EGM, Melbourne, 9-11 Nov. 2005 Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model 1 Day:...

EGM, Melbourne, 9-11 Nov. 2005

Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model

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• Day: Wednesday 9th November• Session: 13.30 - 15.45• Speaker: Daniel Steudler

• Topic: Switzerland LAS

http://www.vic.gov.au/VictoriaOnline?action=menuHome

http://www.lands.nsw.gov.au/

Bundesamt für LandestopographieOffice fédéral de topographieUfficio federale di topografiaUffizi federal da topografia

Analysis of Swiss Cadastral Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS ModelSystem and Review of LAS Model

Dr. Daniel SteudlerSwiss Federal Directorate of Cadastral Surveying



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Table of ContentTable of Content

• Country description

• Positive aspects of country experience

• Negative aspects of country experience

• Building in the cadastre

• EU influence

• Three key improvements in the next decade

• Critique of the integrated model in context of Switzerland with a view to improving the LAS



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SWITZERLAND

7.3 million people41'290 km2

4.0 million parcels



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26 Cantons …26 Cantons …Cantons maintain

political and administrative bodies on their

own



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… … and 2903 Municipalitiesand 2903 MunicipalitiesCantons are

further divided into municipalities



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Organisations involved in cadastral systemOrganisations involved in cadastral system

Government Federal Parliament

Federal Office of Topography (swisstopo)

Federal Office for Justice

Directorate ofCad. Surveying

Federal Level

Licensing Commission for Cadastral Surveying

Cantonal Level

21 CantonalSurveying

Offices

~350 Cantonal and Regional Land

Registry Offices

26 Cantonal Governments

26 CantonalParliaments

Dept. for Defence, Civil Protection and Sports

Department of Justice- and Police7 Federal Departments

COSIG

Community Level

~15 City & MunicipalSurveying Offices

~270 Private LicensedLand Surveying Offices

Private

Notary Offices

Office for Land Registry and Real

Estate Law

Cadastral Surveying Land Registration



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Organisation of cadastral surveyingOrganisation of cadastral surveying

Organisation

Confederation

Canton

Level

Municipality

Private Land Surveying OfficesCity Surveying Offices

~3000 employees

Execution

Cantonal Surveying Offices

~300 employees

Operational management

Tasks

Federal Directorateof Cadastral Surveying

~15 employees

Supervision,strategic management

Contracts

Office heads at all levels: have to hold the federal license for cadastral land surveyor

Agreements



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Legal basis and objectivesLegal basis and objectives

Swiss Civil Code, 1912

• Security of ownership, efficient land market, and mortgaging of real estates

Objectives of the legislator:



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Swiss civil codeSwiss civil code (in force since 1.1.1912) (in force since 1.1.1912)

Art. 9421 All rights on real estates have to be registered in the land registry.2 The land registry consists of the main book with its associated maps, the auxiliary registers (in particular the list of property owners), the deeds (records and evidences), the description of properties, and the day book.Art. 9501 Registration and description of the properties in the land register have to be done on the basis of a map, which as a rule, has to be the result of an official cadastral survey.2 The Federal Council decides on which principles these maps have to be based upon.



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Swiss cadastral systemSwiss cadastral system

Land RegisterCadastral Surveying

•main book•auxiliary registers (in particular the list of property owners)

•deeds (records and evidences)

•description of properties

•day book



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Legal act 1993, adding a new and extended purposeLegal act 1993, adding a new and extended purpose

Art. 1: Definition and Objective

Ordnance for Official Surveying (VAV, 1.1.1993)

1 In terms of the Civil Law, cadastral surveying is considered to be surveying – approved by the Confederation – for the purpose of operating the land registry.

2 The data of cadastral surveying shall serve as basis for the establishment and the operation of land information systems and shall be suited for public and private purposes.

Verordnung über die

Amtliche Vermessung

(VAV, 1.1.1993)

Art. 1 Begriff und Zweck

1 Als amtliche

Vermessungen im Sinne

des ZGB gelten die zur

Anlage und Führung des

Grundbuches vom Bund

anerkannten

Vermessungen.

2 Die Daten der amtlichen

Vermessung sollen als

Grundlage für den Aufbau

und den Betrieb von

Landinformationssystemen

dienen und für öffentliche

und private Zwecke

verwendet werden können.



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Basic principles of the cadastral systemBasic principles of the cadastral system

• Partnership Confederation - Canton (- Communities)

• Public Private Partnership (PPP)

• Decentralized structure

• Free market, tendering

• Costs are borne mainly by Confederation



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Conceptual elements of AV93Conceptual elements of AV93

- Clear definition of the product

- Independent information layers (link between layers only trough geographic location)

- Freedom of methods and systems (as basis for tendering)

- Standardized way of description and transfer of data (INTERLIS)

ili itf



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OwnershipMaintenance

Identifier Description Perimeter Validity Date1 Date2 Date3

PROJOwnership

OSKey -> Number Geometry Origin

PROJOwnershipPosition

Object -> NumberPosition NumberOrientation NumberHorizontalAlignment NumberVerticalAlignment

Parcel

Object -> Geometry Surface

OwnershipPosition

Object -> NumberPosition NumberOrientation NumberHorizontalAlignment NumberVerticalAlignment

1

mc

1

1

m

LimitPoint

OSKey -> Identifier Geometry PositionPrecision PositionReliability PointSymbol Origin SymbolOrientation

DistinctRight

Object -> Geometry Surface

1 mc

1

c c m

mc

Ownership

OSKey -> Number Validity Origin Class

1 1

Identifier

Origin ->

Attribute that is unique within the table of one topic (exceptionally together with another attribute)

Attribute that relates with another table (relational attribute)

NumPos OPTIONAL attribute name

NameOPTIONAL Table with table name

Data Model (UML)(Entity-Relationship-Diagram)

Data Description Language INTERLIS

(system independent)

TRANSFER Data_Catalogue;MODEL Basic_Data_Set DOMAIN LKoord = COORD2 480000.000 70000.000 840000.000 300000.000; HKoord = COORD3 480000.000 70000.000 0.000 840000.000 300000.000 5000.000; Height = DIM1 0.000 5000.000; Precision = [0 .. 300]; Reliability = (yes, no); LetterOrientation = GRADS 0.0 400.0; Status = (planned, valid);

TOPIC Control_Points = .........END Control_Points;

TOPIC Land_Cover = .........END Land_Cover;

TOPIC Ownership = DOMAIN Monumentation = (border_stone, plastic_peg, cross, not_monumented); OwnershipType = (parcel, distinct_right, construction_right, water_source_ right);TABLE LimitPoint = OSKey: OPTIONAL -> OwnershipMaintenance; Identifier: OPTIONAL TEXT*12; Geometry: LKoord; PositionPrecision: Precision; PositionReliability: Reliability; Origin: OPTIONAL TEXT*30; SymbolOrientation: OPTIONAL LetterOrientation; !! Default: 0.0 IDENT Geometry; END LimitPoint; END Ownership.END Basic_Data_Set.

Technical ElementsTechnical Elements

8 Information Layers(Possibility to realise the layers

separately)

Control points

Land cover

Single objects

Heights

Local names

Ownership

Pipelines >5bar

Administrative subdivisions

With this method of data modelling, the use and exchange of AV93 data is independent from the used GIS or software system.

Standardized data modelling and cadastral data definition (introduced in 1993)



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Possible future structure for LISPossible future structure for LIS

Land ownership,cadastre

Land use planning

Water protection

Collective land rights

Stakeholders(data owners)

National governmentState governmentLocal government

Planning department

Local government

Corporations

Local government

Indigenous land rights Tribe, clan

Environmental protection Environmental department

Legal topic

Noise protection

spatial data textual data

Two preconditions: common data modelling conceptcommon data modelling conceptcommon geodetic reference frameworkcommon geodetic reference framework



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Drilling the topics from different stakeholdersDrilling the topics from different stakeholders

Property parcel #: 1234

Building #: A445 Building permit: lease

Easement: parcel 1235

Land-use zone: residential 2-floors

Property parcel #: 1234Building #: A445

Building permit: leaseEasement: parcel 1235

Land-use zone: residential 2-floors



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public law

LIS / GIS

private law

1912Introductionof Civil Code

1993Digital Standard

AV93

2008Full

coverage

2005New constitu-tional article about land information

20xx

Trend of increasing purpose and content of Trend of increasing purpose and content of cadastral systemcadastral system



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ProfessionProfession

• all surveyors active in cadastral surveying are required to have the licence– 4 ½ years of academic education at ETH

– 2 years of practical work

– practical exams for Federal licence (responsibility of Federal Directorate of Cadastral Surveying)

• professional associations ("Geosuisse" and "Ingenieur-Geometer Schweiz IGS")



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Role of Private Sector (1/2)Role of Private Sector (1/2)

CadastralCadastralSurveyingSurveying

•contracts with communities/cantons for the maintenance and updating of cadastral surveying data (acting agents for authorities)

•carrying out of projects for acquisition of AV93 data and renovation of old existing cadastral surveys

LISLIS •service to clients (public bodies of all levels, facilities companies, etc.)

Main Tasks of Private Land Surveyors:



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Role of Private Sector (2/2)Role of Private Sector (2/2)

Private SectorPublic Sector

Two Partners:

• legislation (Federal and cantonal level)

• financing structure

•setting standards

•supervision

•co-ordination

•verification

•production

•maintenance

•service to clients

• innovation



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Positive aspects of country experiencePositive aspects of country experience

• Standardized data modelling approach right from beginning (1993)

• Independence of information layers allows much lighter data model, independent data ownership, acquisition and maintenance



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Negative aspects of country experienceNegative aspects of country experience

• Rather slow transition to fully digital data, coverage not satisfying (decentralized organization and funding)

• Horizontal cooperation between federal agencies not always positive (lack of leadership ?)

• Decentralized organization with 26 Cantons is not always efficient (although it ensures the link to the local government level)



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Buildings in cadastreBuildings in cadastre

• Today: buildings are traditionally part of cadastral surveying (as one element in land cover layer)

• Tomorrow: working group is studying 3D aspects (with a focus mainly on viewing, rather than registration of 3D objects)



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EU influencesEU influences

• Strong cooperation within Europe (D-A-CH, CLGE, GE, FIG, Eurogi, …)

• Increasingly involved in activities of EuroGeographics (in newly established "Expert Group on Cadastre and Land Registry" with 3 working groups)

• INSPIRE



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Three key improvements in the next decadeThree key improvements in the next decade

• NGDI established and operational– supplied with all relevant data, above all cadastral data– complete coverage of cadastral surveying data– data sharing is taking place on large scale

• Strong focus on users and customers (key is: data, information, services homogenization of data and fee structure)

• Overcome the drawbacks of Federalism, while retaining the benefits



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Review of Swiss LAS with proposed modelReview of Swiss LAS with proposed model

Sustainable Development

Economic, Social, Environment

Country ContextInstitutional Arrangements

Land Policy

Framework

Land Information Infrastructur

es

Land Administration

FunctionsLand Tenure, Land Value,

Land-Use, Land Development

e-Citizenship e-Government

Federalism seems to be a hindrance for the development of

e-government structures (first tests of e-voting / tax form on web / infrastructure for digital signatures not established)

Although broadband penetration is very high, e-citizenship is not well established (not much of information available or when available, awkward to find and

access)

Seems to be in place, but neither politicians nor citizens

are aware of its comprehensive character

Very much in place on cantonal level, but not

aggregated yet at national, federal level.

The single LA functions are well established, and data are being

shared. However, cross-administration cooperation could

be improved.

Is achieved, cadastre may soon be improved by accommodating

public-right restrictions and responsibilities.



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Review of LAS model from a Swiss perspectiveReview of LAS model from a Swiss perspective

Sustainable Development

Economic, Social, Environment

Country ContextInstitutional Arrangements

Land Policy

Framework

Land Information Infrastructur

es

Land Administration

FunctionsLand Tenure, Land Value,

Land-Use, Land Development

e-Citizenship e-Government

•Education, academic sector

•Regular review process of strategy and concept

EGM, Melbourne, 9-11 Nov. 2005 Analysis of Swiss Cadastral System and Review of LAS Model 1 Day:...

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