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Effects of Coronavirus on Civil Aviation
Montréal, Canada
Air Transport Committee, 219th Session7 February 2020
• ICAO Regulatory Framework:
• Chicago Convention and Annexes 6, 9, 11, 14 and 15
• Assembly Resolutions in Force
• Economic Impact
• Coordination with Other UN entities
Outline
2
Scheduled commercial trafficTotal (international and domestic) services
3Source: ICAO Annual Report of the Council
Air traffic has been vulnerable to external factors including disease outbreaks
ICAO Regulatory Framework
4
• Chicago Convention: Articles 13, 14 and 22
• Annexes:1. Annex 6 – Operation of Aircraft2. Annex 9 – Facilitation3. Annex 11 – Air Traffic Services4. Annex 14 – Aerodromes5. Annex 15 – Aeronautical Information Services
• Facilitation Manual – Doc 9957• Model National Air Transport Facilitation Programme – Doc 10042• Procedures for AN Services – Air Traffic Management (PANS-ATM, Doc 4444)
ICAO Regulatory framework
5
Chicago Convention
Article 13, Entry and clearance regulations
The laws and regulations of a contracting State as to the admission to ordeparture from its territory of passengers, crew or cargo of aircraft, such asregulations relating to entry, clearance, immigration, passports, customs,and quarantine shall be complied with by or on behalf of such passengers,crew or cargo upon entrance into or departure from, or while within theterritory of that State.
ICAO Regulatory framework
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Chicago Convention
Article 14, Prevention of spread of disease
Each contracting State agrees to take effective measures to prevent thespread by means of air navigation of cholera, typhus (epidemic), smallpox,yellow fever, plague, and such other communicable diseases as thecontracting States shall from time to time decide to designate, and to thatend contracting States will keep in close consultation with the agenciesconcerned with international regulations relating to sanitary measuresapplicable to aircraft. Such consultation shall be without prejudice to theapplication of any existing inter-national convention on this subject towhich the contracting States may be parties.
ICAO Regulatory framework
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Chicago Convention
Article 22, Facilitation of formalities
Each contracting State agrees to adopt all practicable measures, throughthe issuance of special regulations or otherwise, to facilitate and expeditenavigation by aircraft between the territories of contracting States, and toprevent unnecessary delays to aircraft, crews, passengers and cargo,especially in the administration of the laws relating to immigration,quarantine, customs and clearance.
ICAO Regulatory framework
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ICAO Regulatory frameworkRelevant SARPs and Guidance Material
The Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) that relate to the preparedness and management of public health emergencies are contained in:
• Annex 6 to the Chicago Convention – regarding universal precaution kits;
• Annex 9 – regarding compliance with the International Health Regulations and facilities required for public health measures at airports;
• Annex 11 – regarding contingency plans in the event of potential disruption of services;
• Annex 14 – regarding aerodrome emergency plan for public health emergencies; and
• Annex 15 – regarding requirements for flight crew advisories;
The related guidance material is contained in:
• Facilitation Manual;
• Model National Air Transport Facilitation Programme; and
• PANS-ATM – regarding procedures for reporting suspected communicable diseases.
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Annex 6 – Operation of Aircraft
Annex 6 Part I, Chapter 6 - An aeroplane shall be equipped with:• Accessible and adequate medical supplies;• Recommendation.— Medical supplies should comprise:
1) one or more first-aid kits for the use of cabin crew in managing incidents of ill health;2) for aeroplanes required to carry cabin crew as part of the operating crew, one
universal precaution kit (two for aeroplanes authorized to carry more than 250passengers) for the use of cabin crew members in managing incidents of ill healthassociated with a case of suspected communicable disease, or in the case of illnessinvolving contact with body fluids;
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ICAO Regulatory frameworkRelevant SARPs and Guidance Material
Annex 6 – Operation of Aircraft (continued)Annex 6 Part I, Chapter 6 Attachment A (Medical Supplies)• 2.2 Universal precaution kits:
– Additional kit(s) should be made available at times of increased public health risk,such as during an outbreak of a serious communicable disease having pandemicpotential.
Annex 6 Part I, Chapter 12 (Cabin Crew)• 12.4 Training:
– Training programmes shall ensure that each cabin crew is drilled and capable in theuse of emergency and life-saving equipment required to be carried, such as […] first-aid and universal precaution kits
– Guidance in Doc 10002 (Cabin Crew Safety Training Manual) Chapter 8 (Cabin Health& First-aid Training) addresses cabin crew procedures for the UPK, signs andsymptoms, and action required when dealing with a suspected or actual case of acommunicable disease on board
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ICAO Regulatory frameworkRelevant SARPs and Guidance Material
Annex 9 – Facilitation
● “Health-related” SARPs: in Annex 9 since its 1st Edition (1949)→ aircraft disinsection→ aircraft disinfection→ WHO’s International Health Regulations (IHR)→ Requirements: maintenance of public health, animal
and plant quarantine at international airports→ (standard) vaccination certificates
● CHAPTER 1: 5 Definitions
Regulatory framework
● Annex 9 – Facilitation CHAPTER 1: 5 Definitions
• Public health emergency of international concern. An extraordinary event which
is determined, as provided in the International Health Regulations (2005) of the
World Health Organization: (i) to constitute a public health risk to other States
through the international spread of disease and (ii) to potentially require a
coordinated international response.
• Public health risk. A likelihood of an event that may affect adversely the health of
human populations, with an emphasis on one which may spread internationally or
may present a serious and direct danger.
Regulatory framework
Annex 9 (continued)●CHAPTER 2: Entry and Departure of Aircraft
→ SARPs relating to the IHR→ SARPs relating to Disinsection & Disinfection of aircraft
● CHAPTER 3: Entry and Departure of Persons and their Baggage→ 1 Standard on international certificates of vaccination or prophylaxis
● CHAPTER 6: International Airports — Facilities and Services For Traffic→ SARPs on facilities required for implementation of public health, emergency
medical relief, and animal and plant quarantine measures→ SARPs on facilities required for clearance controls and operation of control services
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ICAO Regulatory frameworkRelevant SARPs and Guidance Material
● Annex 9 – Facilitation CHAPTER 2: Entry and Departure of Aircraft
• 2.4 Contracting States shall not prevent an aircraft from calling at any international
airport for public health reasons unless such action is taken in accordance with the
International Health Regulations (2005) of the World Health Organization.
• 2.4.1 Recommended Practice.— In cases where, in exceptional circumstances, air
transport service suspensions on public health grounds are under consideration,
Contracting States should first consult with the World Health Organization and the
health authority of the State of occurrence of the disease before taking any decision
as to the suspension of air transport services.
Regulatory framework
● Annex 9 – Facilitation CHAPTER 2: Entry and Departure of Aircraft
• 2.5 If, in response to a specific public health risk or a public health emergency of
international concern, a Contracting State is considering introduction of health
measures in addition to those recommended by WHO, it shall do so in accordance
with the International Health Regulations (2005), including but not limited to
Article 43, which states, in part, that when determining whether to implement the
additional health measures States Parties shall base their determinations upon:
• (a) scientific principles; (b) available scientific evidence of a risk to human health,
or where such evidence is insufficient, the available information including from
WHO and other relevant intergovernmental organizations and international bodies;
and (c) any available specific guidance or advice from WHO.
Regulatory framework
● Annex 9 – Facilitation CHAPTER 2: Entry and Departure of Aircraft
• Note 1.— Standard 2.5 applies only to those situations where there is an official IHR
(2005) Temporary Recommendation (i.e. in the context of a declared public health
emergency of international concern), or a Standing
• Recommendation in effect. These requirements in Article 43 can also apply to other
contexts involving additional measures applied to international traffic (including
aircraft), such as IHR Articles 23 2), 27 1) and 28.
• Note 2.— Article 43 of the IHR (2005) also requires that a State that implements
additional measures thereunder that significantly interfere with international traffic
is required to provide to WHO the public health and scientific rationale for such
measures.
Regulatory framework
● Annex 9 – Facilitation CHAPTER 2: Entry and Departure of Aircraft
• 2.5.1 Recommended Practice.— Any State impacted by a measure taken under
Standard 2.4, or a suspension as described in Recommended Practice 2.4.1, should,
where appropriate, request the State implementing such a measure to consult with it.
The purpose of such consultations would be to clarify the scientific information and
public health rationale underlying the measure and to find a mutually acceptable
solution.
Regulatory framework
Annex 9 (continued)
● CHAPTER 8: Facilitation Provisions Covering Specific Subjects→ SARPs on the implementation of international health regulations and relatedprovisions
— Requirement for pilot-in-command to report suspected case ofcommunicable disease to air traffic control— Definition of communicable disease
→ 1 Standard on communicable disease outbreak national aviation plan
● Appendix 1: General Declaration (includes declaration of health)● Appendix 13: Public Health Passenger Locator Form (for passengers to complete in theevent of suspected communicable disease on board)
Regulatory framework
● Annex 9 – Facilitation CHAPTER 8:
• F. Communicable disease outbreak national aviation plan
• 8.16 A Contracting State shall establish a national aviation plan in preparation for an
outbreak of a communicable disease posing a public health risk or public health
emergency of international concern.
• Note 1.— Guidance in developing a national aviation plan may be found on the
ICAO website on the Aviation Medicine page.
• Note 2.— Annex 11 — Air Traffic Services and Annex 14 — Aerodromes, Volume I
— Aerodrome Design and Operations require air traffic services and aerodromes to
establish contingency planning or aerodrome emergency plans, respectively, for
public health emergencies of international concern.
Regulatory framework
Annex 11 – Air Traffic Services
2.32 Contingency arrangements
Air traffic services authorities shall develop and promulgate contingency plans forimplementation in the event of disruption, or potential disruption, of air trafficservices and related supporting services in the airspace for which they areresponsible for the provision of such services. Such contingency plans shall bedeveloped with the assistance of ICAO as necessary, in close coordination with theair traffic services authorities responsible for the provision of services in adjacentportions of airspace and with airspace users concerned.
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ICAO Regulatory frameworkRelevant SARPs and Guidance Material
Annex 14 – Aerodromes• Annex 14, Volume I, Chapter 9 contains SARPs on aerodrome emergency planning,
including for public health emergencies.
9.1.2 The aerodrome emergency plan shall provide for the coordination of the actions to be taken in an emergency occurring at an aerodrome or in its vicinity.
9.1.3 The plan shall coordinate the response or participation of all existing agencies which, in the opinion of the appropriate authority, could be of assistance in responding to an emergency.
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ICAO Regulatory frameworkRelevant SARPs and Guidance Material
Annex 15 – Aeronautical Information Services
Chapter 6: Aeronautical Information Updates
6.2.6 Recommendation.— The regulated system (AIRAC) should be used for the provisionof information relating to the establishment and withdrawal of, and premeditatedsignificant changes in, the circumstances listed below:…c) customs, immigration and health services;
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ICAO Regulatory frameworkRelevant SARPs and Guidance Material
Procedures for Air Navigation Services -Air Traffic Management (PANS-ATM, Doc 4444)
16 Miscellaneous Procedures
16.6 Notification of suspected communicable diseases, or other public health risk, on board an aircraft
– Flight crew procedures
– Air traffic services (ATS) unit procedures
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ICAO Regulatory frameworkRelevant SARPs and Guidance Material
A35-12 (2004): Protection of the Health of Passengers and Crews and thePrevention of the Spread of Communicable Disease through International Travel
A37-13 (2010): Prevention of spread of communicable disease through air travel
A40-14 (2019): Mitigation of the spread of disease through, inter alia, aircraftdisinsection and vector control methods, and the importance of CAPSCA (CollaborativeArrangement for the prevention and Management of Public Health Events in CivilAviation) for implementation
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ICAO Regulatory frameworkAssembly Resolutions
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Economic Impact
Traffic and Revenue Impact Analysis
Scheduled commercial trafficTotal (international and domestic) services
27Source: ICAO Annual Report of the Council
Air traffic has been vulnerable to external factors including disease outbreaks
28
What can we learn from past experience?Ebola outbreak 2014
Source: ICAO Information paper 2014
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What can we learn from past experience?SARS, Aviation flue, MERS
Source: IATA Economics’ Chart of the Week (24 January 2020)
History shows that SARS has the most serious impact on traffic. At the height of the outbreak (May 2003), monthly RPKs of Asia-Pacific airlines were 35% lower than their pre-crisis levels. Overall in 2003, Asia-Pacific airlines lost 8% of annual RPKs and $6 billion of revenues.
187 259
336
559 621
680 755
832 916
1,016
1,148
1,266
-
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
2003 2006 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Total number of passenger moved through Chinese airports2003-2018
(million of passengers)
SARS
138
702
50
114
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
2003 2018
Passengers move to/from Chinese airports2018 vs 2003
Domestic passengers International Passengers
Annual average growth rate: 9.6%
Chinese international traffic doubled since 2003 SARS spread
Source: ICAO-ACI Airport traffic data. 30
31
Air connectivity of China
Source: ICAO-ICM MIDT data
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Air connectivity of Wuhan airport
Source: ICAO-ICM MIDT data
-
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
8,000,000
9,000,000
10,000,000
Foreign Carriers
Chinese Carriers
*Data excludes Special Administrative Regions (SAR) of China (Hong Kong SAR and Macao SAR) and Taiwan, Province of China
Number of international scheduled seats of airlines from/to China (January 2019 to December 2019)
Source: OAG Scheduled data
• Average monthly seats offered by Chinese carriers: 9.0 million (52% share)
• Average monthly seats offered by foreign carriers: 8.1 million (48% share)
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8.48 7.87
8.36
10.22
9.11 9.45
-
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
Jan-2020 Feb-2020 Mar-2020
(million of seats)
Foreign Carriers Chinese Carriers
* Data excludes Special Administrative Regions (SAR) of China (Hong Kong SAR and Macao SAR) and Taiwan, Province of China
Number of international scheduled seats of airlines from/to China (2020 1Q originally-planned)
Source: OAG Scheduled data 34
35
Number of international scheduled seats of airlines from/to China (YoY growth rate)
Source: OAG scheduled data
16.6%
13.3% 12.8% 13.4%
14.5%
13.1%12.5%
13.3%11.9%
10.5%
14.7%
12.9%
15.7%
8.1% 8.6%
1.3%
-3.0% -0.7%
2.4% 2.7%1.8%
0.9%1.6% 1.6% 1.4%
4.0% 4.9%
7.3% 7.6%
5.2%
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
2019JAN
2019FEB
2019MAR
2019APR
2019MAY
2019JUN
2019JUL
2019AUG
2019SEP
2019OCT
2019NOV
2019DEC
2020JAN
2020FEB
2020MAR
Year-over-year seat capacity growth from/to China: January 2019 to March 2020
YoY seatevolution_ChineseCarriers
YoY seatevolution_ForeignCarriers
Originally-planned
* Data excludes Special Administrative Regions (SAR) of China (Hong Kong SAR and Macao SAR) and Taiwan, Province of China
Source: forwardkeys.com
Outbreak of coronavirus caused a substantial setback in flight bookings for Chinese New Year period
36
37
Airlines suspended scheduled flights to/from China (announced since late January 2020)
Source: Routes Online (as of 5 February 2020)
Airlines with service cancelled
Aeromexico Air Seoul, Inc Delta Air LinesJC (Cambodia)
International AirlinesOman Air SAS Scandinavian Airlines Urumqi Airlines
Air Algerie Alitalia Donghai Airlines Jetstar AsiaPakistan International
AirlinesSaudi Arabian Airlines Vietjet Air
Air Astana American Airlines Egyptair Jetstar Asia China PAL Express Scoot Vietnam Airlines
Air CanadaAustrian Airlines AG dba
AustrianEl Al Israel Airlines Jetstar Pacific Airlines Peach Aviation Limited Shandong Airlines Virgin Atlantic Airways
Air France Azur Air Eznis Airways KLM-Royal Dutch Airlines Philippine Airlines Siberia Airlines Yakutia
Air India British Airways Finnair Lanmei Airlines Qantas Airways Swiss
Air Koryo Cambodia Airways Co. Ltd Garuda Indonesia LOT - Polish Airlines Qatar Airways Turkish airlines
Air Madagascar Cambodia Angkor Air Himalaya AirlinesLufthansa German
AirlinesRoyal Air Maroc T'way Air
Air Mauritius Cebu Pacific Air IberiaMIAT - Mongolian
AirlinesRoyal Brunei Airlines
Ukraine International Airlines
Air New Zealand Chongqing Airlines IndiGoMyanmar Airways
InternationalRwandair United Airlines
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Airlines reduced scheduled flights to/from China (announced since late January 2020)
Source: Routes Online (as of 5 February 2020)
Airlines with service reduced
Air Busan Cathay Pacific Airways HK Express Malaysia Airlines Singapore Airlines Uni Airways
Air China China Airlines Hong Kong Airlines Malindo Airways Spring Airlines Ural Airlines
Air Macau China Eastern Airlines Japan Airlines Mandarin Airlines Spring Airlines Japan Xiamen Airlines Company
Air Niugini China Southern Airlines Jeju Airlines Nok Air Srilankan Airlines
AirAsia Eastar Jet Jetstar Japan Philippines AirAsia Inc. STARLUX Airlines
Airasia X Emirates Jin Air Qingdao Airline Co, Ltd Thai Air Asia X
All Nippon Airways Ethiopian Airlines Juneyao Airlines Shanghai Airlines Thai AirAsia
Asiana Airlines Etihad Airways Kenya airways Shenzhen Airlines Thai Airways International
Batik Air EVA Airways Korean Air Sichuan Airlines Thai Lion Air
Cathay Dragon Hainan Airlines Lion Air SilkAir Tigerair Taiwan Co. Ltd
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Scenario analysis in comparison with originally-planned airline schedules (1Q 2020)
Seat capacity reduction
from originally-plannedPassenger load factor
Seat capacity reduction
from originally-plannedPassenger load factor
Chinese carriers 3% 78% 3% 78%
Foreign carriers 5% 80% 5% 80%
Chinese carriers 39% 78% 39% 58%
Foreign carriers 77% 80% 77% 66%
Chinese carriers 40% 78% 49% 64%
Foreign carriers 77% 80% 84% 70%
Seat capacity reduction will continue at almost the
same percentage from February to March 2020;
Loat factor for 1Q 2020 is fixed at the reported results
in 2018
Seat capacity reduction will be escalated by 7 to 10% in
March 2020;
Loat factor will be decreased by 14 to 20% in February
2020 and by 10 to 14% in March 2020 compared to
January 2020
Scheduled international passengers to/from
mainland China only (i.e. excluding Hong Kong
Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China,
Macao SAR of China and Taiwan, Province of
China)
Scenario 1 Scenario 2
January 2020
February 2020
March 2020
Assumptions
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Scenario 1:Seat capacity reduction compared to 2019
Source: ICAO estimates based on OAG scheduled data
41
Scenario 2:Seat capacity reduction compared to 2019
Source: ICAO estimates based on OAG scheduled data
42Source: ICAO estimates based on OAG scheduled data
Reduction of approx. 16.4 to 19.6 million passengers for 1Q 2020
5.97
10.39
8.43
11.22
43Source: ICAO estimates based on OAG scheduled data
Approx. USD 4.1 to 4.9 billion potential loss of revenue for 1Q 2020
59.79
701.93 730.93
84.66
1,213.97 1,293.83
0.00
200.00
400.00
600.00
800.00
1,000.00
1,200.00
1,400.00
2020 Jan 2020 Feb 2020 Mar
Scenario 1 revenue loss (USD, million)*
Chinese Carriers Foreign Carrier
59.79
701.93 730.93
84.66
1,213.97 1,293.83
0.00
200.00
400.00
600.00
800.00
1,000.00
1,200.00
1,400.00
2020 Jan 2020 Feb 2020 Mar
Scenario 2 revenue loss (USD, million)*
Chinese Carriers Foreign Carrier
*Calculated with an average fare of USD 250 (based on traffic/financial reports of CA, CZ and MU)
44
9.8
8.4
3.02.2
1.4
9.5
8.1
2.9
2.11.4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Thailand Japan United States France Australia
Po
ten
tial eco
no
mic lo
ss in b
illion
of U
SD
Mill
ion
of
Ch
ine
se t
ou
rist
Top 5 economically-impacted States due to loss of Chinese tourists*
Million of Chinese tourists Potential economic loss
Source: UNWTO and ICAO estimates
Potential economic loss in tourism (2018)
• Data excludes Special Administrative Regions (SAR) of China (Hong Kong SAR and Macao SAR) and Taiwan, Province of China• Data for 2018
Coordination with other UN entities
45
• Coordination with other UN entities, in particular WHO and UNWTO
• Role of IATA and ACI
• Actions taken by ICAO secretariat
• Possible action by the FALP/12
• Requested actions from Council
46
Coordination with other UN entities,in particular WHO
• WHO is the lead UN organization in managing the coronavirus outbreak.
• The Director General of WHO declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency ofInternational Concern (PHEIC) on 30 January 2020, on basis of advice provided by theEmergency Committee.
• The Emergency Committee is made up of international experts who provide technical adviceto the WHO Director-General in the context of a PHEIC.
• ICAO participated in the EC meeting; and continues to coordinate closely with the WHOproviding technical and operational support.
• ICAO further shares information with CAPSCA UN partners including WFP, UNWTO, UNDP andOCHA.
47
• Coordination with UNWTO:
– Input to be received from UNWTO latest by
Thursday cob.
Coordination with other UN entities,in particular UNWTO
48
• ICAO facilitates information sharing with member States of CAPSCA; as well as IATA, ACI,EACCC, EASA, CDC and the FAA.
• Information is shared bilaterally between ICAO and the entities.
• Information shared by ICAO with international and regional organizations is furthershared by them with their respective stakeholders.
• ICAO also participates in teleconferences arranged by relevant stakeholders to assesstheir needs and provide further information.
• All relevant and confirmed information is published on the CAPSCA website.
• WHO, ICAO, IATA and ACI collaborate to develop aviation-specific guidelines inmanagement of the outbreak – current activity is the development of an aviationQuestions and Answers document for publication on the WHO website.
Role of ICAO, IATA and ACI
49
Actions taken by ICAO secretariat
Date Event
6 January 2020 First communication to CAPSCA members on the China Pneumonia outbreak
20 January 2020 Commencement of daily Coronavirus update messages to CAPSCA members
22 – 23 January 2020 ICAO participates in first WHO Emergency Committee (EC) Meeting
23 January 2020 EC statement distributed through CAPSCA network
24 January 2020 ICAO issues first Electronic Bulletin
29 January 2020 Teleconference - ICAO, WHO, WEF, UNWTO, World Bank, travel & tourism industry
30 January 2020 ICAO participates in second WHO EC Meeting
30 January 2020 ICAO issues first press release
30 January 2020 ICAO issues second Electronic Bulletin
3 February 2020 Teleconference with UNWTO on the economic impact of Coronavirus
3 February 2020 Teleconference - ICAO, WHO, IATA and ACI on joint aviation-specific coronavirus guidelines
4 February 2020 ICAO issues second press release
50
Further actions by the ICAO Secretariat
• Ensure, in the ongoing revision of Doc 9957, The Facilitation Manual, the role of health authorities at international airportss is elaborated upon fully,
• Disseminate a State letter (by 1Q/2020), reminding States of their obligation to establish National Air Transport Facilitation Programmes (Standard 8.17, Annex 9), and to ensure in their implementation of such Programmes, to effectively include health authorities in their national programmes, described in Doc 10042, Model National Air Transport Facilitation Programme.
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• Consolidate and merge, into one (new) Chapter in Annex 9 all “health-related” SARPs, for ease of reference and use
• Consider upgrading, to a Standard, current RP 8.15.1 (use of the “Public Health Passenger Locator Form” – model found in Appendix 13), in order to ensure that the forms are disseminated on flights and collected and used by States (health authorities) to trace passengers who may have been exposed to a communicable disease on flight.
• Recommend the review of Appendix 13 to Annex 9 (Public Health Passenger Locator Form) and consider upgrading it from a Recommendation to a Standard.
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Annex 9Requested actions from FALP, ATC and Council
Requested actions from Council
• Strongly encourage multi-sector communication and collaboration, specificallybetween the aviation and public health sectors; in order to ensure that WHO ispromptly informed of any travel restrictions or additional travel measures.
• Strongly urge States to become members of CAPSCA to assist with the prevention ofthe spread of disease.
• Consider making available more resources to further promote and enhance the workof CAPSCA.
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Reference documents
• Annex 9, 15th Edition (2017), up to and including Amendment 27 (Feb 2020)
Health-related provisions of Annex 9 — Facilitation
• A Background of Recent Health Provisions in Annex 9
• WHO Situation Report – 15 on Coronavirus (Data as reported by 4 February 2020)
https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports
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