EIA Kaigah Hydropower Project
Transcript of EIA Kaigah Hydropower Project
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ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
REPORT
K IG H HYDROPOWER PROJECT
FEBRUARY 2014
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Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Table of Contents
Sr. No. Descript ion Page No.
1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................... 9
1.1. General................................................................................................................. 9
1.2. Objective of Study.............................................................................................. 9
1.2.1. Scope of Work..................................................................................................... 9
1.3. Project Location................................................................................................ 10
1.4. Accessibi li ty ...................................................................................................... 10
1.4.1. Air Route............................................................................................................ 11
1.4.2. Communication Services................................................................................. 11
1.5. Post Flood Site Condit ions.............................................................................. 11
1.6. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)....................................................... 12
1.7. Project Categorization...................................................................................... 13
1.8. Scope and Limitations of the EIA.................................................................... 17
1.8.1. The Scope.......................................................................................................... 17
1.8.2. Limitations......................................................................................................... 18
1.9. Approach and Methodology ............................................................................. 18
1.9.1. Review of Previous Studies............................................................................. 18
1.9.2. Acquis it ion of Secondary Data........................................................................ 19
1.9.3. Collection of Primary Data............................................................................... 19
2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 23
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2.2.6. Headrace Tunnel............................................................................................... 26
2.2.7. Powerhouse....................................................................................................... 27
2.2.8. Tailrace Tunnel.................................................................................................. 27
2.2.9. Access Roads ................................................................................................... 27
2.2.10. Auxi liary Faci li ties Areas................................................................................. 28
2.3. Project Alternatives Analysis.......................................................................... 28
2.3.1. General............................................................................................................... 28
2.3.2. No Project Option............................................................................................. 28
2.3.3. With Project Option.......................................................................................... 29
2.3.4. Al ternatives for Project Si te............................................................................. 29
2.4. Layout of Feasibility Report............................................................................. 30
2.4.1. Composition of EIA Report .............................................................................. 30
3. LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK.................................................. 32
3.1. General............................................................................................................... 32
3.2. Environment Regulatory Authorities.............................................................. 32
3.2.1. Pakistan Environmental Protection Council.................................................. 32
3.2.2. Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Development........ 36
3.2.3. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)........................................................ 36
3.2.4. Provincial Level Institutions............................................................................ 36
3.3. National Conservation Strategy (NCS)............................................................ 36
3.4. Environmental Legislation............................................................................... 37
3.4.1. Environmental Protection Act, 1997................................................................ 37
3.4.2. EPA, IEE and EIA Regulations 2000................................................................ 38
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3.4.9. Labour Laws...................................................................................................... 41
3.4.10. Penal Code 1860............................................................................................... 41
3.4.11. Local Government Ordinance 2001................................................................. 41
3.4.12. Regulations of Mines and Oil Fields and Mineral Development Act, 1948.. 42
3.4.13. Motor Vehicle Ordinance 1965......................................................................... 42
3.4.14. Factories Act, 1934........................................................................................... 42
3.4.15. Highways Safety Ordinance 2000.................................................................... 42
3.4.16. Explosive Act, 1884.......................................................................................... 42
3.4.17. Wild Life Act 1975............................................................................................. 42
3.4.18. The Forest Act , 1927 and Later Amendments ................................................ 42
3.4.19. Protection of Trees and Brushwood Act, 1949.............................................. 433.4.20. The Local Government Ordinance, 2001........................................................ 43
3.4.21. Draft National Forest Policy 2001.................................................................... 43
3.5. Environmental Assessment Procedures........................................................ 43
3.5.1. Policy and Procedures for Filing, Review and Approval of Environmental
Assessments..................................................................................................... 43
3.5.2. Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of Environmental Reports ....... 43
3.5.3. Guidelines for Public Consultation................................................................. 44
3.5.4. Guidelines for Sensitive and Critical Areas.................................................... 44
3.5.5. Sectoral Guidelines: Major Sewerage Schemes ............................................ 44
3.5.6. Solid Waste Management Policy..................................................................... 44
3.5.7. KPK Province.................................................................................................... 44
3.6. Major Items of Pakistan Environmental Legislation...................................... 45
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3.8. International Treaties and Conventions.......................................................... 52
3.9. International and National Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)........ 54
4. BASELINE CONDITIONS.................................................................................. 56
4.1. Physical Environment...................................................................................... 56
4.1.1. Physiography.................................................................................................... 56
4.1.2. Climate............................................................................................................... 56
4.1.3. Precipitation...................................................................................................... 57
4.1.4. Temperature...................................................................................................... 59
4.1.5. Geology.............................................................................................................. 66
4.1.6. Seismology........................................................................................................ 67
4.1.7. Landslides, Erosion and Sedimentation......................................................... 67
4.1.8. Land Use............................................................................................................ 68
4.1.9. Soils ................................................................................................................... 68
4.1.10. Soil Pollution and Contamination.................................................................... 69
4.1.11. Agricu lture......................................................................................................... 69
4.1.12. Livestock........................................................................................................... 70
4.1.13. Historic Flows and Flooding in Kandiah River............................................... 71
4.1.14. Surface Water.................................................................................................... 72
4.1.15. Air Quali ty .......................................................................................................... 72
4.2. Biological Environment.................................................................................... 74
4.2.1. Flora................................................................................................................... 74
4.2.1.1. Pastures and Grazing Lands............................................................................ 79
4.2.1.2. Endangered, Threatened or Vulnerable Species of Flora............................. 79
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4.3.2. Health Facilities................................................................................................. 82
4.3.3. Educational Infrastructure............................................................................... 82
5. ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACTS ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION
MEASURES........................................................................................................ 83
5.1. General............................................................................................................... 83
5.2. Impact Assessment Procedure........................................................................ 84
5.2.1. Sensitivity .......................................................................................................... 84
5.2.2. Magnitude.......................................................................................................... 84
5.3. Impacts During Construction Phase............................................................... 85
5.3.1. Impacts on Topography................................................................................... 86
5.3.2. Impact of Seismicity......................................................................................... 86
5.3.3. Impact on Geology............................................................................................ 86
5.3.4. Impacts on Landslides..................................................................................... 87
5.3.5. Impacts on Land Use........................................................................................ 87
5.3.6. Impacts of Excavated Material......................................................................... 87
5.3.7. Impacts on Infrastructure................................................................................. 88
5.3.8. Impacts on Climate........................................................................................... 89
5.3.9. Impacts on Hydrology...................................................................................... 89
5.3.10. Impacts on Surface Water................................................................................ 89
5.3.11. Impacts on Sedimentation............................................................................... 90
5.3.12. Impacts on Flooding......................................................................................... 90
5.3.13. Impacts on Groundwater.................................................................................. 90
5.3.14. Impacts on Air Quality...................................................................................... 90
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5.3.22. Impacts on Occupational Health and Safety.................................................. 94
5.3.23. Impacts on Resources...................................................................................... 95
5.3.24. Impact of Roads Traffic.................................................................................... 95
5.3.25. Impacts on Communication............................................................................. 96
5.3.26. Impacts on Cultural Heritage and Archaeology............................................. 96
5.3.27. Impacts on Women and Indigenous Peoples................................................. 96
5.3.28. Summary of Construct ion Stage impacts ....................................................... 97
5.4. Impacts during Operation Phase..................................................................... 98
5.4.1. Impact of Seismicity......................................................................................... 98
5.4.2. Impacts on Geology.......................................................................................... 98
5.4.3. Impacts on Landslides..................................................................................... 98
5.4.4. Impacts on Land Use........................................................................................ 99
5.4.5. Impacts of Dismantling Material...................................................................... 99
5.4.6. Impacts on Infrastructure............................................................................... 100
5.4.7. Impacts on Climate......................................................................................... 100
5.4.8. Impacts on Hydrology.................................................................................... 100
5.4.9. Impacts on Surface Water.............................................................................. 101
5.4.10. Impacts on Sedimentation............................................................................. 101
5.4.11. Impacts on Flooding....................................................................................... 102
5.4.12. Impacts on Groundwater................................................................................ 102
5.4.13. Impacts on Air Quality.................................................................................... 103
5.4.14. Impacts on Agricul ture and Terrestrial Vegetation...................................... 103
5.4.15. Impacts on Flora and Fauna.......................................................................... 103
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6.1. Mitigations Management Plan (MMP)............................................................ 107
6.2. Management of Mitigation Measures............................................................ 107
6.3. Inclusion of Environmental Management in Contract Documents............ 107
6.4. Institut ional Requirements............................................................................. 108
6.4.1. Establishment of Project Environment Management Committee.............. 108
6.4.2. Establishment of Project Environmental and Social Management Unit.... 108
6.4.3. Provision of Grievance Resolution Framework........................................... 109
6.5. Construct ion Stage MMP............................................................................... 110
6.6. Operation Stage MMP..................................................................................... 111
7. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN........................................................ 119
7.1. General............................................................................................................. 119
7.2. Monitoring During Design Stage................................................................... 120
7.3. Monitoring during Construction Stage......................................................... 120
7.4. Monitoring during Operation Stage............................................................... 121
7.5. Reporting of Monitoring Results ................................................................... 121
7.5.1. Internal Monitoring......................................................................................... 121
7.5.2. External Monitoring........................................................................................ 121
7.6. Institut ional Requirements............................................................................. 122
7.6.1. Institutional Responsibilities......................................................................... 122
7.6.2. Institutional Arrangements............................................................................ 122
7.6.3. Clearances from EPA and other Agencies................................................... 122
7.6.4. Land Acquisi tion and Compensation Tasks................................................ 123
7.7. Environmental Audit....................................................................................... 123
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8.6. Carbon Credits................................................................................................ 134
8.7. Baseline and Monitor ing Methodologies...................................................... 134
8.7.1. Baseline Emissions Calculation for Kaigah HPP......................................... 135
8.8. Quantity and Value of Carbon Benefits........................................................ 136
8.9. Durban Conference 2011................................................................................ 136
8.10. Anticipated Revenue...................................................................................... 138
8.11. Conclusions.................................................................................................... 138
9. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE................... 139
9.1. General............................................................................................................. 139
9.2. Stages of Public Consultation ....................................................................... 139
9.3. Techniques and Tools used for Public Consul tation.................................. 139
9.4. The Consul tation Process.............................................................................. 140
9.4.1. Visits to Government Offices, Line Agencies and NGOs............................ 140
9.4.2. Interviews with Well-Informed Persons........................................................ 140
9.4.3. Interviews with Affected People in the Project Area................................... 141
9.4.4. Scoping Sessions in Affected villages......................................................... 141
9.4.5. Women Survey................................................................................................ 141
9.5. Outcome of the Consul tations....................................................................... 141
10. LAND ACQUISITION, RESETTLEMENT AND COMPENSATION................. 144
10.1. Introduction..................................................................................................... 144
10.2. Project Af fectees............................................................................................. 144
10.3. Need for a Resettlement Plan........................................................................ 144
10.4. Land Acquisition............................................................................................. 145
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10.6. Tentative Compensation Procedure.............................................................. 146
10.6.1. Compensation under the Land Acquisit ion Act ........................................... 146
10.6.2. Compensation under WAPDA Procedures................................................... 147
10.7. Tentative Compensation Eligibili ty............................................................... 147
10.7.1. Eligibili ty under Government of Pakistan Policy ......................................... 147
10.7.2. Eligibility under World Bank Policy............................................................... 149
10.8. Cut-off Date..................................................................................................... 149
11. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT COST............................. 150
11.1. Introduction..................................................................................................... 150
12. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................... 152
12.1. General............................................................................................................. 152
12.2. Findings........................................................................................................... 152
12.2.1. Physical Environmental Impacts................................................................... 152
12.2.2. Biological Impacts.......................................................................................... 152
12.2.3. Socio-Economic Impacts............................................................................... 153
12.3. Environmental and Social Costs................................................................... 153
12.4. Recommendations.......................................................................................... 153
12.5. Conclusions.................................................................................................... 154
13. REFERENCES................................................................................................. 156
ANNEXURES........................................................................................................................ 157
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LIST OF TABLES
Sr. No. Descript ion Page No.
Table 1: Pakistan National EIA Categor ization of Proposed Projects ........................ 14
Table 2: Salient Features of the Project ........................................................................ 23
Table 3: National Envi ronmental Quali ty Standards (NEQS) ....................................... 33
Table 4: National Envi ronmental Quali ty Standards (NEQS) ....................................... 34
Table 5: National Envi ronmental Quali ty Standards (NEQS) ....................................... 35
Table 6: Major International Conventions and Treaties Signed By Pakistan ............. 53
Table 7: Long Term Climatic Stations in the Region .................................................... 57
Table 8: Floods at Kandiah River in Different Return Periods .................................... 72
Table 9: Ambient Air Quality of the Area ....................................................................... 73
Table 10: Traffic Countin the Project Area (Average of 24 Hours)................................ 73
Table 11: Noise Level observed in the Project Area ...................................................... 74
Table 12: Vegetation in Project Area ............................................................................... 75
Table 13: Population in Affected Villages ....................................................................... 82
Table 14: Envi ronmental Checklist .................................................................................. 83
Table 15: Summary of Construct ion Stage Impacts....................................................... 97
Table 16: Envi ronmental Impact Matrix for Operation Stage ..................................... 105
Table 17: Constitu tion of Project Environment Management Committee .................. 108
Table 18: Constitu tion of Project Environmental and Social Management Unit ....... 109
Table 19: Proposed Project Grievance Resolution Commit tee ................................... 110
Table 20: Environmental Management Plan for Construct ion Stage .......................... 112
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LIST OF FIGURES
Sr. No. Descript ion Page No.
Figure 1: Regional Geological Map.............................................................................. 67
Figure 2: Landslide in Project Area.............................................................................. 68
Figure 3: Agricultural Fields.......................................................................................... 69
Figure 4: Livestock of Kandiah Valley.......................................................................... 70
Figure 5: Livestock of Kandiah Valley.......................................................................... 70
Figure 6: Common Plant Species Growing in the Project Area................................. 79
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Kaigah Hydropower Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Report
ABBREVIATIONS
A AmperesAAR Alkali aggregate reactionAAUs Assigned Amount UnitsAC Alternating currentACSR Aluminum core steel reinforcedADB Asian Development BankAF Acre-feetASR Alkali silica reactionASTM American Society of Testing MaterialsATL Associated Technologies (Pvt) LimitedB/C Benefit/costBCR Benefit cost ratioCCGT Combined cycle gas turbineCDM Clean Development MechanismCEF Carbon Emission FactorCERs Certified Emission ReductionsCFRD Concrete faced rock fill dam
CFC Chlorofluoro CarbonCh Chainage (distance measured along a construction work)CIDA Canadian International Development AgencyCITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
FloraCM Combined MarginCNG Combined MarginCOP Conference of the Parties
CPM Critical path methodCPP Capacity costCPT Cone Penetration TestCusec Cubic foot per secondCVC Conventionally vibrated concreteCW Cooling waterDBE Design basis earthquakeDC Direct current
DNA Designated National AuthorityDEM Digital elevation modelDeg Degreed/s DownstreamDSL Detailed scan line surveyEARI Economic accounting rate of interestEB Executive Board EHS Extra high strength
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FRC Fibre reinforced shotcreteFSL Full supply level
FSD Food Supply DepartmentFt FeetFWO Frontier Works OrganizationG Acceleration due to gravityGCB Generator circuit breakerGDP Gross domestic productGERCC Grout enriched roller compacted concreteGEVR Grout enriched vibrated concreteGHG Green House GasGIB Gas insulated busbarsGIL Gas insulated lineGIS Geographical information systemGLOF Glacial lake outfall floodGOP Government of PakistanGpa GigapascalGPS Global Positioning SystemGSI Geological Strength Index
GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit (Germen Agency forTechnical Development)
GWh Gigawatt hoursGWh/a Gigawatt hours per annumGWP Global Warming PotentialHa Hectare = 10,000 m2HEPO Hydro Electric Planning OrganizationHr Hour
HRT Headrace TunnelHV High VoltageHVAC Heating, Ventilation and Air-ConditioningHVAC High Voltage Alternating CurrentHVDC High Voltage Direct CurrentHz HertzICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain DevelopmentID Internal diameter
IDC Interest during constructionIET International Emission TradingIDC Interest during constructionIET International Emission TradingIEE Initial Environmental ExaminationIFC International Finance CorporationInSAR Interferometric synthetic aperture radar
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Km Kilometrekm Square kilometers
km/h Kilometres per hourKP Kyoto ProtocolKPK Khyber Pakhtun KhwahKt Knots (nautical miles per hour)kV KilovoltKVF Kandiah Valley FaultkW KilowattkWh Kilowatt hourL LitreLb Poundlb/ft3 Pounds per cubic footLAA Land Acquisition ActLCDP Least cost development planLLO Low level outletLRMC Long run marginal costLV Low voltageM Million
M Metrem/s Metres per secondm2 Square metresm3 Cubic metresm3/s Cubic metres per second (cumecs)Max MaximumMbtu Million British thermal unitsMCE Maximum credible earthquake
Min MinimumMIV Main inlet valveMKT Main Karakoram ThrustMLO Mid-level outletMOL Minimum operating levelMONENCO Montreal Engineering CompanyMMP Mitigation Management PlanMMT Main Mantle Thrust
Mpa MegapascalMP Monitoring PlanMSA Maximum size of aggregateMt Million tonnes (megatonnes)MUV Manufacturing unit value (World Bank)MV Medium voltageMVA Megavolt ampere
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ODA Official Development AssistanceOD Outside diameter
OD Operational DirectiveOP Operational PolicyOM Operating MarginO&M Operation and maintenancePARC Pakistan Agricultural Research CouncilPAP Project Affected PersonsPC Project ConsultantsPDD Project Design DocumentPEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection ActPEPO Pakistan Environmental Protection OrdinancePEPC Pakistan Environmental Protection CouncilPEPCO Pakistan Electric Power Company (Pvt) LimitedPESMU Project environment and social management unitPF Power factorPFA Pakistan Forest ActPGRC Project Grievance Resolution CommitteePKR Pakistani rupees
PLC Power Line CarrierPM Project ManagementPMD Pakistan Meteorological DepartmentPOE Panel of ExpertsPOT Peak over thresholdPPE Personal protective equipmentPPIB Private Power and Infrastructure Boardppm Parts per million
PSS Power system stabilizersPTDC Pakistan Tourist Development CorporationPWD Pakistan Works DepartmentQ Rock mass qualityRAP Resettlement action planRCC Roller compacted concreteRCNLIP Regional centre of the Northern Light Infantry of PakistanRMC Regional Meteorological Centres
RMR Rock mass ratingROW Right of wayRQD Rock quality designationSC Series compensationSCOM S pecial Communication OrganizationSCADA Supervisory control and data acquisitionSCF Standard conversion factor
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T TonnesT/km Tonnes per square kilometre
TBM Tunnel boring machineTCR Total core recoveryTCSC Thyristor controlled series compensationTDS Total dissolved solidsT/L Transmission lineTOR Terms of ReferenceTVI Television interferenceUCS Unconfined compressive strengthUK United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandUPS Uninterruptible power supplyu/s UpstreamUHVDC Ultra-high voltage direct currentUNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and DevelopmentUNFCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUPFC Unified power flow controllerUS United States centUSBR United States Bureau of Reclamation
USD United States DollarUSGS United States Geological SurveyVar Volt Ampere ReactiveVs VersusVERs Voluntary Emission ReductionsVSC Voltage source converterVT Voltage transformerWAPDA Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority
WB World BankWCD World Commission on DamsWHO World Health OrganizationWPPO WAPDA Power Privatization OrganizationWWF World Wildlife FundYr Year
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Kaigah Hydropower Project is a proposed on River Kandiah as a run of river hydropowerproject located in Kandiah valley, District Kohistan in the province of KPK. This project will
have an installed capacity of 545 MW. This project forms part of WAPDAs strategic vision
program to the year 2025. The aim of Vision 2025 is to improve hydropower generation
capacity in the country to meet the ever growing electricity demands and expansion of
economic activities. An accelerated power production especially hydroelectric generation
is under focus through medium term power generation projects. Private sector is being
encouraged to make investment to develop and produce hydropower wherever suchpotential exist in the country.
Kaigah Hydropower Project scheme was taken over by Private Power Infrastructure Board
(PPIB) to be offered as an Investment Power Project (IPP) to the private sector on Public
Private Partnership basis.
Access to the Project site is through Dasu town which is located about 340 kilometers
from Islamabad. The main accessibility to Dasu town from down country is through the
Karakoram Highway. Kaigah power house site is located near Thauti village about 8
kilometers upstream from confluence of Kandiah and Indus Rivers. Dam site is accessible
from Dasu town by a jeepable road. Karrang village is located on Kandiah Kalam Road
about 26 kilometers from Kandiah Bridge and connected to the latter through a jeepable
road which has been badly damaged by flashy floods of 2010.
The major Project feature consists of the construction of an asphalt faced rockfill dam on
River Kandiah about 200 meters downstream of the Karrang Village. This will be a 90
meters high Dam from the river bed and will create a reservoir extending up to 3-4 km
upstream of the Dam Site at the level of 1500 masl. The reservoir is planned to be
contained within the narrow river canyon which will submerge neither substantial natural
vegetation nor any productive land significantly. But it will affect the population in Karrang,
Birti and Dong villages in the Project area,
The power intake structure will be constructed on the left bank of the river immediately
upstream of the Dam Site. This power intake structure will be largely submerged and
located at the left bank of the proposed reservoir and divert river water into headrace
tunnel. From the 17.2 Km long headrace tunnel the water is dropped through an
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would fall within the category A projects having significant impacts on the environment
and requiring a full scale EIA.
The EIA seeks to identify the environmental, ecological and socio-cultural changes arising
from the development of the project. These may have a positive or negative outcome and
include:
Direct and indirect effects on the local population
Undesirable changes such as increased pollution, loss of natural resources and
loss of habitats for native flora and fauna
Direct and indirect effects on the socio-economic and cultural system as well as on
environmental components such as soil, water and air.
The institutions associated with environmental matters in Pakistan include government
bodies such as the Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Development,
the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council, and Federal/Provincial Environmental
Protection Agencies (EPAs). The legislation of Pakistan contains many laws in the form of
Acts, and Ordinances which have direct or indirect relevance and implications in the
layout, design, construction and operation of the Kaigah Hydropower Project, including:
the Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (NCS), the Environmental Protection Act,
1997, the EPA, IEE and EIA Regulations 2000 and the National Environmental Quality
Standards 2000. The guidelines of the international funding institutions also define
procedures for Environmental Assessments. All relevant national and international
guidelines and procedures have been followed for preparation of this EIA.
Following methodology was followed in the preparation of this report:
Review of previous reports
Acquisition of secondary data from different organizations
Collection of primary data with reference to physical features, environmental and
social issues.
St d f fl d f
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Baseline conditions in the project area were identified for physical, biological and socio-
economic parameters, both quantitative and qualitative, based on collected data, field
visits and desk studies.
Impacts of the proposed Project on the baseline conditions are identified and mitigation
measures have been proposed accordingly in addition to the environmental management
and monitoring plan.
The potential benefit to the project of carbon credits under CDM is currently difficult to
estimate and our estimate ranges from zero to around USD 60 million per year. Until thepost Kyoto international agreements are in place, it is very difficult to know how the
projects like Kaigah HPP will be treated under CDM.
About 900 people will be displaced because of the proposed Project and land acquisition
and resettlement of PAP constitutes the major chunk of the environmental management
cost of the Project which is estimated to be around USD 15 Million.
Following can be safely concluded as the result of this EIA report:
The study of the environmental and social setting of the Kaigah Hydropower
Project, and the implications of the proposed interventions, i.e. construction of a
dam, excavation of tunnels, creation of the reservoir, and construction of
underground powerhouse and so on, do not indicate any significant negative
impact of such nature or magnitude that would suggest the project is
environmentally unfriendly.
The study has identified some potential impacts, which are not of serious nature
and can be ameliorated or mitigated within normally acceptable levels through
practicable control and management measures.
The overall findings of the EIA studies show that the Kaigah Hydropower Project is
environmentally and socially viable subject to the development and implementationof a full Environmental Management Plan.
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. GeneralThe identification of Hydropower Potential was started during 1980s when Canadian
International Development Agency (CIDA) provided financial assistance and engaged a
Canadian engineering consulting firm, Montreal Engineering Company Limited
(MONENCO), to undertake the preparation of an inventory of potential hydropower
generation sites, and their ranking on the three Rivers.
MONENCO conducted a study in the upper reaches of River Indus, Jhelum aboveMangla, and in Swat and Chitral Basins, identifying twenty-five (25) promising potential
sites for hydropower generation including their ranking.
Later on, during eighties and nineties, identification and ranking studies for hydropower
schemes on the Rivers and tributaries of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) and Khyber
Pakhtun Khwah (KPK) and Northern Areas were also carried out by WAPDA and Sarhad
Hydel Development Organization (SHYDO) (now PHYDO) in collaboration with theGerman Agency for Technical Co-Operation (GTZ). A number of sites for development of
small and medium size hydropower projects, including Kaigah Hydropower Project in the
Kohistan Valley, with power potential of 545 MW were identified.
The main objective of the Project is to provide cheap hydro-electric power to the national
grid system and to lessen the prevailing high cost of power supply mainly through the
thermal powerhouses as base load stations. The proposed Project will eventually become
a part of low cost power generation system.
The scope of the consultancy services for the Kaigah Hydropower Project involves
preparation of a Bankable Feasibility Study Report in sufficient details.
1.2. Objective of Study
The objective of the present study is to prepare a comprehensive EIA study reportencompassing the probable impacts of the selected Project layout and the appropriate
measures to mitigate them effectively.
1.2.1. Scope of Work
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Land and related inventory survey
Vulnerable persons survey
Public community facilities survey
Community participation survey
Stakeholders consultation
Perception survey on relocation and resettlement
Physical environment statistics of Project area including topography, geology, climate,hydrology, temperature, wind speed, water quality, air quality and noise levels.
Biological environment data including terrestrial ecology, flora and fauna, forests and
fruit trees, mammals, birds, insects, amphibians, reptiles and fisheries
Protected areas and socio-economic data
Establishment of baseline conditions for the Project area
Screening and scoping of the Projects potential impacts
Devising applicable mitigation measures for the potential impacts
Formulating environmental monitoring and management plan
Preliminary cost estimation of the environmental procedures to be implemented
1.3. Project Location
The proposed Kaigah Hydropower Project was identified along Kandiah River with dam
near Karrang village and powerhouse site is on left bank of Kandiah River neat Thauti
village (Annexure- A1). Kandiah River has its confluence with the Indus River near
Kandiah Bridge, about 20 kilometers upstream of Dasu town.
The dam site identified near Karrang village has reservoir spread over 4 km in upstream
valley. The dam axis was proposed downstream of confluence of Bangroan Khwar on the
right bank and of Dadli Khwar on the left bank where the Kandiah valley becomes narrow
and the valley slopes become steep and form the entrance of a ravine.
The river bed elevation at dam site has been observed as 1420 m a.s.l and reservoir level
was proposed as 1500 m a s l The headrace tunnel crosses the mountains on the left
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to the latter through a jeepable road which has been badly damaged by flashy floods of
2010.
A jeepable road exists in Kandiah valley on its right bank between KKH upto a few
kilometers upstream of Karrang village. The scheme is recommended to be constructed
before upstream identified project Karrang is developed, therefore the improvement of
existing roads and construction of new access roads between KKH and Karrang are
necessary. The access road must be designed truckable for heavy loads.
The construction of an Indus bridge is necessary to connect the next access road systemin Kandiah valley with the KKH on the left bank of Indus. It is estimated that around 25 Km
of upgraded truckable road is essentially needed, alongwith number of bridges in order to
provide accessibility to various locations of the Project. Post flood 2010 conditions
necessitate to rebuild the damaged portion of road within Kandiah valley.
The terrain is characterized by steep embankments in narrow valleys. The roads and mule
paths are subject to landslides, rockfall and avalanches. Therefore, a good quality of
design and construction of the roads is essential.
It has to be mentioned, that the design of the roads is to be carried out to prevent
blockage of the road by rockfall, landslides or avalanches as far as possible considering a
justifiable expenditure, but it cannot be excluded totally.
1.4.1. Air Route
PIA operates daily flights from Islamabad to Gilgit. Landing in Gilgit depends upon the
weather conditions at Gilgit valley. Sometimes, the passengers are stranded at the two
terminal stations for several days, waiting for weather to clear for flights.
1.4.2. Communication Services
Dasu Town has postal services, telephone and a receiving TV booster. The
communication system is not as good as desired. However, it is possible to communicatewith Peshawar and other cities. Also, mobile phones service is available. Mobile telephone
service is available at Dasu town and near adjoining area but no other communication
service is available at two sites.
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The road linking to the Project Site from bridge over Indus River, which was constructed
by FWO, has been totally washed away and therefore, jeepable road access to the Project
Site remains possible for hardly 6 to 7 months per year. The entire locality at Project Siteincluding Thauti village, Chappar, Cool and Aleel villages have been badly damaged.
During recent floods, the Chappar nullah having significant flow has deposited a fan of
boulders/gravel in sufficient height at confluence of Kandiah River where huge landslides
have also occurred at right bank.
Landslides and other types of slope movements along with the Kandiah River particularly
at right bank have occurred which has destroyed almost the whole right bank area of the
valley.
It has been observed that the left bank of the Kandiah River is more stable and rocks are
in good condition. Now the Powerhouse site has been proposed on the left bank near
Thauti Nullah as shown in Annexure- A.2. Additional site investigations have been
conducted to demonstrate the actual geological conditions of the proposed Powerhouse
site to evaluate both the merits and demerits of the location.
1.6. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
The EIA is the planning tool developed in recent years to foresee the environmental
impacts of human intervention in nature arising from development projects. Major
hydropower projects invariably result in many far-reaching environmental, ecological and
socio-cultural changes. Some of these changes benefit human population, while othersthreaten the natural resource based on a short or long term basis.
The undesirable changes are not solely restricted to increasing pollution or loss of natural
resources and habitats for native flora and fauna, but they cover the entire range of
environmental components, such as soil, water, air, and socio-economic and cultural
system. It is now accepted fact that for sustainable economic development, strategies
must be compatible with environmental goals. This requires the incorporation ofenvironmental consideration into the process of development. It is important to make
choices and decisions that will eventually promote sound development by understanding
the environmental functions.
I d ith th P ki t E i t l P t ti A t f 1997 d th P ki t
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The overall objectives of an Environmental Impact Assessment in accordance with the
Pakistan Environment Protection Act (PEPA 1997), and the World Bank guidelines (OP
4.0) include the following:
Help ensure the environmental and social soundness and sustainability of projects
Support integration of environmental and social aspects of projects into the decision
making process
Promote environmentally sustainable development by supporting the
protection, conservation, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats and theirfunctions
Avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement and if not feasible, to assist displaced
persons in improving or at least restoring their livelihoods and standards of living in
real terms relative to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the
beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher
Design and implement projects in a way that fosters full respect for indigenouspeoples dignity, human rights, and cultural uniqueness and so that they: (a) receive
culturally compatible social and economic benefits; and (b) do not suffer adverse
effects during the development process
Assist in preserving physical cultural resources and avoiding their destruction or
damage
Assure quality, health and safety in the design and construction of new dams and therehabilitation of existing dams, and in carrying out activities that may be affected by an
existing dam
Enable vulnerable and disadvantaged stakeholder groups to participate in an informed
manner.
1.7. Project Categorization
According to Pakistan Environment Protection Agency regulations for review of IEE andEIA, hydroelectric projects with a generation capacity of over 50 MW and power
transmission lines with a capacity more than 11 kV fall into Schedule-II, i.e. projects
requiring EIA. Similarly, in accordance with the guidelines of the World Bank, the Asian
Development Bank and the Japan Bank for International Cooperation Environmental
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Table 1: Pakistan National EIA Categorization of Proposed Projects
SCHEDULE A
LIST OF PROJECTS REQUIRING AN EIA
The Projects in Schedule A are generally major projects and have the potential to affect a
large number of people. They also include projects in environmentally sensitive areas. The
impact of such projects may be irreversible and could lead to significant changes in land
use and the social, physical and biological environment.
Agriculture and L ivestock
No EIAs required unless a specific proposal is designated by the Responsible Authority,
which could be the result of significant impacts being discovered at the IEE stage.
Energy
Thermal Power Generation over 200MW
Hydroelectric Power Generation over 50 MW
Petroleum Refineries
Major Power transmission lines (above 11kV) including Grid Stations
Nuclear Power Plants
Manufacturing and Processing
Major manufacturing of chemicals, pesticides or fertilizer
Petrochemical complexes
Major tanning and leather finishing
Man-made fibers and resin projects greater than10 crore (100 million) rupees invalue
Industrial Estates (including export processing zones)
Large scale food processing such as sugar mills, refineries, breweries, distilleries,
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iron, and precious stones
Major smelting plants
Major non-ferrous metals, iron and steel rolling
Transport
Major Ports and Harbours development
Major Airports
Federal or Provincial Highways or major roads greater than 5 crore rupees in value.Maintenance (rebuilding or reconstruction of existing roads is exempted from the
requirement of an EIA).
Major railway works
Water Management; Dams, Irrigation and Flood Protection
Dams and reservoirs with a maximum storage volume greater than 50 million cubicmeters or a surface area greater than 8 square kilometers
Irrigation and drainage serving more than 15,000 hectares
Water Supply and Treatment
Major urban water supply infrastructure, including major head works and treatment
plants.
Waste Disposal
Waste disposal and/or storage of hazardous or toxic wastes (including landfill sites,
incineration of hospital toxic waste)
Waste disposal facilities for domestic or industrial wastes, where more than 10,000
cubic meters of waste will handled annually
Urban Development and Tourism
Land use studies and urban plans (large cities)
Large scale tourism developments
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narrow and the issues can be understood and managed through less extensive analysis.
These are projects not generally located in environmentally sensitive areas or smaller
proposals in sensitive areas.
Agricultural and Livestock
Agro-industrial installation: large poultry farms and beef cattle lots
Repacking, formulation or warehousing of agricultural produce
Energy
Thermal Power Generation less than 200 MW
Hydroelectric power generation less than 50 MW
Electrical transmission lines (11kV or smaller), and large distribution projects
Major waste to energy generation projects
Oil and gas transmission systems
Oil and gas extraction including exploration, production, gathering systems,
separation and storage
Manufacturing and Processing
Man-made fibers and resin projects less than 10 crore (100 million) rupees in value
Food processing such as sugar mills, refineries, breweries, distilleries, soft drinks,
milk and dairy products less than than10 crore rupees in value
Sizable ceramics and glass manufacturing
Sizable apparel manufacturing including dying and printing
Manufacturing wood products on a sizable scale.
Mining and Mineral Processing
Commercial extraction of sand, gravel, limestone, clay and other minerals not
included in Schedule A.
Crushing grinding and separating processes
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surface area less than 8 square kilometres
Irrigation and Drainage serving less than 15,000 hectares
Small-scale irrigation systems
Water Supply and Treatment
Minor head works and small systems
Waste Disposal
Waste disposal facility for domestic or industrial wastes, where less than 10,000cubic meters of waste will handled annually
Urban Development and Tourism
Urban development projects, including large rural hotels, schools and universities
Public facilities which have significant off-site impacts (i.e. hospital wastes)
Housing Estates
SCHEDULE C
LIST OF PROJECTS NOT REQUIRING IEE OR EIA
Essentially Schedule C" combines everything not in Schedules A and B. As is the case
for A and B projects, Schedule C projects are also subject to review if they are situated
in an environmentally sensitive or critical area. No attempt is made here to detail these
projects, however some illustrative examples are provided below:
construction of homes, offices and small commercial buildings, subject to compliance
with existing zoning laws;
reconstruction/rehabilitation of roads including sealing;
on-farm dams;
projects promoting energy efficiency; and
lining of existing canals and/or watercourses.
Source: Government of Pakistan Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Policy and procedure
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Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) will also be prepared to provide sufficient compensation
and assistance to Project Affected Persons (PAP) for their loss of economic assets and
livelihood. The RAP will be prepared as a separate document containing all details forcompensation that would assist PAP to improve or at least restore their living standard,
income earning or production capacity to the pre-project level.
Main activities carried out for the preparation of the EIA report are as follows:
Collection of baseline information on physical, biological and socio-economic
conditions prevailing in the project area
Impact assessment, mitigation and enhancement measures
Development of Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMP)
Cost estimate for environmental setup
Public consultation and disclosure
Estimation of carbon credit under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
1.8.2. Limitations
The baseline information documented in the present report reflects the prevailing physical,
biological and socio-economic conditions of the project area. The project is at feasibility
stage and the detailed design and tender documents preparation stages will follow. If the
project is implemented after two years of completion of the design stage then certain
variables such as development of infrastructure, population growth, increase or decreasein the forest, land use, cropping patterns and economic conditions could be changed
significantly.
1.9. Approach and Methodology
1.9.1. Review of Previous Studies
The Environmental Impact Assessment for the Kaigah Hydropower Projecthas not beencarried out at pre-feasibility or identification stage.
Similar studies carried out for other national hydropower projects in the same region or
similar in nature were reviewed to make the current study more comprehensive e.g. the
Basha Diamer HydropowerProject Dasu Hydropower Project and the Neelum Jhelum
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1.9.2. Acquisi tion of Secondary Data
The secondary data was collected from various offices and published reports of different
organizations. These organizations included Forest, Agriculture, Fisheries, Wildlife,
Revenue, Industry Departments, Environmental Protection Agency, and International
Union for the Conservation of Nature, District Administration, Tehsil Offices, Food Supply
Department, World Wildlife Fund, Agricultural Research Council andothers.
1.9.3. Collection of Primary Data
The primary data were collected and assessed with reference to different project
components, i.e. dam site, reservoir area, powerhouse, construction camps etc. The data
regarding climate, hydrology, geology, seismology, and other physical features of the
project area were also obtained as part of the preparation of this feasibility study.
a) Vegetation Studies
The assessment area for terrestrial flora and fauna encompasses the terrestrial
environments upstream and downstream of the dam and adjacent areas that may be
affected by the project activities, specifically from the dam to the upper end of the
reservoir impoundment and from the dam to the powerhouse.
The vegetation in the study area is scarce so it was studied by preparation of a floristic
list on visual observation basis. The floristic list is an important tool as it provides a
clue to the species diversity in a community, and indicates the conditionsof the
habitatas each species has its own range of ecological amplitude. The species were
recorded with reference to their existence in the reservoir area, at dam site, auxiliary
works areas and powerhouse site. The growth forms, i.e. trees, shrubs, herbs and
grasses etc., were recorded separately. In preparing such a list, care was taken to
include the rare species and special emphasis was given to the economic species
such as medicinal plants.
b) Wildlife Fauna Studies
Information on wildlife fauna species (mammals, amphibians, reptiles, birds etc.) in the
assessment area was compiled based on opportunistic observation, gathering the
existing information and consultation with local experts, community members and
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d) Environmental Flow Study
An environmental flow study was carried out to determine the optimum environmental
flow downstream of the proposed dam for sustainability of the aquatic ecosystem.
e) Social Surveys
The purpose of social survey was to record the present conditions of the people living
in the project area and to assess the expected project impacts on their life,
subsistence systems, and social and cultural conditions. Prior to conducting the field
surveys, the following steps were taken:
Geographic boundaries of the project area were identified and existing villages and
settlements were listed
Decided the sampling procedure in order to draw a representative sample size of
the target population and households
Developed the tools for data collection i.e. questionnaires for household samplesurvey, village profile, women sample survey, community participation and water
use.
In order to obtain comprehensive and detailed information, the following techniques
and tools of data collection were used:
i. Sampling Design
A stratified proportionate random sampling technique was applied to select
adequate and representative samples to generalize survey findings at the project
level. The stratification variables were taken into consideration for enhancing the
representation level for adopting appropriate sampling design.
ii. Stratification Variables
The major objective of the study was to establish baseline socio-economic
conditions for the inhabitants in the proposed reservoir, powerhouse and adjacent
areas of the project. The following factors were taken into consideration for
enhancing the probability of every household being selected in the sample size:
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socio-economic status of the family and household was obtained from the
respondents.
m) Village Profile
A comprehensive village profile was prepared to document the socio-economic and
demographic data of each sample village in project area.
n) Gender Survey
The consultants developed a separate questionnaire covering various aspects andissues of women in the area. The services of a qualified local female were hired for
this survey. In total, 31 women were interviewed. Respondent women were selected
by applying the same technique as used for socio- economic survey.
o) Data Editing
The filled-in questionnaires and interviewing guides were edited by the same fieldinvestigators, who were involved in the data collection. This was done immediately
after completing the field investigations.
p) Data Analysis
Data sets were processed after the completion of the field survey and editing of socio-
economic information. Analysis of this diversified data and preparation of conclusions
in the minimum possibletime was achieved using statistical techniques of data
analysis.
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g y p w j v p p
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1. Salient Features
Salient features of the project are given in Table 2 below.
Table 2: Salient Features of the Project
Hydrology (Design f lows)
Design discharge 125 m3/s
Mean Annual Flow 68.0 m3/s
Design flood (10,000 Year Flood) 2113 m3/s
Reservoir
Reservoir length 3500 m
Reservoir area 74300 m2
Max. reservoir operating level 1500 m.a.s.l
Min. reservoir operating level 1480 m.a.s.l
Reservoir capacity at 1500 m.a.s.l 40.39 MCM
Reservoir capacity at 1480 m.a.s.l 19.65 MCM
Dam Structure
Dam height 100 m.a.s.l
Dam crest level 1510 m.a.s.l
Dam crest length 400 m.a.s.l
Spillways
No. of Bays 1
Number of gates Ungated
Gate Type N/A
Width of gate -
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g y p j p p
Power Waterways
Power Intake
Type Deep Frontal
No. of gates 2
Gate size (WxH) 5.3 x 6.7 m
Deck elevation 1511.0 m.a.s.l
Intake sill level 1464.0 m.a.s.lLow Pressure Headrace Tunnel
Diameter 7.7 m
Length 17058 m
Surge Tank
Diameter 10.5 m
Height 260 m
Power Generation
Gross head (HWL-Turbine centre line) 527.5 m
Max. Net head 523.9 m
Min. Net head 480 m
Plant Design discharge 125 m3/s
Installed plant capacity 545 MW
Turbine Type Pelton vertical
No. of units 3
Turbine centerline level 972.65 m.a.s.l
Generator 3
Design Annual Energy 2112.0 GWh
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2.2. Project Components
The main components of the project include the construction of a dam and a powerhouse.
The dam includes a asphalt faced rock-fill dam (AFRD), spillways, diversion tunnels,headrace tunnels and tailrace tunnels. The powerhouse includes caverns for the
generating units, transformers and a gate gallery and switchyard.
2.2.1. Dam
The selected dam axis is located 400 m downstream of confluence of two Bangroan
Khwar with Kandiah River. The dam structures includes: a 100 m high (including
foundations) Asphalt Face Rockfill Dam (AFRD) with overflow spillway, flushing low level
outlets and intake structures for headrace tunnel. The water way leads from the left bank
of the dam site to a powerhouse cavern placed on the left bank of the Kandiah River near
Thauti Nullah.
The Kaigah dam site is located some 28 km upstream of the Kaigah confluence with the
Indus River and 0.40 km downstream of Karrang village. The valley at the dam axis is
about 300 to 400 m wide with moderate to steep slopes (40~60) having slope height in
access of 500 m. An upstream looking of the Dam site is shown in Photo-log attached as
Annexure-B
2.2.2. Diversion Tunnels
During the construction of the dam the river Kaigah is by-passed in a diversion tunnel
through the right bank of the dam site. The tunnel has a length of about 730 m, a gradientof some 4 % and a horseshoe shape in cross section.
2.2.3. Cofferdams
Two cofferdams, one upstream of the main dam and other downstream of the main dam,
will be constructed to divert the river through the diversion tunnels water prior to and
during the construction of the main dam.
2.2.4. Reservoir
The calculation of the reservoir areas and volumes are based on the topographical survey
in scale 1:1,000. The storage volume elevation curve was computed by using the frustum
f l Th i f th h d d f K i h d it i h i th
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The total storage volume at full supply level (FSL) 1500 m a.s.l. is given to 40.39 mi. m3.
At minimum operating level (MOL) 1480 m a.s.l. The storage volume accounts about
19.65 mi. m3and the dead storage of the Kaigah reservoir is 20.74 million m3.
2.2.5. Spillways
For the spilling of floods a side overfall with inclined chute is intended. Floods with an
amount of more than 2113.0 m/s flow are spilled. Three bays each of 10 m width and 12m high are proposed. The uncontrolled ogee-shaped side overfall, which leads into a
steeply inclined chute with a plunge pool, is situated on the right side of the dam and is
able to spill the design flood at a water elevation in the reservoir of 1500 m a.s.l. The
overfall edge is set at elevation 1510 m a.s.l.
2.2.6. Headrace Tunnel
The headrace tunnel would be a low pressure tunnel proposed on the left bank of Kandiah
River. From intake to surge tank area, there will be 5 adits on the way where the tunnel
cross nallahs underneath.
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Length: 17.058 km
Inner diameter: 7.7 m
Lining: Concrete
Roughness kst (Strickler): 125 m1/3/s
Flow velocity at design discharge of 125 m/s: 3.1 m/s
2.2.7. Powerhouse
The suggested powerhouse is planned in the left bank of the Kandian Valley near Thauti
village. The power house location has been chosen on the basis of geological data, so
that the cavern can be founded on solid rock and away from potential landslide zones to
the south. In addition, it has been tried to keep the excavation volume minimal. The
proposed powerhouse area is shown in the figure below.
River Kandiah near Powerhouse Site
2.2.8. Tailrace Tunnel
Restitution of the turbined water to the Kandiah River will be through the tailwater tunnel.
General technical data:
Length: 3.39 km
Size of tunnel: 8 mSlope: 0.1 %
Height difference: 0.5 m
Lining: Concrete
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infrastructure within the valley is to be established in order to materialize the Kaigah
Hydropower Project.
2.2.10. Auxi liary Facil ities Areas
The plain area for construction of auxiliary facilities has been identified near the
powerhouse site (Annexure- F3 & F4) For the dam site relatively small areas is available
near the dam site on upstream of both left and right abutments. These areas will be used
principally for batching, processing and stockpiling of materials for the construction.
Auxiliary services will be required for following purposes:
Client and Engineers offices and residences
Contractor camps
Batching plant
Workshops
Spoil disposal
Quarries
Aggregate stockpiling, batching and processing
Borrow pits
Turbine factory
Water Treatment Plant.
2.3. Project Alternatives Analysis
2.3.1. General
The main purpose of the Analysis of Alternatives is to compare feasible alternatives to the
proposed project and its components (site, technology, design and operation etc.)
including a without project scenario. The potential environmental impacts of each
alternative and the feasibility of mitigation of any impacts along with their suitability under
local conditions are also compared.
2.3.2. No Project Option
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is more expensive, being dependent on the imported oil, and is less environmental friendly
due to high emission rate of GHGs. The power shortfall situation is being tackled through
load management by shedding and supplying the power to various areas and sectorsalternatively. The economy of the country is at stake as number of industrial/commercial
units are either closed or are run far less than the optimum period of time.
Hydropower generation is very attractive for sustainable development of the country as it
reduces the need for imports and can abate substantial amount of GHG emission by
substituting for largely gas and oil based power generation. The no project option would
therefore require the installation of more thermal units which will further aggravate the
economy and will become a major source of environmental degradation.
2.3.3. With Project Option
The Kaigah HPP is designed to generate electricity from a renewable energy source
having almost zero emissions and the power generated will be supplied to the national
grid. The project would therefore be displacing fossil fuelled generation.The expected
power generation from Kaigah HPP (545 MW) will boost the countrys economy withrelatively cheap source of renewable power.
Studies are undertaken during the feasibility stage of the project considered alternatives
for each project component i.e. project site, dam site and powerhouse site. Each
alternative was assessed on technical, economic and environmental basis to determine
the best option.
2.3.4. Alternatives for Project Site
The Government of Pakistan (GoP) launched a project in 1981 with financial assistance
from the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), to identify and study
potential sites to maximize water storage and hydropower generation. The GoP engaged
Montreal Engineering Company (MONENCO) to prepare an inventory and to undertake a
ranking study of the potential water storage and hydropower generation sites along the
upper reaches of the Indus and its tributaries. MONENCO submitted its report inNovember 1984 in which Kaigah Hydropower Project was first identified.
The MONENCO study envisaged the development of large portions of the Indus Valley
and therefore changing the impact of particular scheme might have limited a net impact as
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2.4. Layout of Feasibil ity Report
The Feasibility Report is being prepared in fourteen (14) volumes, which are:
a) Volume 1 Main Report
b) Volume 2 Topographic Survey Study Report
c) Volume 3 Hydrology and Sedimentation Study Report
d) Volume 4 Geological and Geotechnical Study Report
e) Volume 5 Neo-tectonic and Seismic Hazard Analysis
f) Volume 6 Hydropower Planning Study Report
g) Volume 7 Dam & Generation Works Study Report
h) Volume 8 Mechanical Equipment & Hydraulic Steel Structures
i) Volume 9 Electrical Equipment Study Report
j) Volume 10 Transportation Study Report
k) Volume 11 Transmission Line Study Report
l) Volume 12 Environmental & Social Impacts Assessment Study Report
m) Volume 13 Cost Estimates & Financial Analysis
n) Volume 14 Project Drawings
2.4.1. Composi tion of EIA Report
This EIA Report is aimed to form the basis for planning and implementing of the KaigahHydropower Project with respect to environmental management. The EIA outlines the
environmental baseline conditions, the anticipated environmental impacts, proposed
mitigation measures, anticipated land acquisition and relocation measures, environmental
monitoring parameters and associated costs. After obtaining the necessary clearance from
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Description of Existing Environmental Settings
Description of Anticipated Potential impacts
Proposed Mitigatory Measures
Proposed Monitoring Programme
Conclusion & Recommendations
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3. LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
3.1. General
The legislation of Pakistan contains many laws in the form of Acts, and ordinances which
have direct or indirect relevance and implications in the layout, design, construction and
operation of the Kaigah Hydropower Project.The main national and international
instruments of environmental legislation, which have bearing on the project, are discussed
in this chapter. The prevailing operational manuals and guidelines of the World Bank,
the Asian Development Bank and other donors and financial institutions are also
considered. Pakistan is signatory to various international conventions for pollution control
and biodiversity, which are also mentioned.
3.2. Environment Regulatory Authorities
The development of statutory and other instruments for environmental protection has
steadily gained priority in Pakistan since late 1970s. The Pakistan Environmental
Protection Ordinance (PEPO 1983) was the first legislation designed specifically for the
protection of the environment. The promulgation of this ordinance was followed in 1984 bythe creation of Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) headed by the Chief
Executive of the country as the highest inter-ministerial and multi- stakeholders decision
making body and establishment of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), the federal level government institution dealing with environmental issues.The
Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Development is responsible for
policy making and planning in respect of environmental aspects at national level.
3.2.1. Pakistan Environmental Protection Council
The Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) is the highest inter-ministerial
statutory body in the country headed by the Chief Executive for formulation of national
environmental policy, enforcement of PEPA 1997, approval of the National Environmental
Quality Standards (NEQS), incorporation of environmental considerations into national
development plans and policies and to provide guidelines for the protection and
conservation of biodiversity in general and for the conservation of renewable and non-
renewable resources.
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Table 3: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS)
For Municipal and Liquid Indust rial Effluents
(Mg/l, unless otherwise defined)
Sr.No.
ParameterExisting
Standards
Revised Standards
IntoInlandWaters
Into SewageTreatment
Into Sea
1 Temperature/ Temperature increase* 40o C 3oC 3oC 3oC
2 pH value 6 - 10 6 - 9 6 - 9 6 9
3 5-days Biochemical Oxygen Demand
(BOD) at 20oC. (1)
80 80 250 80**
4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)(1)
150 150 400 150
5 Total Suspended Solids 150 200 400 200
6 Total Dissolved Solids 3500 3500 3500 3500
7 Grease and Oil 10 10 10 10
8 Phenolic Compounds (as phenol) 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3
9 Chloride (as CI) 1000 1000 1000 SC
10 Fluoride (as F) 20 10 10 1011 Cyanide (as QN) total 2 1 1 1
12 An-lonic Detergents (as MBAS) (2) 20 20 20 20
13 Sulphate (SO4) 600 600 1000 SC
14 Sulphide (S) 1.0 1 1 1
15 Ammonia (NH3) 40 40 40 40
16 Pesticides, Herbicides, Fungicidesand Insecticides (3)
0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
17 Cadmium (4) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.118 Chromium (trivalent & hexavalent)
(4)1.0 1 1 1
19 Copper (4) 1.0 1 1 1
20 Lead (4) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
21 Mercury (4) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
22 Selenium (4) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
23 Nickel (4) 1.0 1 1 1
24 Silver (4) 1.0 1 1 125 Total Toxic Metals 2.0 2 2 2
26 Zinc 5.0 5 5 5
27 Arsenic (4) 1.0 1 1 1
28 Barium (4) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
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1. Summing minimum dilution 1:10 on discharge, lower ratio would attract progressively stringentstandards to be determined by the Federal Environmental Protection Agency. By 1:10 dilution
means for example, that for each one cubic meter of treated effluent the recipient water bodyshould have 10 cubic meter of water for dilution of this effluent.2. Modified Benzene Alkyl Sulphate; assuming surfactant as bio-degradable.3. Pesticides. Herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides.4. Subject to total toxic metals discharge.5. Applicable only when and where sewage treatment is operational and BOD5=80 mg/l is
achieved by the sewer treatment system.6. Provided discharge is not at shore and not within 10 miles of mangrove or other important
estuaries.
SC Discharge concentration at or below Sea concentration.
* The effluent should not result in temperature increase of more than 3C at the edge of thezone where initial mixing and dilution take place. In case zone is not defined, use 100 meters fromthe point of discharge.
Note: Dilution of gaseous emissions and liquid effluents to bring them to the NEQS limiting valueis not permissible through excess air mixing/blowing into the gaseous emissions or through freshwater mixing with the effluent before discharge into environment.
** The value of BOD and COD is 200 and 400 respectively
Table 4: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS)For Industrial Gaseous Emission
(Mg / NM
3
, unless otherwise defined)Sr.No.
Parameter Source of EmissionExisting
StandardsRevised
Standards
1 Smoke (1) Smoke opacity not to exceed40% or 2
(Ringlemann scale)
40%
2 Particulate Matter (2) Boilers and furnaces:
(i) Oil fired.
(ii) Coal fired.(iii) Cement Kilns.
Grinding, crushing, clinker coolersand related processes,metallurgical processes, converterblast furnaces and cupolas
300500200500
300500200500
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8Carbon monoxide(3)
Any. 800800
9 Lead (3) Any. 5050
10 Mercury (3) Any.10
10
11 Cadmium (3) Any. 2020
12 Arsenic (3) Any. 2020
13 Cooper (3) Any. 50
50
14 Antimony (3) Any. 2020
15 Zinc (3) Any 200 200
16 Oxides of Nitrogens
Nitric acid manufacturing UnitGas fired.Oil firedCoal fired
400
400
3000400600
12001. Based on the assumption that the size of the particulates is 10 micron or more.2. In respect of emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, the power plants
operating on oil or coal as fuel shall, in addition to national Environmental QualityStandards (NEQS) specified above, comply with the following standard.
Table 5: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS)
Sulphur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxide Ambient Air Requirements (NEQS)A. SULPHUR DIOXIDE
Sulphur Dioxide Background Levels (g/m3)
Standards
Background Air
Quality (SO2
Basic)
AnnualAverage
(g/m3
)
Max. In 24 HourInterval
(g/m3
)
Criterion I
Max. SO2Emission(Tons/day/Plant)
Criterion II
Max. AllowableGround LevelIncrement ToAmbient (One year
average, g/m3)
U ll t d < 50 < 200 500 50
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3.2.2. Minist ry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Development
The Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Development is the main
federal level government organization responsible for protection of the environment andresource conservation and is headed by a federal minister. The Ministry works in
collaboration with the PEPC and the federaland provincial Environment Protection
Agencies (EPA).
3.2.3. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
The EPA is headed by a Director General and has wide ranging functions as given in
PEPA 1997. These include preparation and co-ordination of national environmental policy
for approval by PEPC, administering and implementing PEPA 1997 and preparation,
revision or establishment of NEQS. The EPA issued regulations regarding the
environmental assessment procedures known as Review of IEE and EIA Regulations,
2000 in order to give a firm legal status to the IEE and EIA. The jurisdiction of the EPA is
applicable to the following projects:
On federal land
Military projects
Involving trans-country impacts, and
Bearing trans-province impacts.
3.2.4. Provincial Level Institutions
Each provincial government has its own provincial EPAs and EPDs, which are the
provincial level counterparts of the EPA. The provincial EPAs are formed by the respective
provincial governments headed by a Director General who exercises powers delegated to
him by the concerned provincial government. A separate EPA for the Northern Areas at
Gilgit has also been established. The IEE and EIA reports pertaining to projects falling
within the different provincial boundaries and the Northern Areas are submitted to the
relevant provincial EPA and Northern Areas EPA for approval.
3.3. National Conservation Strategy (NCS)
The Pakistan Nationa