfhuk; - Parliament

Njrpa milahs ml;il- 13.04.2003 y; eilKiw.

Part III -- mbg;gil chpikfs; (Art 12- 35)

1931 fuhr;rp fhq;fpu]; fl;rp khehl;by; jPh;khdk;- jiyik gNly;

Magna Carta of our constitution.

Cornor Stone of Constitution.

Fundamental of Fundamental Rights

kf;fs; Rje;jpukhfTk; kfpo;r;rpahfTk; tho tif nra;fpwJ

rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp- nla;rp

kf;fshl;rpapd; rhuk;- jdpegh; Rje;jpuk;

Kp

Kp

Kjypy; 7- Now 6

1) rkj;Jt chpik- (Art 14-18)

14- Equal Before Law

17- jPz;lhik xopg;G

2) Rje;jpu chpik- (Art 19-22 )

6 Rje;jpu chpikfs;- Art 19(1)

Ngr> vOj

mikjpahd Kiwapy; $Ltjw;F

rq;fq;fs; mikf;f

ehnlq;Fk; nry;y

tpUk;gpa njhopy; nra;a

tpUk;gpa ,lj;jpy; jq;fp trpf;f

3) Ruz;lYf;nfjpuhd chpik „ (Art 23-24 )

23- nfhj;jbik xopg;G

24-Foe;ij njhopyhsh; xopg;G

(ngz;fSf;Fk;> Foe;ijfSf;Fk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ)

4) kj chpik (Art 25-26)

5) gz;ghl;L kw;Wk; fy;tp chpik (Art 29-30)

rpWghz;ik kf;fs; ( nkhop & kjk;) fy;tp rhiyfs;mikf;f

6) murpay; ePjp ghpfhu chpikfs; (Art 32- 35)

Heart and Soul of our constitution- Dr. Ambedkar.

5 ePjpg; Nguhizfs;;- High Court (Art 226), Supreme Court (Art 32)

Writs- borrowed from England

Ml;nfhzh; ePjpg; Nguhiz (Habeas Carpus)

rl;lj;jpw;F Gwk;ghd Kiwapy; milj;J itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;; egiu ntspNa nghz;L tu.

jdpegh; Rje;jpuj;jpd; muz;

nraYWj;Jk; ePjpg; Nguhiz (Mandamus)

muR nghJf; flik nra;a itj;jy;

jilAWj;Jk; ePjpg; Nguhiz (Prohibition)

ePjpkd;wk; jd; mjpfhu tuk;ig fle;J nray;gLk; NghJ

newpKiw cWj;Jk; ePjpg; Nguhiz (Certiorari)

fPo; ePjpkd;w tof;Ffis Neubahf cah; ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F mDg;g

jFjp Kiw tpdTk; ePjpg; Nguhiz (Quo Warranto)

muR cah; gjtpapy; ,Ug;gth;fspd; jFjp gw;wp mwpa

7) nrhj;Jhpik (Art 31)

ePf;fg;gl;lJ- nkhuhh;[p Njrha; [djh muR- 44tJ rl;l jpUj;jk;>1978.

Art 300 A- d; gb rhrd chpik. jw;NghJ rl;l chpik.

Kp

nghJ ey kDf;fs;- Art 32 - Australia

Art 34- uhDt rl;lk;

vkh;n[d;rpapd; NghJ midj;J FR- fisAk; [dhjpgjp jw;fhypfkhf uj;J nra;ayhk;- Art 359

Art 19y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s chpikfs; jhdhf uj;J nra;ag;gLk;

Art 17 & 24 – Absolute Rights.

Art 21 A--- 6 to 14 tajpw;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfSf;F fy;tp mbg;gil chpik.

86tJ rl;l jpUj;jk;> 2002 eilKiw- Apr 1, 2010

ghpe;Jiu- Mr;rhhpa uhkKh;j;jp fkpl;b tof;F- Nkhfpdp n[apd; tof;F

Citizens only --- Art 15, 16, 19, 29, 30

Untouchability (offences) Act- 1955--- name changed to Civil Rights (Protection) Act, 1976

Universal Declaration of Human Rights- Dec 10, 1948.

jfty; ngWk; chpik rl;lk;- 2005 - Sweden - June 15 Passed ; Oct 2 eilKiw (except J&K)

ntspg;gilahdmuR. First- Rajasthan

State level RTI act- Tamil Nadu 1997

“mbg;gil chpikfs; kf;fSf;F mspf;fg;gLk; cWjpnkhop vd;Wk; ehfhpf cyfj;Jld; nra;J

nfhs;sg;gl;l cld;gbd;if”- Dr. uhjh fpU\;zd;.

Part IV - muR topfhl;Lk;; newpKiwfs; (Art 36- 51)

Nehf;fk;- r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay; ePjp ngWjy;

KfTiuAld; Neub njhlh;GilaJ.

kf;fs; eyd; fhZk; muR (welfare state)‟Art 38

23 nghJ ey Nehf;fq;fs;-- fhe;jpa nfhs;if> rkj;Jt nfhs;;if> Nkw;fj;jpa nfhs;ifs;

ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F nry;y ,ayhJ.- Art 37 --- “rhrdj;;jpd; kdrhl;rp”

Art 40- fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J Art 41- Ntiy> fy;tp chpik

Art 44- nghJ rptpy; rl;lk; Art 45- ,ytr> fl;lha fy;tp

Art 48- gR tij jil Art - 50 eph;thfj;Jiw- ePjpj;Jiw jdpNa gphpj;jy;

Part IV A- mbg;gil flikfs; (Art 51 A)

42tJ rl;l jpUj;jk;> 1976- d;gb 10 flikfs; . ghpe;Jiu- ];tud; rpq; fkpl;b

jw;NghJ- 11. 11th- 86tJ rl;l jpUj;jk;> 2002

fy;tp mspg;gJ ngw;Nwhh; my;yJ ghJfhtyhpd; mbg;gil flik.

o Foe;ij njhopyhsh; FO (1979)- M.S. FUghj Rthkp

o Njrpa Foe;ij njhopyhsh; nfhs;if- 1987

o Foe;ij njhopyhsh; Njrpa FO- 1994 Sep 26

Kp

$l;lhl;rp

yj;jpd; nkhop.

kj;jpa muR & khepy muRfs;.

mbg;gil mk;rq;fs;;:

1) rhrdj;jpd; jdp Kjy; Mjpf;fk;

2) mjpfhu gfph;T. kj;jpag; gl;bay;;- 99 khepyg; gl;bay;- 61 nghJg; gl;bay;- 49

3) rhrdj;jpd; nefpohj;jd;ik

4) Rje;jpukhd ePjpj;JiwAk; mjd; ePjpkd;w kW Ma;T mjpfhuKk;

rh;f;fhhpah fkp\d;- kj;jpa khepy cwT Kiw.

xNu muR - xw;iwauR- England, Srilanka.

India is a Quasi federal country—federation is not mentioned.

Part V kj;jpa muR (Art 52- 151)

ghuhSkd;w kf;fshl;rp Kiw. . 3 mq;fq;fs;.

kj;jpa eph;thfk;; -- President, Vice President, P.M and Ministers

rl;l kd;wk; --- ghuhSkd;wk; ---- Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha

ePjpj; Jiw ---- Supreme Court

FbauRj; jiyth;

o Art 52- FbauRj; jiyth; gjtp

o Kjy; Fbkfd; . mizj;J eph;thf mjpfhuq;fs;

o murpd; jiyth;-Art 53(1) . Kg;gilj; jsgjp-Art 53(2)

Njh;T Kiw: Art 54 (rkr; rPh; gq;fspg;G> xw;iw khw;wj;jf;f thf;Fg; gjpT)

Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha cWg;gpdh;fs;.

Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l khepy rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs;.

Proposal - 50 .Supported by- 50 .Deposit – 15,000

Value of an MLA vote = Population of the State × 1___ Total elected MLAs 1000 MP vote = ,e;jpahtpYs;s nkhj;j MLA f;fspd; thf;F kjpg;G

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l MP f;fspd; vz;zpf;if

mjpfhuk;- Supreme Court . Neub Njh;jy;.

jFjpfs;

35 taJ . .Lok Sabha MP-Mtjw;fhd jFjpfs;.

gjtpf; fhyk; - 5 Years. uh[pdhkh fbjk;- Vice President.

gjtp ePf;fk;- Fw;wj; jhf;fy; (Impeachment)- fhuzk; - rhrdj;ij kPWjy;.

gjtpg; gpukhzk;- Supreme Court Chief Justice.

,k;gPr;nkz;l; topKiwfs;- Any house of parliament.

¼ members jPh;khdk; mwptpg;G. Kd;nkhopjy;;- after 14 days. 2/3majority.

Kp

mjpfhuq;fs;: ehl;bd;; nray; jiyth;. Nghh;> rkhjhd cld;gbf;if.

cah; mjpfhhpfs; epakdk;. ,thpd; ifnaOj;jpw;F gpd;Ng rl;lkhFk;. Dissolves Loksabha.

mtrur; rl;lk; (ordinance) gpwg;gpf;fpwhh;. --Kf;fpa mjpfhuk;. --Art 123-- valid for 6 months.

ehlhSkd;wk; $ba 6 thu fhyj;;jpw;Fs; jhf;fy;; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.-

$l;L $l;lk; $l;Lthh;. uh[;a rgh-12 . LOK SABHA- 2 Anglo Indians.

rpy kNrhjhf;fSf;F Kd; mDkjp Njit.

3 type of emergency gpwg;gpf;fpwhh;. (on the recommendation of ministry)

Art 352: Njrpa neUf;fb epiy. Nghh; or MAjg;Gul;rpapd; NghJ. 1 khj;jpw;Fs; mq;fPfhuk;.

6 khj fhyk; - fhytuk;gpd;wp ePbf;fyhk;. 3 jlit.

1962-rPdg; Nghh;. NeU- PM. uhjhfpU\;zd;- President.

1971- ghf; Nghh;. ,e;;jpuh fhe;jp- v.v. fphp.

1975- cs;;ehl;L neUf;fb-,e;;jpuh fhe;jp-gf;Ujpd;; myp mfkJ.

Art 356: [dhjpgjp Ml;rp. khepyq;fspy; murpayikg;G eph;thfk; nraypof;Fk; NghJ.

6 khjq;fs;. 3 tUlq;fs; ePbf;fyhk;. 2 khjq;fSf;Fs;.

kpf ePz;l fhyk;- gQ;rhg;. Fiwe;j fhyk;- fh;ehlfh. mjpf jlit- Nfush> gQ;rhg;. (9)

Kjy; jlit- gQ;rhg; (1951) fiyg;G- Nfush.

In Tamilnadu- 1976-fiyQh;-,e;jpuh fhe;;jp- gf;Ujpd;; myp mfkJ.

1991- fiyQh;- re;jpuNrfh;-R.V .1980-MGR-Indira Gandhi- rQ;rPt nul;b.

1988- [hdfp MGR- Rajiv Gandhi- R.V.

Art 360: epjp neUf;fb- ,J tiu gpwg;gpf;fg;gltpy;iy

,e;jpa vjph;ghuh nryT epjp (Contingency Fund of India)-apypUe;J nrytopf;f chpik.

Kjy; [dhjpgjp- Rajendra Prasad- ,uz;L Kiw gjtp tfpj;j xNu [dhjpgjp (1950-62)

Unopposed- Sanjeeva Reddy (1977) . RNal;ir Ntl;ghsh;- V.V. fphp (1969)

mjpf thf;Ffs;- Rajendra Prasad (99.3%) . 11th- mg;Jy; fyhk;.

gpujpgh ghl;By;- 12th and Kjy; ngz; [dhjpgjp. . 13- gpuzhg; Kfh;[p.

[_iy 25> 2007. kfuh\;buh. uh[];jhd; fth;dh;.

uh[; gtz;- fl;bath; Edwin Landseer Lutyens

Kjy; K];ypk;- [hfph;; cird;. Kjy; jw;fhypf [dhjpgjp- V.V. fphp.

Kjy; jypj; [dhjpgjp- Nf.Mh;.ehuhazd;.

Jiz FbauRj; jiyth;

Art 63- Jiz [dhjpgjp gjtp

Njh;T Kiw : mizj;J Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha M.P- f;fshy; Njh;T.

jFjpfs;- 35 taJ g+h;j;jp. .Rajya Sabha MP-Mtjw;fhd jFjp.

gjtpf; fhyk;- 5 tUlq;fs;. uh[pdhkh fbjk;- [dhjpgjpf;F vOj Ntz;Lk;.

Fw;wj; jhf;fy; (Impeachment) %yk; ePf;fyhk; -- Rajyasabha-y; Kjypy; jhf;fy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

gjtp topNa uh[;arghtpd; jiyth;. [dhjpgjpahy; epakdk; nra;ag;gLfpwhh;.

[dhjpgjp gjtp tpyfpdhy; or ,we;jhy; or cly; epiy rPuhf ,y;yhj NghJk; jw;fhypf [dhjpgjpahf

,Ug;ghh;- 6 khjq;fs; tfpf;fyhk;.

MP vote = ,e;jpahtpYs;s nkhj;j MLA f;fspd; thf;F kjpg;G

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l MP f;fspd; vz;zpf;if

kNrhjhtpd; kPJ thf;fspf;f KbahJ.

13th Vice President- Hamid Ansari 14th- gpujk mikr;rh; kw;Wk; mikr;ruit

ngUk;ghd;ik fl;rpapd; ehlhSkd;w FO jiyth;.

murhq;fj;jpd; jiyth; (Government) cz;ikahd eph;thf jiyth;.

mikr;ruitf;F jiyik tfpf;fpwhh;. gjtp gpukhzk;- [dhjpgjpahy;.

PM gjtp tpyfpdhy; mikr;ruit gjtp tpyf Ntz;Lk;.

Leader of Lok Sabha

rkkhdth;fSf;F Kjyhdth; & mikr;ruitapd; mbg;gilf; fy;- khh;yp

gjtpapd; topNa jpl;lf; FO> Njrpa tsh;r;rpf; FO> Njrpa xUikg;ghl;Lf; FO- tpd; jiyth;.

uh[;a rghtpypUe;J gpujkh;; Mdth;fs;- ,e;jpuh fhe;jp (1966)> F[;uhy; (1997)> kd;Nkhfd; rpq; (2004)

Kjy; Non- Congress PM- nkhuhh;[p Njrha; (1977)- [djh fl;rp.

MP- Mf ,y;;yhj xUth; PM Mfyhk;- 6 khjj;jpw;Fs; VNjDk; xU mitapy;

Njh;e;njLf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.

MP Mf ,y;yhky; PM Mdth;fs;- eurpk;kuht; (1991)> Njtnfslh (1996)> nkhuhh;[p Njrha;

Jizg; gpujkh; gjtp murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.

1) gNly; (NeU) 2) nkhuhh;[p Njrha;(,e;jpuh) 3) ruz;rpq; (nkhuhh;[p Njrha;)

4) n[f[Ptd; uhk; (nkhuhh;[p Njrha;) 5) YB rthz; (ruz;rpq;)

6) Njtpyhy; (VP rpq;) 7) mj;thdp(th[;gha;)

nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; 15% mikr;rh;fshf ,Uf;fyhk;.

mikr;ruit $l;lhf- kf;fsitf;F nghWg;GilaJ. jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy;- [dhjpgjpf;F

mikr;ruit- 3 gphpT nfhz;lJ.

Nfgpndl; (Cabinet)- jdpj;Jiw. The term included by 44th Amendment- eph;thfj;jpd; ikak;.

nfhs;if cUthf;Fk; mikg;G.

,iz mikr;rh;fs;- jdpj;Jiw fpilahJ. Mdhy; PM tpUk;gpdhy; nfhLf;fyhk;. Nfgpdl;

$l;lq;fspy; nghJthf fye;J nfhs;s khl;lhh;.

Mdhy; rpwg;G miog;ghsuhf miof;fg;glyhk;.

Jiz mikr;rh;fs;- jdpj;Jiw fpilahJ. Nfgpdl; $l;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhs;s KbahJ.

xU mikr;rUf;F vjpuhd ek;gpf;if ,y;yh jPh;khdk; ntw;wp ngw;whYk; KO mikr;ruitAk;

uh[pdhkh nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

ehlhSkd;wk;

1) FbauRj; jiyth; (Art 79) 2) khepyq;fsit 3) kf;fsit

khepyq;fsit - uh[;argh - Nkyit (1954 Mf];l; 23y; ngah; ngw;wJ)

$l;lhl;rpapd;; ,ay;Gfis gpujpgypf;fpwJ.

nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fs;- 250 (238+12) jw;NghJ- 245 (233+12) (229+4+12) Delhi-3, Pondichery-1.

rKfg; gzp %yk; epakpf;Fk ;Kiw „ mah;yhe;jpypUe;J gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.

jiyth;- FbauR Jiz jiyth;- kNrhjh thf;;;nfLg;gpd; NghJ thf;fspf;f KbahJ.

mit epue;;jukhdJ. cWg;gpdh; gjtp fhyk;- 6 Mz;Lfs;.

1/3 cWg;gpdh;fs; 2 Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiw Xa;T ngWth;.

Fiwe;jgl;r taJ g+h;j;jp - 30 khepy MLA-f;fshy; Njh;T.

ve;j kNrhjhitAk; jhf;fy; nra;ayhk;;;.

(except - gz kNrhjh> mikr;ruitapd; kPjhd ek;gpf;if ,y;yh jPh;khdk;.)

rpwg;G mjpfhuq;fs;- Jiz FbauRj; jiytUf;F vjpuhd Impeachment kNrhjh - Art 67

mfpy ,e;;jpa gzpfis cUthf;Fk; kNrhjh -Art 312

jkpo;ehL- 18. mjpfk;- c.gp-31.

kf;fsit- Nyhf;rgh- fPoit (1954> Nk 14 Kjy; ngah; ngw;wJ)

nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fs; - 550+2 (530+20+2) . jw;NghJ- 545 (543+2) (530+13+2) –Upto 2026

1971 nrd;r];gb eph;zapf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. . a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; - nly;yp-7> Others - each 1.

Neubahf kf;fshy; Njh;T. . Fiwe;jgl;r taJ g+h;j;jp- 25

cWg;gpdh; gjtp fhyk;- 5 Mz;Lfs;.

Emergencyd; NghJ 1 Mz;L ePl;bf;fyhk ; - 5th Loksabha ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ (1971-77)

gpujkh; MNyhrizapd;gb [dhjpgjp fiyf;fyhk;

1 mit jiyth; (rghehafh;) + 1 Jiz mit jiyth;

rghehafh;- $l;lj;ij $l;Lthh;. jiyik jhq;Fthh;.

nghJthf thf;fspf;f KbahJ. Mdhy; Casting Vote cz;L.

uh[pdhkh fbjk; JizrghehafUf;F vOj Ntz;Lk; . gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ayhk;.

murpaypy; eLepiy. Jiz jiyth; fl;rp $l;lq;fspy; gq;nfLf;fyhk;.

Nguit jiytuhf ,Ue;J [dhjpgjp Mdth;- rQ;rPt nul;b

kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Kjy; egh; - Fredrick Whyte (1921)

Kjy; ,e;jpah; - tpl;ly;gha; gNly;. Rje;;jpu ,e;jpahtpy; - fNz\; thRNjt; kht;yq;fh;.

1/10 gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk $l;lk; eilngWk;.

kf;fsitapy; jPh;khdk; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhy; mikr;ruit gjtp tpyf Ntz;Lk;.

ghuhSkd;wk; tUlj;jpw;F 3 Kiw $Lk;. Fiwe;jgl;rk; 2 Kiw $l Ntz;Lk;.

o gl;n[l; $l;l njhlh ;- Feb – May „ ePz;l njhlh;.

o kio fhyj; njhlh; - July – August

o Fsph; fhyj; njhlh; - Nov- Dec – Shortest

2 $l;lq;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l fhy ,ilntsp 6 khjq;fSf;F Nky; ,Uf;f $lhJ.

mYty; nkhop- ,e;jp> Mq;fpyk;.

3 thrpg;Gfs;.

Lok Sabha , Rajya Sabha ,ize;j $l;lj;jpw;F miog;G tpLg;gth;- [dhjpgjp

jiyik- Nyhf;rgh rghehafh;. ,J tiu- 1961> 1978> 2002-y; $l;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

epiwNtw;wg;gl;l kNrhjh [dhjpgjpapd; xg;GjYf;F gpwNf rl;lkhFk;;.

epiwNtw;wg;gl;l kNrhjhit [dhjpgjpapd epuhfhpf;f KbahJ.

Mdhy; kWghprPyiz nra;af; Nfhhp [dhjpgjp jpUg;gp mDg;gyhk;

(gzkNrhjh> murpay; rhrz jpUj;j kNrhjhf;fisj; jtpu)

gz kNrhjh- Art 110 „ jPh;khdpg;gth; rghehaafh;. (epjp kNrhjh vd;gJ NtW)

[dhjpgjpapd; Kd; mDkjp Njit Nyhf;rghtpy; kl;LNk jhf;fy; nra;a KbAk;

uh[;argh jd; fUj;;ij 14 ehl;fSf;Fs; ghpe;Jiufis nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

[dhjpgjp fz;bg;ghf xg;Gjy; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;- Art 111

ghuhSkd;;wj;jpd; Kjd;ikg;; gzp- rl;lk; ,aw;WtJ. 2tJ gzp- eph;thfj;jpid fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ.

Art 112d; gb gl;n[l; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gLfpwJ (khepy gl;n[l; - 202)

jkpo;ehL- 39 mjpfk;- c.gp-80

jdpj; njhFjpfs;- 131 (84+47) 19 khepyq;fspy; kl;LNk jdpj; njhFjpfs;. mjpfk;- c.gp-17

jkpo;ehL- 7 rpjk;guk;> fhQ;rpGuk;> ehif> ePyfphp> jpUts;Sh;> njd;fhrp> tpOg;Guk;.

Kjy; kf;fsit- 1952> May 13- 489 Seats jw;NghJ- 15th mit. (2009)

Vjph;f;fl;rp jiyth; gjtp rhrdj;jpy; Kjypy; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.

1977 ghuhSkd;w rl;lj;jpd;gb cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Kjy; egh;- Y.B rthz;.

Nfgpdl; ke;jphp me;j];J cz;L

nkhj;;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; 1/10 ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Pro- Term Speaker- MLA or MP-f;fis gjtp epakdk; nra;Ak; jw;fhypf rghehafh;

MP njhFjp Nkk;ghL epjp- 5 Nfhb. .1993ypUe;J toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

khepy fl;rp mq;fPfhuk;-1) njhlh;r;rpahf 5 tUlq;fs; murpay; eltbf;;iffspy;; <Lgl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

2) khepyj;jpYs;s nkhj;;j Nyhf;rgh cWg;gpdh;fspy; 25 MP-f;fSf;F 1 MP vd;w tPjj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; or

3) nkhj;j MLA-f;fspy; 30 MLA-f;fSf;F xUth; vd;w tPjj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; or

4) rl;lkd;w Njh;jypNyh or Nyhf;rgh Njh;jypNyh 6% thf;Ffs; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Njrpa fl;rp mq;fPfhuk;- 4 or mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fspy; khepy fl;rp vd mq;fPfhuk; ngw;wpUe;jhy;

mJ Njrpa fl;rp vd mq;fPfhpf;fg;gLk;.

jw;NghJ ,e;jpahtpy; 6 Njrpa fl;rpfs;- BJP, Congress, CPM, CPI, BSP, Njrpathj fhq;fpu]; fl;rp

,il Njh;jy;- gjtp tpyfy; or ,wg;gpdhy; Vw;gLk; fhyp ,lj;ij epug;g elj;jg;gLk; Njh;jy;.

cg Njh;jy;- gjtpf; fhyk; KbAk; Kd;Ng elj;jg;gLk; nghJ Njh;jy;.

Nfs;tp Neuk;- xt;nthU ehSk; Kjy; 1 kzp Neuk; (11-12) . G+[;a Neuk;- jpdKk; 12-1

el;rj;jpu Fwpapl;l tpdh- tha;nkhopahf tpil jUthh;. Jiz tpdh Nfl;fyhk;. tpthjk; elf;Fk;.

el;rj;jpu Fwpapy;yh tpdh- vOj;J %ykhf tpil jUthh; Jiz tpdh Nfl;f KbahJ. tpthjk; elf;fhJ.

FWfpa fhy tpdh- nghJ Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;;j epfo;r;rp Fwpj;J. 10 ehl;fSf;Fs; tpilaspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Censure Motion (fz;ldj; jPh;khdk;)- kf;fsitapy; nfhz;L tu Ntz;Lk;.

No confidence Motion (ek;gpf;if ,y;yh jPh;khdk;)- vjph;f;fl;rpahy; nfhz;L tug;gLk;

ek;gpf;ifj; jPh;khdk;- MSq;fl;rpahy; nfhz;L tug;gLk;.

Kjd; Kjypy; - ruz;rpq; mikr;ruit (1979)> 1990 - tp.gp.rpq;> 1997 - Njt nfslh

ntl;Lj; jPh;khdk;- khdpaq;fspd; msit Fiwf;f. Nyhf;; rghtpy; kl;LNk nfhz;L tu KbAk;.

3tJ mq;fk;. . Rje;jpukhd> Rahl;rp nfhz;l xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l mikg;G.

cr;r ePjpkd;wk; (Art 124- 147)

1774y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ - jiyik ePjpgjp- ,yp[h ,k;Ng . 1950 [dthp 28

Kjypy; vz;zpf;if- 1 +7 . 1986y; 1 + 25 vd cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.

2008y; 1+30 . jw;Nghija vz;zpf;;if- 1+26 ( as on April 27, 2012)

ePjpgjpfspd; vz;zpf;ifia $l;lNth or Fiwf;fNth nra;Ak; mjpfhuk;- Parliament

mbg;gil chpikfspd; ghJfhtyd;.

GJ nly;;ypapy; cs;sJ. Njitg;gl;lhy;; NtW vq;Fk; mkh;T nra;ayhk;- President mDkjpAld;.

ePjpgjpfis epakpg;gth;- President. . Xa;T ngWk; taJ- 65

jFjpfs;- njhlh;r;rpahf 5 Mz;Lfs; cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahf gzp mDgtk; or

10 Mz;Lfs; cah;ePjpkd;w tof;fwpQuhf gzp mDgtk; or

[dhjpgjpapd; fUj;Jg;gb rpwe;;j rl;l ty;Yeh;.

gjtpf; fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd;; vq;Fk; tof;fhl KbahJ.

gjtp ePf;fk;- ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; Impeachment %yk;. . xt;nthU mitapYk; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ik Njit.

fhuzk;- jpwikapd;ik> epUgpf;fg;gl;l jtwhd elj;ij

gjtp tpyfy; fbjk;- [dhjpgjpf;F vOj Ntz;Lk;.

Mtz ePjpkd;wkhf nray;gLfpwJ- Art 129

rh;r;irf;Fhpa xU rl;lj;ij murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpw;F KuzhdJ vdf; $Wk; ePjpkd;w kWMa;T mjpfhuk;

ngw;Ws;sJ.

Kjy; ePjpgjp- Harilal J. fhdpah. 2tJ ePjpgjp- M.P. rh];jphp. . jw;NghJ fghbah (38tJ)

Kjy; ngz;- ghj;jpkh gPtp. . Kjy; jypj;- K.G ghyfpU\;zd;.

cah; ePjpkd;wk; (Art 214-237)

Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ- 1862. . fy;fj;jh> gk;gha;> nkl;uh]; (1862 [_d; 26)

Art 214- xt;nthU khepyj;jpw;Fk; cah;ePjpkd;wq;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Art 215- Mtz ePjpkd;wk;.

mDkjpf;fg;gl;l vz;zpf;if-60. jw;NghJ- . 1+ 53 . ePjpgjpfis epakpg;gth;- [dhjpgjp.

epakdk;:- jiyik ePjpgjp - MSeuhy;. . ,ju ePjpgjpfs;- jiyik ePjpgjpahy;.

jFjpfs;- 10 Mz;Lfs; cah;ePjpkd;w tof;fwpQuhf gzp mDgtk; or

10 Mz;Lfs; cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ePjpj; Jiw gzp mDgtk;

Xa;T ngWk; taJ- 65 . uh[pdhkh nra;a tpUk;gpdhy; fbjk; [dhjpgjpf;F vOj Ntz;Lk;.

gjtp ePf;fk;- ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; Impeachment %yk;. . xt;nthU mitapYk; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ik Njit.

fhuzk;- jpwikapd;ik> epUgpf;fg;gl;l jtwhd elj;ij.

jw;NghJ- 21 cah;ePjpkd;wq;fs;.

ghz;br;Nrhp- nkl;uh];. yl;rj;jPT- Nfush me;;jkhd; epf;Nfhgh;- fy;fj;jh

fTfhj;jp- 7 khepyq;fs; Nfhth> ilA lhkd;> jhj;uh ehfh; fNtyp- gk;gha;

jiyefhpy; mikahjitfs;- 9

Nfush> c.gp> mNrhk;> F[uhj;> k.gp> xhprh> uh[];jhd;> cj;jh;fhz;l;> rl;B];fh;.

ePjpj; Jiw

Xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fSf;F xNu ePjpkd;wk; ,Uf;fyhk;- Art 231

kJiu fpis Jtf;fk;- 2004 [_iy 24 Jtf;fpath;- yNfhl;b

tuk;Gf;Fl;gl;l khtl;lq;fs;-12

fd;dpahFkhp> jpUney;Ntyp> Jhj;Jf;Fb> kJiu> jpz;Lf;fy;> uhkehjGuk;>

tpUJefh;> rptfq;;;;;;; ;;; ;; ;;; ;;;if> GJf;Nfhl;;il> jQ;rht+h;> jpUr;rp> f&h;

fPo;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fs;: (Art 233 - 237)

khtl;l ePjpgjpfis epakpg;gth;- MSeh;.

7 Mz;Lfs; VjhtJ xU ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;fwpQh; gzp mDgtk;.

3 mq;fq;fs;.

. khepy eph;thfk; . rl;l kd;wk; . ePjpj; Jiw

khepy eph;thfj;jpd; euk;G kz;lyk;- jiyik nrayfk;

MSeh;: (152- 160)

. ngaustpy; khepy murpd; jiyth;. . eph;thf mjpfhuq;fs; midj;Jk; ,thplk; cs;sd.

. [dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;. . gjtpg;gpukhzk;- cah;ePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp.

. 35 taJ g+h;j;jp . gjtpf; fhyk;- 5 Mz;Lfs; . khw;wNth> ePf;fNth mjpfhuk;- [dhjpgjpf;F.

. gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd; Nte;jh;. . kj;jpa murpd; Nehpil gpujpepjp.

. khepy muRg; gzpahsh; Njh;thizaj;jplkpUe;J Mz;L mwpf;;iffis ngWfpwhh;

. khepy epiyikfs; Fwpj;J kj;jpa murpw;F 15 ehl;fSf;F xU Kiw gUt mwpf;iffis mDg;Gfpwhh;.

. kj;jpa gFjpfis kj;;jpa muR Nehpilahf eph;thfk; nra;fpwJ.

. kjuhR khepyk; 1967y; jkpo;ehL vd jPh;khdk; nra;ag;gl;lJ (ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; )

. jkpo;ehL vd 1969y; ngah; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. nkl;uh]; -nrd;id vd khw;wg;gl;lJ 1996y;.

. a+dpad; gpuNjr MSeh;fs;- nyg;bndd;l; fth;dh; vd miof;fg;gLthh;.

. nyg;bndd;l; fth;dh;- lhkd;; ila+. Chief Commissioner- me;jkhd; epf;Nfhgh;> rz;bfh;.

Administrator- yl;rj;jPTfs;.

. kj;jpa khepy cwT Kiw- rh;f;fhhpah fkp\d; (1983) - mwpf;if- 1987.

khepy Kjyikr;rh; - khepy eph;thfj;jpd; Kd;Ndhb.

. rl;lkd;wk;: xU mit or ,U mit nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;.

rl;lg; Nguit- tpjhd; rgh

. khepyj;jpd; cz;ikahd mjpfhu ikak;.

. kf;fshy; Neubahf Njh;T.

. mjpfgl;r vz;zpf;if- 500 . Fiwe;;jgl;rk;- 60 . jkpo;ehl;by;- 234

. gjtpf; fhyk;- 5 Mz;Lfs;. . 25 taJ g+h;j;jpaile;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

. jkpo;ehl;by; Reserved seats- 44+2

khepy muR (Art 152- 237)

r

rl;l Nkyit: tpjhd; ghp\j;.

. khepy MLA f;fs; vz;zpf;ifapy; 1/3 f;F Nky; ,Uf;f $lhJ. . Fiwe;jgl;rk;- 40

. taJ tuk;G- 30 g+h;j;jp . gjtpf; fhyk;- 6 Mz;Lfs;.

. cWg;gpdh;fs; Njh;T: 1/3 cWg;gpdh;fs;- khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpdhy;

1/3 cWg;gpdh;fs;- cs;shl;rp kd;w cWg;gpdh;fshy;

1/6 cWg;gpdh;fs;- MSeuhy;

1/12 cWg;gpdh;fs- Mrphpah;fshy;

1/12 cWg;gpdh;fs;- gl;ljhhpfshy;

. Nkyitia fiyf;f mk;khepyj;jpd; jPh;khdj;Jld; ehlhSkd;w rl;lj;jpd; %yk;; fiyf;fyhk;.

. jkpo;ehl;by; fiyg;G- 1986- k.ngh.rptQhdk;- MGR Ml;rpf; fhyk;

. <uit cila khepyq;fs;- gPfhh;> [k;K fh\;kPh;> fh;ehlfh> kfuh\;buh> cj;jpugpuNjrk;> Me;jpuh.

. ,uz;L mitfSk; ,ize;j $l;lk;; $l;l KbahJ.

. gz kNrhjhit 14 ehl;fs; jhkjg;gLj;;jyhk;;;. rhjhuz kNrhjhit 3 khjq;fs; jhkjg;gLj;;jyhk;

. jkpo;ehl;by; Kjy; nghJ Njh;jy;- 1952. Kjy; Kjyikr;rh;- uh[h[p (1952-54). fhkuh[h;- (1954-57)

. jp.K.f- 1949

Cjpak;;:

. FbauRj; jiyth;- 1>50>000 . Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth;- 1>25>000

. ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs;- 30>000 (Pay) DA- 1000/ day ($l;lk; eilngWk; NghJ)

njhFjp mytd;];- 20000/khjk; mYtyfr; nryT- 14000 kw;Wk;; ,ju rYiffs; cz;L.

. gpujkh;- 1>60>000 (vy;yk; Nrh;j;J- in 2010)

. cr;r ePjpkd;wk; - jiyik ePjpgjp- 1>00>000 (33000) . ,ju ePjpgjpfs;- 90>000 (30>000)

. cah; ePjpkd;wk; - jiyik ePjpgjp- 90>000 (30>000) . ,ju ePjpgjpfs;- 80>000 (26>000)

ml;ltizfs; (Schedules)

I – khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; kj;jpa Ml;rpg;gFjpfspd; ngah; gl;bay;fs;

II- [dhjpgjp> Jiz [dhjpgjp> MSeh;fs;> ePjpgjpfs;> CAG Nghd;wth;fspd; rk;gsk; > ,ju rYiffs;

III - gjtp gpukhzk; > ufrpa fhg;Gg;; gpukhzk;; Nghd;w cWjpnkhopfs;

IV- xt;nthU khepyj;jpw;Fk; uh[;argh cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia eph;zapg;gJ

V- Mjp jpuhtplh; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdh; thOk; gFjpfspd; eph;thfk;.

VI- mNrhk;> Nkfhyah> jphpGuh> kpNrhuhk;> mUzhr;ryg; gpuNjrk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; trpf;Fk; S.T gFjpfspd; eph;thfk;.

VII- mjpfhu gfph;T- 3 tifahd gl;bay;- kj;jpa gl;;bay; khepy gl;bay; nghJ gl;;bay;

VIII- mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l 22 nkhopfspd;; ngah; gl;bay;

. rhrdk; Vw;Wf;; nfhs;sg;gl;l NghJ- 14 . 15tJ nkhop- rpe;;jp- 21tJ rl;l jpUj;jk;- 1967

. nfhd;fdp> kzpg;Ghp> Neghsp- 71tJ rl;l jpUj;jk;- 1992

. re;jpyp> ikjpyp> NghNlh> Nlhf;hp - 92tJ rl;l jpUj;jk;- 2003

. rk];fpUjk;> cUJ- mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l nkhopfs;. . Mq;fpyk;- mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l nkhop my;y

IX - ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F nry;y Kbahj rl;lq;fs;; gw;wp (284 rl;lq;fs;; cs;sd)

. Kjy; murpay; rhrd jpUj;jk;> 1951-d;gb ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.

. jkpo;ehl;L ,l xJf;fPL rl;lk;> [kpd;jhhp Kiw xopg;G> epy rPh;jpUj;;jr; rl;lk;> uapy;Nt rl;lq;fs;

X- fl;rp jhty; jilr;; rl;lk;

52tJ jpUj;jk;> 1985-d;gb ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.

XI- %d;wLf;F gQ;rhaj;J uh[; rl;lk; gw;wp

73tJ jpUj;jk;> 1992-d;gb ,izf;fg;gl;lJ- eurpk;kuht; fhyk;

XII- %d;wLf;F efh;ghypfh rl;lk; gw;wp

74tJ jpUj;jk;> 1992-d;gb ,izf;fg;gl;lJ- . 73&74 rl;ljpUj;jq;fs; 1993y;; eilKiw

kj;;jpa gl;bay;- 99 Jiwfs;

. ntspAwT . ghJfhg;G . &gha;; mr;rpLjy; . ntspehl;L thzpgk; .jghy; je;jp

khepyg; gl;bay;- 66 Jiwfs;

. fhty; Jiw . cs;shl;rp .rpiwr;rhiy .rl;lk; xOq;F .Rfhjhuk; .ePh;ghrdk; .Ntshz;;ik

nghJg; gl;bay;- 46 Jiwfs;

. fy;tp .kf;fs;njhif fl;Lg;ghL .FLk;g eyk; .gj;;jphpf;if .jpUkzk; .njhopyhsh; eyk;

. vQ;rpa mjpfhuq;fs; - kj;jpa murplk;.

ghuhSkd;w FOf;fs;

. Public Accounts Committee - 22 members - 15(LS) +7(RS) - vjph;f;fl;rp cWg;gpdh; jiytuhf ,Ug;ghh;.

. Estimate Committee – 30 Members (LS) - vjph;f;fl;rp cWg;gpdh; jiytuhf ,Ug;ghh;.

. Rules Committee – 15 Members (LS) - jiyth;- rghehafh;

. Business Advisory Committee – 15 Members (LS) - jiyth;- rghehafh;

. Committee on Private Member’s Bills and Resolutions – 15 Members (LS) - jiyth;- Jiz rghehafh;

Kf;fpa murpay; rhrd jpUj;jq;fs;:

murpay; rhrd jpUj;j topKiw- Art 368

1tJ jpUj;jk;-1951 - 9tJ ml;ltiz Nrh;g;G . 26tJ jpUj;jk;- 1971- kd;dh; khdpak; xopg;G

31tJ jpUj;jk;- 1973 - kf;fsit njhFjpfspd; vz;zpf;if 525 ypUe;J 545 mf cah;j;jg;gl;lJ

42tJ jpUj;jk;- 1976 „ ‘rpwpa murpayikg;G rhrdk;”

rkj;Jtk;> kjr;rhh;gpd;ik> xUikg;ghL Nghd;w thh;j;ijfs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ

44tJ jpUj;jk;- 1978- nrhj;Jhpik ePf;fk;.

52tJ jpUj;jk;- 1985- fl;rp jhty;; jilr; rl;lk;

61tJ jpUj;jk;- 1988 „ thf;fspf;Fk; taJ 18 Mf Fiwg;G „ uh[pt;; fhe;jp- 1989y; eilKiw

69tJ jpUj;jk;- 1991 „ nly;yp- Njrpa jiyefh; gFjp vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ- eurpk;kuht;

71tJ jpUj;jk;- 1992 „ 8tJ

ml;ltizapy; 3 nkhopfs;; ,izg;G

73tJ jpUj;jk;- 1992 „ gQ;rhaj;J uh[; rl;lk; 74tJ jpUj;jk;- 1992 „ efh;ghypfh rl;lk; - eurpk;kuht;

76tJ jpUj;jk;- 1994 „ jkpo;ehl;L ,l xJf;fPL njhlh;ghd rl;lq;fs; 9tJ ml;ltizapy; Nrh;g;G

84tJ jpUj;jk;- 2000 „ Gjpjhf 3 khepyq;fs; cjak;- rl;b];fh;> cj;jh;fhz;l;> [hh;fz;l;

86tJ jpUj;jk;- 2002 „ fl;lha fy;tp chpikr;; rl;lk;-

92tJ jpUj;jk;- 2003 ---- 8tJ

ml;ltizapy; 4 nkhopfs;; ,izg;G

ml;lh;dp n[duy; (jiyik tof;fwpQh;)- Art 76

gzp - murhq;fj;;jpw;F rl;l MNyhrizfs; toq;f> rl;lg; gzpfs; nra;tJ.

jFjp- cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahf epakpf;fg;gLtjw;fhd jFjp ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;

epakpg;gth;- [dhjpgjp . gjtpf; fhyk;- [dhjpgjp tpUk;Gk; tiu.

,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; rl;l mYtyh;. . ghuhSkd;w $l;lq;fspy; gq;nfLf;f> Ngr chpik cz;L.

MP -f;Fhpa mizj;J rYiffisAk; ngwyhk;.

Kjy; ml;lh;dp n[duy;- M.C. Setalvad (1950) . jw;NghJ- G.E. Vahanvati

ml;tNfl; n[duy; - khepyj;jpd;; Kjy; rl;l mjpfhhp. . epakdk; - MSeuhy;.

jiyik jzpf;if mjpfhhp (CAG) - Art 148-151

nghJ gzq;fspd; ghJfhtyd;. . kj;jpa khepy muRfspd; fzf;Ffis jzpf;if nra;tJ.

epakpg;gth;- [dhjpgjp . gjtpf; fhyk;- 6 Mz;Lfs; or 65 taJ g+h;j;jp tiu.

cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis gjtp ePf;fk; nra;Ak; topKiwapd; gb gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ayhk;.

jiyik jzpf;if mjpfhhp rl;lk; 1976y; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.

‘,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd mYtyfk;”;- Dr. mk;Ngj;fh;.

jw;Nghija CAG - tpNdhj; uha;

Njh;jy; Mizak; (eph;thrd; rjd;)

1950 [dthp 25y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. . [dthp 25- thf;fhsh; jpdk;(2011)

RNal;irahd Mizak;- Art 324 . Rje;jpukhd murpay; rhrd mikg;G

jiyik Njh;jy; Mizah; + 2 Njh;jy; Mizah; (1989ypUe;J) - miztUk; rkk; (1993)

epakpg;gth;- [dhjpgjp. . gjtpf; fhyk;- 6 Mz;Lfs; or 65 taJ g+h;j;jp tiu.

cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfSf;F ,izahdth;fs;.

gzpfs;: . ehlhSkd;w Njh;jy; elj;Jjy;. . khepy rl;lkd;w Njh;jy; elj;Jjy;.

. [dhjpgjp> Jiz [dhjpgjp Njh;jy; elj;Jjy;. . thf;fhsh; gl;bay; jahhpj;jy;

. fl;rpfis mq;fpfhpj;;jy; rpd;dq;fs; toq;Fjy; . Njh;jy; Njjp eph;zapj;jy;

cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis gjtp ePf;fk; nra;Ak; topKiwapd; gb gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ayhk;.

jiyik Njh;jy; Mizah; - V.S. rk;gj; (NtYhh;) . Njh;jy; Mizah;fs;- Hari Sankar Brahma

jkpo;ehL jiyik Njh;;jy; mjpfhhp (Chief Electoral Officer) - gputpz; Fkhh;.

Njh;jy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l tof;Ffis cah; ePjpkd;wq;fNs tprhhpf;Fk;.

[dhjpgjp> Jiz [dhjpgjp Njh;jy; tof;Ffis cr;r ePjpkd;wNk tprhhpf;Fk;

Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpd; Mizfs;; Fwpj;J cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpy; kl;LNk Kiwapl KbAk;.

khepy Njh;;jy; Mizak;

murpayikg;G rl;l jpUj;jq;fs; 73> 74-d; gb khepy Njh;;jy;; Mizaq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

jdp mikg;G . cs;shl;rp Njh;jy;fis elj;jfpd;wd.

thf;fspf;Fk; taJ- 18 . Cuhl;rp cWg;gpduhf taJ tuk;G- 21

Township - efhpak;. .Contonment- uhZt FbapUg;G .Notified Area- mwptpf;fg;gl;l gFjp FOf;fs;

cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfspy; 1/3 ngz;fSf;F xJf;fPL.

khtl;l gQ;rhaj;J- 29 . Cuhl;rp xd;wpak;- 385 . Cuhl;rp- 12618

.khefuhl;rp- 10 . efuhl;rp- 152 . lTz; gQ;rhaj;J- 611

khepy Njh;jy; Mizah; - Nrh. ma;ah;

kj;jpa Njh;thizak; (Art 315-323)

1926 Oct 1. . . ghpe;Jiu- Lord Lee Commission. . Kjy; Chairman- Ross Barkar

Art 315- xU ika Njh;thizaKk;> khepyq;fspy; xU khepy Njh;thizaKk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

kj;jpa Njh;thizak;- gjtpf; fhyk;- 6 Mz;Lfs; or 65 taJ g+h;j;jp tiu- epakpg;gth; [dhjpgjp

khepy Njh;thizak;- gjtpf; fhyk;- 6 Mz;Lfs; or 62 taJ g+h;j;jp tiu- epakpg;gth; MSeh;

xU Kiw kl;LNk epakdk; nra;ag;;gl KbAk; . jw;NghJ- 1+9. .Chairman- D.P.Agarwal.

vz;zpf;if eph;zapg;gth; - UPSC - [dhjpgjp. . khepyj;jpw;F - MSeh;

epjpf; FO (Art 280)

1951 . vz;zpf;if- 1 + 4 . gjtpf; fhyk;- 5 Mz;Lfs;

kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;fpilNa epjpapid gfph;e;J nfhs;tJ

khdpaj; njhiff;F ghpe;Jiug;gJ

Kjy; jiyth;- K.C. epNahfp 10- K.C ge;j; 11- A.M. Khusro 12-C.uq;fuh[d; 13- tp[a; nfy;fh;

11tJ epjpf;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiuapd; gb tpiuT ePjpkd;wq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;lJ (01.04.2001 Kjy;)

jpl;lf; FO khh;r; 15>1950

murpayikg;gpd;gb cUthf;fg;gl;l FO my;y.

K.C. epNahfp-apd; ghpe;Jiu(1946)d;gb mikf;fg;gl;;lJ. . vz;zpf;if- 1+ 1+8

jiyth;- gpujkh;. Jizj; jiyth; - KO Neu eph;thfj; jiyth; - Nfgpdl; ke;jphp me;j];J

Kjy; jiyth;- NeU .,uz;lhtJ jiyth;- yhy; gfJhh; rh];jphp

Kjy; Jiz jiyth;- Fy;rhhpyhy; ee;;jh .jw;NghJ- 10th- M.S. Aluwalia

khepyj; jpl;l FOtpd; jiyth; -Kjyikr;rh;.

khtl;l jpl;lf; FOtpd; jiyth;- khtl;l gQ;rhaj;J jiyth;.

gQ;rhaj;J uh[;

khepyg; gl;baypy; 5tjhf Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

gy;te;j; uha; Nkj;jh fkpl;b ghpe;Jiu mbg;gilapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ

‘gQ;rhaj;J uh[; rl;lj;jpd; kfhrhrdk;”. .fkpl;b mikf;fg;gl;l tUlk;- 1956. .ghpe;Jiu- 1957

%d;wLf;F Kiw - . khtl;l gQ;rhaj;;J> . Cuhl;rp xd;wpak;> . fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J

Kjypy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l khepyk;- uh[];jhd; (1959 mf;Nlhgh; 2)-ehf;$h; khtl;lk;- NeU

,ju fkpl;bfs;- .mNrhf; Nkj;jh fkpl;b- 1977y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. mwpf;if- 1978- ,uz;L mLf;F

. GVK uht; fkpl;b- 1985. . L.M.rpq;tp fkpl;b- 1986

. jkpo;ehl;L gQ;rhaj;J rl;lk; 1994y; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ

. fl;rp jhty; jilr; rl;lk; cs;shl;rp kd;wq;fSf;F nghUe;jhJ

Art 343 - ,e;;jp nkhopapd; Njtefhp vOj;J Kiw - ,e;jpahtpd; Ml;rp nkhopahf mwptpg;G „ 1965

. (10 Mz;LfSf;F Mq;fpyk; ,izg;G nkhopahf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ)

. Mq;fpyk; epue;;ju ,izg;G nkhopahf 1967 ypUe;J mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ

Xw;iw khw;wj;jf;f thf;F „ [dhjpgjp> Jiz [dhjpgjp> uh[;argh> khepy rl;l Nkyit Njh;jy;fspy;

filgpbf;fg;gLfpwJ. „ M];jpNuypahtpypUe;J gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.

,lJrhhp > tyJrhhp – France y;; Njhd;wpaJ.

Lame-Duck Session „ Njh;jy;; Njjp mwptpf;fg;gl;;l gpwF ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; filrp $l;lj;njhlh;.

[k;K fh\;kPh; - rpwg;G me;;j];J „ Art 370.

. jdp rhrdk;. ([dthp 26> 1957ypUe;J eilKiw) . ,ul;il FbaAhpik

. ,uz;L mit rl;lkd;wk; . epjp neUf;fb gpwg;gpf;f KbahJ . mYty; nkhop- cUJ

Njrpa ngz;fs; Mizak; - 1992 [dthp 31 „ Kjy; jiytp „ n[ae;j; gl;ehaf;

SC/ST Njrpa Mizak; - 1978 „ [_iy 21. . ngah; khw;wk; - 1987

Njrpa rpWghz;;ik Mizak; - 1979.

ejp ePh; jPh;g;ghaq;fs;

. eh;kjh ejp ePh; jPh;g;ghak; - 1969 -1978y; jPh;g;G „ 1979y; muR mwpf;if ntspapL.

. fpU\;zh ejp ePh; jPh;g;ghak; - 1969 - 1973y; jPh;g;G „ 1976y; muR mwpf;if ntspapL

. fhNthp ejp ePh; jPh;g;ghak; - 1991 „ jkpo;ehL & Nfush - 2007y; jPh;g;G

. 1929y;; Vw;gl;l cld;ghl;il kPwpaNj gpur;idf;Ff; fhuzk;.

khepyq;fSf;fpilapyhd FO „ (Inter State Council) - 1990

Zonal Council (kz;lyf; FOf;fs;) „ 5. . kj;jpa cs;Jiw mikr;rh; - jiyth;.

nghJj; Njh;jy;fs;:

I – 1952 (1951 Oct t- 4 months) „ 489 „ fhq;fpu]; - NeU. . ,uz;lhtJ nghpa fl;rp- CPI

II – 1957 „ 490 „ fhq;fpu]; - NeU.

III – 1962 „ fhq;fpu]; - NeU „ 64y; kuzk;- rh];jphp 66y; kuzk; - ,e;jpuh

IV – 1967 „ fhq;fpu]; - ,e;jpuh „ gpsT „ ];jhgd fhq;fpu]; & ,e;jpuh fhq;fpu];

,e;jpuh fhe;;jp gLnfhiy „ 1984 . uh[pt; fhe;;jp gLnfhiy „ 1991

Njh;jy; rPh;jpUj;jf; fkpl;bfs;:

. thf;fhsh;; milahs ml;il mwpKfk; - 1993 „ T.N.Seshan fhyk;.

. 1974 „ jhh;f;Fz;Nl fkpl;b . 1990 „ jpNz\; Nfh];thkp fkpl;b

. N.N. Vohra committee

. 2004 „ mizj;J ghuhSkd;w njhFjpfSf;Fk; kpz;zZ thf;Fg;gjpT ,ae;;jpuk; mwpKfk;.

Nyhf;ghy;: - kj;jpa murpd; murpay; eph;thf cWg;gpdh;fs; & MPf;fs;; Coy; Ghpgth;fis jz;;bf;f

. 1966> Adminstrative Reforms Committee ghpe;Jiuapd;gb mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

Community Development programme – 1952 . 20 mk;r jpl;lk; - 1975

Ntiyf;F czT jpl;lk; - 1977-78 . TRYSEM – 1979

IRDP – 1980 . JRY – 1989 . NRY – 1989

Nghl;bfs; FO ( Competition Act) „ 2001

eph;thf jPh;g;ghaq;fs; Art 323 A „ 42tJ rl;l jpUj;;jj;jpd;gb mikf;fg;gl;ld.

eph;thf jPh;g;ghaq;fs; rl;lk;> 1985d;gb kj;;jpa eph;thf jPh;g;ghaq;fs;(CAT)1958y; mikf;fg;gl;ld.

kj;jpa Coy; jLg;Gf; FO (Central Vigilance Commission) – 1964y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. rl;l mq;fPfhuk; - 1998

. ghpe;Jiu „ re;;jhdk; FO . ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F nghWg;GilaJ.

kjr; rhh;gpd;ik „ (Secularism) yj;;jpd; nkhop

. 1789 gpnuQ;r; Gul;rp ,f; fUj;;ij gpugyg;gLj;jpaJ.

. 1791 gpnuQ;r; murpayikg;G rhrdk; gpuhd;ir kjr;rhh;gw;w ehlhf khw;wpaJ.

. murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;;ifahf kjr;rhh;gpd;ikia filgpbj;;jth; uQ;rpj;; rpq;.

. 1888y; fhq;fpu]; fl;rp kjr;rhh;gpd;ik fye;j Njrpaj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.

. murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpy; 5tJ topfhl;Lk; nfhs;ifahf mike;Js;sJ.

. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjd;ikahd kjk; ,e;J kjk;.

kf;fshl;rp „ (Democracy) fpNuf;f nkhop

. kf;fshl;rp muRf;F mbj;;jsk; [dehafk; -n`ull;l];

. kf;fshl;rp vd;gJ gyUila murhq;fk; - mhp];lhl;by;

. kf;fNs> kf;fSf;fhf kf;fshy; elj;jg;gLk; Ml;rp - Mgpufhk; ypq;fd;.

. kf;fshl;rp murpd; Kjd;;ikahd mjpfhuq;fs;- kf;fs;.

. kf;fshl;rpapd; Jhz;fs; - murpay; fl;rpfs; & nghJ Njh;jy;fs;.

. kf;fshl;rpapd; tif - 2

. Neub kf;fshl;rp „ murhq;f nray;ghLfspy;; kf;fs; Neubahf gq;nfLg;gJ. - ];tpl;rh;;yhe;J.

. kiwKf kf;fshl;rp „ kf;fspd; gpujpepjpfshy; Ml;rp.

fl;rp Kiw „ 3 tif.

. xU fl;rp Kiw - rPdh> u\;ah .,U fl;rp Kiw - America & England .gy fl;rp Kiw - ,e;jpah

. ,e;jpahtpy; 2 tifahd murpay; fl;rpfs; cs;sd. 1) Njrpa fl;rp 2) khepyf; fl;;rp

. kf;fshl;rpapd; capUk;> uj;;jKkhf tpsq;FtJ murpay; fl;rpfs;. murpay; fl;rpfs; ,y;yhj kf;fshl;rp

khYkp ,y;yhj fg;giyg;; Nghd;wJ> JLg;G ,y;yhj glifg; Nghd;wJ. „ NeU.

rh;tNjr kdpj chpikfs; gpufldk; - 1948 Dec 10.

,e;;jpa kdpj chpikfs; Mizak; - 1993 mf;Nlhgh; 12

. 1 + 4 cWg;gpdh;fs;. . jiyth; - xa;T ngw;w cr;rePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp

. gjtpf; fhyk;-jiyth;- 5 Mz;Lfs; my;yJ 70 taJ g+h;j;jp. . cWg;gpdh;fs;-5 Mz;Lfs;

. Fw;wr;rhl;bd; Nghpy; Gyzha;T nra;J mwpf;if rkh;g;gpf;Fk; ( 1 khj fhyj;jpw;Fs;)

. Mz;L mwpf;iffisAk; rkh;g;gpf;Fk;. . Fbikapay;; ePjpkd;wj;;jpw;Fhpa mjpfhuk;

ngw;Ws;sJ.

kdpjd; xU rKf tpyq;F - mhp];lhl;;by;.

. Kjy; rKjha mikg;G - FLk;gk; . ,e;;jpahtpd; caph;ehb fpuhkq;fs; - NeU.

nghJ nrhj;J rPuopT rl;lk; - nrd;id khfhz muR -1937

nghJ nrhj;J ,og;G kw;wk; mopj;;jy; jLg;Gr; rl;lk; - 1982

kf;fshl;rp mikg;gpd; caph;ehb - cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfs;.

. fpuhk Cuhl;rpapd; Ma;thsh; - khtl;l Ml;rpah;. fpuhk rig Mz;Lf;F 4 Kiw $Lk;.

1) [dthp 26 2) Nk 1 3) Mf];l; 15 4) mf;Nlhgh; 2

jkpo;ehl;;bd; 31tJ khtl;lk; - mhpaYhh; (2007) 32tJ khtl;lk; - jpUg;g+h; (2008)

khefuhl;rp -10 nrd;id> Nfhit> kJiu> jpUr;rp> jpUney;Ntyp> Nryk;> <NuhL> jpUg;g+h;> NtYhh;> Jhj;Jf;Fb.

FW tl;lq;fis ftdpg;gth; - tUtha; Ma;thsh;.

khtl;l mkh;T ePjpkd;wk; - fphpkpdy;; tof;F . chpikapay;; ePjpkd;wk; - rptpy; tof;F

,e;jpahtpd; ehfhpfk; 5000 Mz;Lfs; goikahdJ

,e;jpah gy ,dq;fspd; mUq;fhl;rpafk;- Dr. Vincent Smith

,e;jpahtpy; ghurPfh;fs; te;J FbNawpa gFjp- tl Nkw;F

,e;;jpahtpw;F te;jth;fspy; ,e;;jpahtpd; gz;ghl;L ePNuhl;lj;jpy; xd;W Nruhjth;fs; ma;Nuhg;gpah;fs;.

,e;jpa ruhrdpf; fl;ll fiy- ,e;jpa ghurpf fl;ll fiy

itFe;;j ngUkhs;; Nfhapy;- fhQ;rpGuk; gpufjp];tuh; Myak; -jQ;ir

uhkehj Rthkp Nfhapy; - uhNk];tuk;. Eluhrh; Myak; - rpjk;guk;

rKjhaj;;jpd; mbg;gil mq;fk; -FLk;gk;. mbg;gil gs;sp - ,y;yk;.

,e;;jpa nghUshjuj;jpd; KJnfYk;G „fpuhkq;fs;.

,e;jpahtpd; nrk;nkhopfs; -4. jkpo; (2004) rk];fpUjk; (2005) fd;dlk;> njYq;F (2008)

nghJthf FbAhpik 2 tifg;gLk;.

Democracy- Greek Secular, Citizen, federation – Latin. Budget- French

tsUk; ehLfspd; tWik> grp Nghf;f [.eh. FOtpd; jiytuhf gzpahw;wpath; C. Rg;gpukzpak;.

midj;Jf; fpuhk mz;zh kWkyh;r;rpj; jpl;lk; - Cuhl;rpfspy; mbg;gil fl;likg;G trjpfs; nra;jy;.

midtUf;Fk; fy;tp ,af;fk; (S.S.A) – 2001 njhlf;ff;; fy;tp Nkk;ghL

Mq;fpNyah;fs; fhyj;jpy; [kpd;jhh;fs; cUthdhh;fs;

kf;fs;; Fiw jPh;f;Fk; ehs; - jpq;fs;;; fpoik.

kf;fs;; njhlh;Gj; jpl;lehs; - tUtha;j;Jiw mYtyh;fs; fpuhkq;fSf;F nrd;W Fiw jPh;g;gJ.

Cuhl;rpapd; Kf;fpa tUtha; - tPl;L thp> Foha; ePh; thp> njhopy; thp> nrhj;J thp

kj;jpa khepy muRfs; gy;NtW jpl;l epjpfisAk; > khdpaq;fisAk; khtl;l Cuf tsh;r;rp Kfik (DRDA)

%ykhf Cuhl;rpfsf;F toq;Ffpd;wd.

Cuhl;rp Kiw „ fpuhk Cuhl;rp> Cuhl;rp xd;wpak;> khtl;l Cuhl;rp

efuhl;rp Kiw „ NgUuhl;rp> efuhl;rp khefuhl;rp

lhf;lh; Kj;Jnyl;Rkp „ kfsph; Fyj; jpyfk;.

. gpwg;G - 1886 [_iy 30. GJf;Nfhl;il. . GJf;Nfhl;;il fy;Yhhpapy; Kjy; khztp

. nrd;id kUj;Jtf; fy;Yhhpapy; kUj;Jth; gl;lk;; ngw;w Kjy; ,e;jpag; ngz;kzp (1912)

. nrd;id rl;lkd;wj;jpy; epakpf;fg;gl;l Kjy; ngz;. . nrd;id efuhl;rpapd; Kjy; mjpfhhp.

. nrd;id milahwpy; Gw;WNeha; kUj;Jtkidia epWtpdhh;.