EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON RUNNING EXPERIENCE AND PERFORMANCE

Lim Ren JieCui Xinyu

NIE 11

Overview

Introduction

Methodology

Results and Discussion

Conclusion

Aim and Objective

Introduction

Aim and Objective

Methodology

Results & Discussion

Conclusion

Overview

Introduction

14%Decrease

Female < Male

Introduction

Conditions of Music:

Synchronous Asynchronous No Music

Overview

Introduction

Aim and Objective

Methodology

Results & Discussion

Conclusion

Aim and Objective

Investigate on the effects of synchronous and

asynchronous music on Junior College (JC)

students’ experience and performance during

800m running.

Aim and Objective

Aim and Objective

Adolescents can improve their exercising experience and performance tremendously with music application compared adolescents exercising without music.

Synchronous music produces greater positive experiences and efficiency in running than asynchronous music.

Application of music has a greater effect on females than male

Hypotheses

Overview

Introduction

Aim and Objective

Methodology

Results & Discussion

Conclusion

Methedology

ParticipantsPreference Measurements

Lab Test Data Collection

1 2

3 4

Methodology

•10 Females, 9 Males

•Aged 17-19

•Mean age= 17.26, SD age= 0.56

Methodology

Measurements conducted:

•Music selection using Brunel Music Rating

Inventory-3 (BMRI-3)

•Attentional Focus Questionnaire (AFQ)

Methodology

•Self-selected pace

•3 X 800m interval running, with 10min break in

between

•No music condition first, followed by Asynchronous

Music and Synchronous Music in randomised order.

Methodology

4 measurements:

•Heart Rate → Performance

•Attentional Focus → Experience

•Rate of Perceived Exertion → Experience

•Subjective Enjoyment → Experience

Overview

Introduction

Aim and Objective

Methodology

Results &

Discussion

Conclusion

Overview

Performance Experience

Hypothesis 1

Performance:

Experience:

Hypothesis 1

Music >

No Music

:Data supports criteria :Data partially supports criteria :Data does not support criteria

Hypothesis 1

Heart Rate

Music condition Total

M SD

No music 183.95 9.34

Asynchronous music 191.00 8.49

Synchronous music 192.16 9.06

Hypothesis 1

Music >

No Music

Hypothesis 1

Participants get excited when

listening to music

High heart rate → high intensity

Reasons

Hypothesis 1

Enjoyment (marginally significant)

Music condition Total

M SD

No music 3.71 1.22

Asynchronous music 4.21 1.06

Synchronous music 3.99 .80

Hypothesis 1

Music >

No Music

Hypothesis 1

Attentional Focus (marginally significant)

Music condition Total

M SD

No music 4.47 2.57

Asynchronous music 5.53 2.27

Synchronous music 5.05 2.17

Hypothesis 1

Music >

No Music

Hypothesis 2

Performance:

Experience:

Hypothesis 2

Synchronous Music >

Asynchronous Music

:Data supports criteria :Data partially supports criteria :Data does not support criteria

Hypothesis 2

We theorised that motivational

factor is more important in

affecting performance and

experience than the tempo of

music.

Hypothesis 2

Synchronous Music >

Asynchronous Music

Hypothesis 2

BMRI-3 ratings

Music condition Total

M SD

Asynchronous music 36.21 3.45

Synchronous music 33.68 5.22

Hypothesis 2

Synchronous Music >

Asynchronous Music

Hypothesis 2

Enjoyment

Music condition Total

M SD

Asynchronous music 4.21 1.06

Synchronous music 3.99 .80

Hypothesis 2

Synchronous Music >

Asynchronous Music

Hypothesis 2

Attentional Focus

Music condition Total

M SD

Asynchronous music 5.53 2.27

Synchronous music 5.06 2.17

Hypothesis 2

Synchronous Music >

Asynchronous Music

Hypothesis 2

No pressure to follow beats of music

Liking of a song matters more

Reasons

Hypothesis 3

Performance:

Experience:

Hypothesis 3

Effect on females >

Effect on males

:Data supports criteria :Data partially supports criteria :Data does not support criteria

Hypothesis 3

Rate of Perceived Exertion

Music condition Female Male

M SD M SD

No music 13.20 1.48 14.00 2.12

Asynchronous music 14.30 1.83 15.78 1.79

Synchronous music 13.90 1.60 15.89 1.62

Hypothesis 3

Effect on females >

Effect on males

Hypothesis 3

- BMRI-3 rating higher for females

Music condition Female Male

M SD M SD

Asynchronous

music

37.45 3.27 34.83 3.28

Synchronous

music

36.10 2.18 31.00 6.36

Hypothesis 3

Effect on females >

Effect on males

Hypothesis 3

More research can be done as other

data does not have significant

support towards this hypothesis

Hypothesis 3

Effect on females >

Effect on males

Overview

Introduction

Aim and Objective

Methodology

Results & Discussion

Conclusion

Conclusion

Conclusion

1.Music improves experience compared to no

music.

2.Motivational factor of music affects experience

more than the tempo.

Conclusion

Future Study

1.Choice of music

2.Demographics

Conclusion

Application

1.Physical Education

2.Foundation for future studies

Thank You!

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank our supervisors, Dr Masato Kawabata and Ms Bernadette Bree Ashley for their guidance and support throughout the research. Without your unwavering support, we would not be able to complete this research. We would also like to express our gratitude to our

school mentor Mr Nicholas Wong for his assistance in writing the research paper and tracking our learning progress. We would like to thank Nanyang Technological University, Singapore for this research opportunity. Last but not least, we would like to thank the participants for their

enthusiasm in participating in this study.

QnA slides

Limitations

1.Timing

2.Intensity of exercise

3. Human factor

4. Number of people

Methodology: Lab test

No Music condition as the baseline → Prevent

Involuntary Musical Imagery (INMI) .

Conclusion

Methodology: Lab test

Asynchronous and Synchronous condition

randomised → minimise sequencing effect

Methodology: Lab test

10 min rest time → Rest ratio 1:3 in interval training.

Approximate % of

maximum power

Typical

exercise

duration

Range of

exercise-to-rest

period ratios

90 - 100 5 – 10 seconds 1:12 to 1:20

75 - 90 15 – 30

seconds

1:3 to 1:5

30 - 75 1 – 3 minutes 1:2 to 1:4

20 - 35 >3 minutes 1:1 to 1:3

Table 1: BMRI-3 Means and Standard Deviations by Music Condition and Gender

(Significance between music conditions and gender)

Music condition Female Male Total

M SD M SD M SD

Asynchronous

music

37.45 3.27 34.83 3.28 36.21 3.45

Synchronous

music

36.10 2.18 31.00 6.36 33.68 5.22

Table 2: Heart Rate Means and Standard Deviations by Music Condition and Gender

(Significance between music conditions)

Music condition Female Male Total

M SD M SD M SD

No music 183.20 6.83 184.78 11.94 183.95 9.34

Asynchronous

music

189.40 7.72 192.87 9.29 191.00 8.49

Synchronous

music

191.00 8.35 193.44 10.14 192.16 9.06

Table 3: Attentional Focus Means and Standard Deviations by Music Condition and

Gender

(Marginal significance between music conditions)

Music condition Female Male Total

M SD M SD M SD

No music 4.10 2.77 4.89 2.42 4.47 2.57

Asynchronous

music

5.40 1.90 5.67 2.74 5.53 2.27

Synchronous

music

4.60 2.32 5.56 2.01 5.05 2.17

Table 4: Rate of Perceived Exertion Means by Music Condition and Gender

(Significance between music conditions and gender)

Music condition Female Male Total

M SD M SD M SD

No music 13.20 1.48 14.00 2.12 13.58 1.81

Asynchronous

music

14.30 1.83 15.78 1.79 15.00 1.92

Synchronous

music

13.90 1.60 15.89 1.62 14.84 1.87

Table 5: Enjoyment Means and Standard Deviations by Music Condition and Gender

(Marginal significance between music conditions)

Music condition Female Male Total

M SD M SD M SD

No music 3.56 1.30 3.89 1.17 3.71 1.22

Asynchronous

music

3.99 1.16 4.46 .93 4.21 1.06

Synchronous

music

3.89 .83 4.11 .80 3.99 .80