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EffectsEffects of Stress of Stress PsychologicalPsychological» moodiness, depression, emotional fatiguemoodiness, depression, emotional fatigue
PhysiologicalPhysiological» cardiovascular diseasescardiovascular diseases» ulcers, sexual dysfunction, headachesulcers, sexual dysfunction, headaches
BehavioralBehavioral» poor performance, accidentspoor performance, accidents» absenteeismabsenteeism» workplace aggressionworkplace aggression
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Yerkes-Dodson LawYerkes-Dodson Law
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Complex vs. Simple Task Complex vs. Simple Task (Difficult vs. Easy Task/Poorly Learned vs. Well (Difficult vs. Easy Task/Poorly Learned vs. Well
Learned Task)Learned Task)
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What Causes You the Most Stress? (2009
Survey)
My Job ----------------------------– 26%My Job ----------------------------– 26%My Finances ---------------------– 20%My Finances ---------------------– 20%My Relationships ---------------– 21%My Relationships ---------------– 21%My Children ---------------------- 10%My Children ---------------------- 10%School ------------------------------– 8%School ------------------------------– 8%Fear of Disaster/Terror Attack – 3%Fear of Disaster/Terror Attack – 3%
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Recent Study of Recent Study of Stress:Stress:
70% of workers said job stress 70% of workers said job stress caused frequent health problemscaused frequent health problems
34% considered quitting 34% considered quitting because of stress during because of stress during previous yearprevious year
14% quit due to stress during 14% quit due to stress during previous two yearsprevious two years
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Determinants of Determinants of StressStress
ExperienceExperience» Job ConditionsJob Conditions
» Job Events Job Events
» Life EventsLife Events
» Life ConditionsLife Conditions Personal CharacteristicsPersonal Characteristics» PersonalityPersonality
» Coping BehaviorsCoping Behaviors
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Determinants of Determinants of StressStress
Job ConditionsJob Conditions» Intrinsic to the JobIntrinsic to the Job
» Career DevelopmentCareer Development
» Social Relationships within the OrganizationSocial Relationships within the Organization
» Organization interface with the outsideOrganization interface with the outside
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AccountantAccountant
ArtistArtist
Auto MechanicAuto Mechanic
ForesterForester
Low-StressLow-StressOccupationsOccupations
High-StressHigh-StressOccupationsOccupations
Hospital managerHospital manager
Physician (GP)Physician (GP)
PsychologistPsychologist
School principalSchool principal
Police officerPolice officer
U.S. presidentU.S. president
Waiter/waitressWaiter/waitress
Telephone operatorTelephone operator
Stress and Stress and OccupationsOccupations
Medium-StressMedium-StressOccupationsOccupations
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Sources of StressSources of Stress Job Events & Life EventsJob Events & Life Events» Even “good” things can be stressful, because Even “good” things can be stressful, because
changechange is generally is generally stressfulstressful..
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Workplace ViolenceWorkplace Violence 2 million people experience some form of 2 million people experience some form of
violence at work each year violence at work each year
Most common cause of work-related Most common cause of work-related death for women; second most common death for women; second most common for menfor men
Severe stress may be both a cause and an Severe stress may be both a cause and an effect of the violenceeffect of the violence
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Sources of StressSources of Stress Life ConditionsLife Conditions» Urban Stress TestUrban Stress Test–Measures: Population Change, Crowding, Measures: Population Change, Crowding,
Education, Violent Crime, Education, Violent Crime, Unemployment, Per Capita Income, Birth Unemployment, Per Capita Income, Birth Rate, Air Quality, Hazardous Wastes, Rate, Air Quality, Hazardous Wastes, Water Supply & Quality, Wastewater Water Supply & Quality, Wastewater TreatmentTreatment–Does not include: Climate, Cultural Does not include: Climate, Cultural
Offerings, NFL FootballOfferings, NFL Football
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Sources of StressSources of Stress PersonalityPersonality»Type A BehaviorsType A Behaviors–High Job InvolvementHigh Job Involvement–Highly CompetitiveHighly Competitive–Obsessed with AchievementObsessed with Achievement–Impatient, Work FastImpatient, Work Fast–More Prevalent in Capitalistic More Prevalent in Capitalistic
CountriesCountries e.g., U.S., Canada – value efficiency, material e.g., U.S., Canada – value efficiency, material
goodsgoods
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Coping with StressCoping with StressGENERAL METHODSGENERAL METHODS Primary PreventionPrimary Prevention
» Change how you do Change how you do things to remove things to remove stressors from your lifestressors from your life
Secondary PreventionSecondary Prevention» Prepare yourself to Prepare yourself to
withstand stressorswithstand stressors
TreatmentTreatment» Treat the stress effects Treat the stress effects
you already haveyou already have
EXAMPLESEXAMPLES Primary PreventionPrimary Prevention
» Time management, skill Time management, skill enhancement, enhancement, delegationdelegation
Secondary PreventionSecondary Prevention» Exercise, diet, Exercise, diet,
recreation, sleep, recreation, sleep, relaxation, meditationrelaxation, meditation
TreatmentTreatment» Professional help, Professional help,
social supportsocial support
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Organizational Organizational Approaches to StressApproaches to Stress
» Selection and PlacementSelection and Placement
»TrainingTraining
»Goal SettingGoal Setting
» Job Redesign, Including EmpowermentJob Redesign, Including Empowerment
»Wellness Programs (e.g., weight loss, Wellness Programs (e.g., weight loss, smoking cessation, exercise)smoking cessation, exercise)
» Stress CounselorsStress Counselors